Slip Op. 20-63

          UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


T. T. INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.,

             Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES,                                     Before: Claire R. Kelly, Judge

             Defendant,                            Court No. 19-00071
and

THE AMERICAN HFC COALITION ET
AL.,

             Defendant-Intervenors.


                             OPINION AND ORDER

[Sustaining the U.S. Department of Commerce’s final results in the 2016–2017
administrative review of the antidumping duty order on hydrofluorocarbon blends
from the People’s Republic of China.]

                                                               Dated: May 11, 2020

Matthew T. McGrath and Mert E. Arkan, Barnes, Richardson & Colburn, LLP, of
Washington, DC, for plaintiff T.T. International Co., Ltd.

Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant. With him
on the brief were Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Claudia Burke, Assistant Director,
and Mollie L. Finnan, Trial Attorney. Of counsel on the brief was Daniel J. Calhoun,
Assistant Chief Counsel, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and
Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce.

James R. Cannon, Jr. and Ulrika K. Swanson, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP, of
Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenors Arkema Inc., The Chemours Company
FC LLC, Honeywell International Inc., Mexichem Fluor Inc., and the American HFC
Coalition.
Court No. 19-00071                                                        Page 2

      Kelly, Judge: This action is before the court on motion for judgment on the

agency record. See Pl.’s R. 56.2 Mot. J. Agency Rec., Nov. 12, 2019, ECF No. 23 (“Pl.’s

Mot.”). Plaintiff T.T. International Co., Ltd. (“TTI”) challenges various aspects of the

U.S. Department of Commerce’s (“Department” or “Commerce”) final results in the

2016–2017 administrative review of the antidumping duty (“ADD”) order on

hydrofluorocarbon blends (“HFC”) from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”),

covering the period of review February 1, 2016 through July 31, 2017 (“POR”). See

[HFC] from the [PRC], 84 Fed. Reg. 17,380 (Dep’t Commerce Apr. 25, 2019) (final

results of [ADD] admin. review and final determination of no shipments; 2016–2017)

(“Final Results”), and accompanying Issues and Decision Memo. for the [ADD]

Admin. Review, A-570-028, (Apr. 19, 2019), ECF No. 18-5 (“Final Decision Memo.”).

      TTI challenges four aspects of Commerce’s determination as unsupported by

substantial evidence and not in accordance with law.          See Memo. Points and

Authorities Supp. [TTI’s] Mot. J. Agency Rec. at 1–2, Nov. 12, 2019, ECF No. 23-1

(“Pl.’s Br.”); see also Compl. at ¶¶ 13–38.1      First, TTI alleges that Commerce

erroneously selected Mexico over Brazil as the primary surrogate country, when

surrogate values from Mexico result in aberrational import values and result in

excessive margins that do not reflect commercial or economic reality.

8–11.



1 Although TTI states that it challenges Commerce’s Final Results as contrary to law,

see Pl.’s Br. at 1–2, the court understands TTI to make substantial evidence
arguments. See Pl.’s Br. at 5–18; see also Compl. at ¶¶ 13–38. Therefore, the court
will examine whether the Final Results are supported by substantial evidence and
are in conformity with law.
Court No. 19-00071                                                       Page 3

Second, TTI contends that the use of Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”) import data from

Mexico (“Mexican GTA data”) yields aberrational surrogate values (“SVs”) to value

the inputs R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and R-32 (difluoromethane) under the

Mexican Harmonized Schedule (“HS”) subheading 2903.39.99, the input anhydrous

hydrogen fluoride (“AHF”) under the HS subheading 2811.11.01, and the byproduct

hydrochloric acid (“HCl”).
 Id. at 1–2, 
11–15. Third, TTI argues that Commerce

erroneously rejected certain financial statements in calculating surrogate financial

ratios.
 Id. at 2, 
15–18. Fourth, TTI challenges the 285.73 percent margin assigned

to it as commercially and economically unrealistic, contrary to the legal standard

established in Baoding Fine Chemistry v. United States, 39 CIT __, 
113 F. Supp. 3d

1332 
(2015) (“Baoding I”).
 

5–8; see also Reply Br. Supp. [TTI’s] R. 56.2 Mot.

J. Agency R. at 1–10, Mar. 6, 2020, ECF No. 32 (“Pl.’s Reply Br.”). Defendant and

Defendant-Intervenors Arkema Inc., The Chemours Company FC LLC, Honeywell

International Inc., Mexichem Flour Inc., and the American HFC Coalition counter

that Commerce’s determination is supported by substantial evidence and in

accordance with law, and request the court to uphold the Final Results in its entirety.

See Def.’s Resp. to [Pl.’s Mot.] at 1, 7–8, Feb. 7, 2020, ECF No. 28 (“Def.’s Br.”); Resp.

Br. [Def.-Intervenors], 2–5, 7, Feb. 7, 2020, ECF No. 29 (“Def.-Intervenors’ Br.”). For

the reasons set forth below, the court sustains Commerce’s Final Results.
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 4

                                 BACKGROUND

      On October 16, 2017, Commerce initiated an administrative review of the ADD

order on HFC from the PRC. See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Admin. Reviews, 82 Fed. Reg. 48,051, 48,055–56 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 16, 2017).

Given that Commerce considers the PRC to be a non-market economy (“NME”),

Commerce calculated TTI’s dumping margin based on its factors of production

(“FOPs”) to produce HFC by using prices from a surrogate market economy country.

See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1), (4) (2012).2 When valuing FOPs, Commerce prefers to

rely on a single or a primary surrogate country (“primary surrogate country”). See

19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2) (2018). To select that primary surrogate country, Commerce

invited interested parties to comment on the list of potential surrogate countries,

which included Romania, Mexico, Brazil, Bulgaria, Thailand, and South Africa. See

Letter from USDOC to File Pertaining to Interested Parties Surrogate Country

Letter, PD 63–65, bar codes 3670978-01–03 (Feb. 8, 2017).3           In reply, TTI

acknowledged that Commerce had used Mexico as a primary surrogate country in the

underlying investigation and noted that Brazil may also be used. See Letter from

Barnes Richardson & Colburn to Sec of Commerce Pertaining to TTI Surrogate



2 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant

provisions of Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition.
3 On August 5, 2019, Defendant filed indices to the public and confidential
administrative records underlying Commerce’s final determination, on the docket, at
ECF Nos. 18-1–2. Citations to administrative record documents in this opinion are to
the numbers Commerce assigned to such documents in the indices.
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 5

Country Seln. Cmts. at 2, PD 74, bar code 3679309-01 (Mar. 5, 2018) (“TTI Surrogate

Country Cmts.”); see also Letter from Barnes Richardson & Colburn to Sec of

Commerce Pertaining to TTI Surrogate Cmts., PD 80–101, bar codes 3685071-01–22

(Mar. 20, 2018) (“TTI SV Cmts.”); Letter from Barnes Richardson & Colburn to Sec

of Commerce Pertaining to TTI Additional Surrogate Cmts, PD 119–121, bar codes

3740023-01–03 (Aug. 6, 2018). TTI submitted information from Mexico to value

nearly all its FOPs,4 see TTI SV Cmts. at Exs. 1–2, and placed, on the record, the

financial statements of Mexichem SAB de CV (“Mexichem”) to calculate surrogate

financial ratios. See
 id. at Ex. 
7.

      On September 11, 2018, Commerce issued its preliminary results. See [HFC]

from the [PRC], 83 Fed. Reg. 45,890 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 11, 2018) (prelim. results

[ADD] admin. review and prelim. determination of no shipments; 2016–2017)

(“Prelim. Results”), and accompanying Decision Memo. for the Prelim. Results, A-

570-028, PD 137, bar code 3750975-01 (Aug. 31, 2018) (“Prelim. Decision Memo.”).

Commerce explained that both Mexico and Brazil were at the same or comparable

level of economic development as the PRC and significant producers of HFC. Prelim.

Decision Memo. at 11–12.       However, Commerce found that only Mexico offered

sufficient data to value all of TTI’s FOPs, and that the data were country-wide,

publicly available, product-specific, representative of broad market averages,




4 TTI submitted Brazilian data to value AHF and Thai data for HCl. See TTI SV

Cmts. at Exs. 1–2.
Court No. 19-00071                                                      Page 6

generally contemporaneous with the POR, and tax exclusive.
 Id. at 12. 
Commerce

therefore selected Mexico as the primary surrogate country and calculated normal

value using Mexican SVs. See Prelim Decision Memo. at 12, 17–21. To value TTI’s

inputs and to account for byproducts from processing HFC,5 Commerce selected

Mexican GTA data.
 Id. at 12, 
18. Further, Commerce used the financial statements

of CYDSA SAB de CV (“CYDSA”) to calculate surrogate financial ratios, rejecting the

financial statements of Mexichem.
 

. 
Commerce preliminarily assigned TTI

a weighted average dumping margin of 283.63 percent. See Prelim. Results, 83 Fed.

Reg. at 45,891.

      On April 19, 2019, Commerce issued its final results, where it continued to use

Mexico as the primary surrogate country and to rely on Mexican data to value TTI’s

inputs, byproducts, and financial ratios. See Final Results, 84 Fed. Reg. at 17,380;

Final Decision Memo. at 17–31. After accounting for ministerial errors, Commerce

assigned TTI a weighted average dumping margin of 285.73 percent. See Final

Results, 84 Fed. Reg. at 17,381; Final Decision Memo. at 4.





5   In accordance with its practice, Commerce offset by-products, including HCl
resulting from the production of HFC, in its calculation of normal value. See Memo
from USDOC to File Pertaining to TTI Margin Analysis Memo at 9, PD 143, bar code
3751835-01 (Sept. 4, 2018) (citing [HFC] from the [PRC], 81 Fed. Reg. 42,314 (Dep’t
Commerce June 29, 2016) (final determination of sales at less than fair value and
final affirmative determination of critical circumstances), and accompanying Issues
and Decision Memo. at 101–04, A-570-028, (June 21, 2016), available at
https://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2016-15298-1.pdf (last visited Apr.
30, 2020)).
Court No. 19-00071                                                           Page 7

               JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to section 516A of the Tariff Act of

1930, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012), which grant the Court

authority to review final determinations in an ADD administrative review. “The

court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found . . . to be

unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance

with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                                   DISCUSSION

I.   Surrogate Country Selection

      TTI argues that Commerce erroneously designates Mexico as the primary

surrogate country, when record evidence indicates that Mexican GTA import data

result in aberrational SVs. See Pl.’s Br. at 8–11. Instead, TTI advocates for the

selection of Brazil as the primary surrogate country. See
 id. at 10–11. 
Defendant

and Defendant-Intervenors counter that TTI failed to exhaust administrative

remedies, because TTI did not raise this argument during the underlying

administrative proceeding; and, notwithstanding the failure to exhaust, Commerce

reasonably selects Mexico as the primary surrogate country. See Def.’s Br. at 10–13;

Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 11–13. For the following reasons, TTI failed to exhaust its

challenge to Commerce’s surrogate country selection.

      In an antidumping proceeding, if Commerce considers an exporting country to

be an NME, like the PRC, it will identify one or more market economy countries to
Court No. 19-00071                                                           Page 8

serve as a “surrogate” for that NME country in the calculation of normal value.6 See

19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1), (4). Normal value is determined on the basis of FOPs from

the surrogate country or countries used to produce subject merchandise. See
 

1677b(c)(1).7 By statute, Commerce must value FOPs “to the extent possible . . . in

one or more market economy countries that are . . . at a level of economic development

comparable to that of the [NME], and . . . significant producers of comparable

merchandise.”
 

1677b(c)(4)(A)–(B).8 When several countries are both at a level

of economic development comparable to the NME country and significant producers

of comparable merchandise, Commerce evaluates the reliability and completeness of

the data in similarly situated surrogate countries and generally selects the one with

the best data as the primary surrogate country. See Import Admin., U.S. Dep’t




6 Dumping occurs when merchandise is imported into the United States and sold at

a price lower than its “normal value,” resulting in material injury (or the threat of
material injury) to the U.S. industry. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673, 1677(34), 1677b(a). The
difference between the normal value of the merchandise and the U.S. price is the
“dumping margin.” See
 

1677(35). When normal value is compared to the U.S.
price and dumping is found, antidumping duties equal to the dumping margin are
imposed to offset the dumping. See
 

1673; see generally Dorbest Ltd. v. United
States, 
604 F.3d 1363
, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
7 FOPs to be valued in the surrogate market economy include “hours of labor
required,” “quantities of raw materials employed,” “amounts of energy and other
utilities consumed,” and “representative capital cost, including depreciation.” See 19
U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(3).
8This analysis is designed to determine a producer’s costs of production in an NME
as if that producer operated in a hypothetical market economy. See, e.g., Downhole
Pipe & Equipment, L.P. v. United States, 
776 F.3d 1369
, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Nation
Ford Chemical Co. v. United States, 
166 F.3d 1373
, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also 19
U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1).
Court No. 19-00071                                              Page 9

Commerce, Non-Market Economy Surrogate Country Selection Process, Pol’y

Bulletin 04.1 (2004), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/policy/bull04-1.html

(last visited Apr. 30, 2020) (“Policy Bulletin 04.1”). Commerce prefers to use one

country surrogate as the primary surrogate country. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2).

      Further, parties are required to exhaust administrative remedies before the

agency by raising all issues in their initial case briefs before Commerce. Dorbest Ltd.

v. United States, 
604 F.3d 1363
, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.309(c)(2), (d)(2); Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 
548 F.3d 1375
,

1383 (Fed. Cir. 2008)); see also ABB, Inc. v. United States, 
920 F.3d 811
, 818 (Fed.

Cir. 2019).   However, the court has discretion not to require exhaustion of

administrative remedies. 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d); see also Agro Dutch Indus. Ltd. v.

United States, 
508 F.3d 1024
, 1029 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The Court has recognized

several limited exceptions to the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies

such as: “where exhaustion would be ‘a useless formality,’ intervening legal authority

‘might have materially affected the agency's actions,’ the issue involves ‘a pure

question of law not requiring further factual development,’ where ‘clearly applicable

precedent’ should have bound the agency, or where the party ‘had no opportunity’ to

raise the issue before the agency.” SeAH Steel Corp. v. United States, 
35 CIT 326
,

329, 
764 F. Supp. 2d 1322
, 1325–26 (2011) (citing Jiaxing Brother Fastener Co. v.

United States, 
34 CIT 1455
, 1465–66, 
751 F. Supp. 2d 1355
–56 (2010)).
Court No. 19-00071                                                           Page 10

      TTI failed to exhaust its administrative remedies, because it did not challenge

Commerce’s selection of Mexico or advocate for Brazil as the primary surrogate

country despite opportunities to do so during the underlying proceeding.9 See Final

Decision Memo. at 24 (remarking that “no party is arguing that [Commerce] should

pick Brazil as the primary surrogate country”). Replying to Commerce’s proposed

surrogate country list, TTI noted that Mexico had been used by the Department in

the underlying investigation as a surrogate country and that Brazil, too, “may be used

as an appropriate country[.]” See TTI Surrogate Country Cmts. at 2. However, TTI

placed on the record possible SVs from Mexico for the vast majority of its FOPs. See

TTI SV Cmts. at Exs. 1–2. Further, following the publication of its Preliminary

Results, where Commerce preliminarily selected Mexico as the primary surrogate

country, TTI only contested Commerce’s selection of certain surrogate values but not

its more general use of Mexico as the primary surrogate country.10 See Brief from

Barnes Richardson & Colburn to Sec of Commerce Pertaining to TTI Case Brief at 5,

PD 153–54, bar codes 3764266-01–02 (Oct. 19, 2018) (“TTI Case Brief”); see also Final

Decision Memo. at 7 n. 35. TTI’s failure to raise this argument before Commerce



9 Before the court, TTI argues that because the SVs from Mexico are aberrational and

the selection of surrogate financial statements erroneous, they cannot support
Commerce’s selection of Mexico as the primary surrogate country. See Pl.’s Br. at 9–
11. The court does not reach this argument here, because TTI failed to exhaust its
administrative remedies.
10Although TTI challenged Commerce’s selection of SVs for four FOPs—i.e., R-23, R-
32, R-134A, and AHF—before the agency, TTI proposed Brazilian import values to be
used for just AHF. See generally TTI Case Brief at 2–5.
Court No. 19-00071                                                       Page 11

constitutes a failure to exhaust its administrative remedies. Cf. Boomerang Tube

LLC v. United States, 
856 F.3d 908
, 912–13 (Fed. Cir. 2017); Qingdao Sea-Line

Trading Co. v. United States, 
766 F.3d 1378
, 1388 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Therefore, the

court will not now address that issue, and Commerce’s selection of Mexico as the

primary surrogate country is sustained.

II.   Surrogate Value Selection

       TTI contests Commerce’s selection of Mexican GTA data to value the inputs R-

32, R-134a, and AHF as well as the byproduct HCl as unsupported by substantial

evidence and not in accordance with law. See Pl.’s Br. at 11–15. TTI points to

Commerce’s selection of import data under certain HS categories for the inputs and

the byproduct, which it claims results in aberrational SVs that generate a

commercially and economically unrealistic dumping margin. See
 id. According to
TTI, to resolve this distortion in the calculation of normal value, Commerce should

use Mexican GTA import data under HS category 2903.39.02 to value R-32 and R-

134a and Brazilian GTA import data to value AHF.           See
 
id.   Defendant and
Defendant-Intervenor respond that Commerce reasonably determines Mexican GTA

data to be the best available information to value the inputs and, further, disagree

that Commerce’s selection of import data under the HS categories results in distorted

SVs. See Def.’s Br. at 14–19; Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 13–19. Further, Defendant and

Defendant-Intervenor argue that TTI failed to exhaust its administrative remedies

with respect to Commerce’s valuation of the byproduct HCl. See Def.’s Br. at 19–21;
Court No. 19-00071                                                            Page 12

Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 19.     For the reasons that follow, the court sustains

Commerce’s reliance on certain HS categories in selecting Mexican GTA import data

to value the inputs R-32, R-134a, and AHF and to value the byproduct HCl.

      A.    Legal Standard

      As explained above, in an antidumping proceeding involving an NME, normal

value is determined on the basis of FOPs from the surrogate country or countries

used to produce subject merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1). FOPs to be valued

in the surrogate market economy include “hours of labor required,” “quantities of raw

materials employed,” “amounts of energy and other utilities consumed,” and

“representative capital cost, including depreciation.” See
 

1677b(c)(3). Section

1677b requires Commerce to use “the best available information” to value FOPs.
 

1677b(c)(1). Commerce has discretion to determine what constitutes the best

available information. QVD Food Co. v. United States, 
658 F.3d 1318
, 1323 (Fed. Cir.

2011). “Commerce generally selects, to the extent practicable, surrogate values that

are publicly available, are product-specific, reflect a broad market average, and are

contemporaneous with the period of review” (collectively, “selection criteria”).

Qingdao Sea-Line 
Trading, 766 F.3d at 1386
; see also Policy Bulletin 04.1. However,

Commerce may disregard aberrational values to value FOPs. Antidumping Duties;

Countervailing Duties, 62 Fed. Reg. 27,296, 27,366 (Dep’t Commerce May 19, 1997).

Where there is evidence that data is aberrational, Commerce must address that

evidence in order to demonstrate that the data is nonetheless the best information
Court No. 19-00071                                                      Page 13

available.11 See Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 
340 U.S. 474
, 488 (1951) (noting

that “[t]he substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the record

fairly detracts from its weight.”); see also Jacobi Carbons AB v. United States, 
619

Fed. Appx. 992
, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2015).

      B.    Valuation of inputs R-32, R-134a, and AHF

      Commerce reasonably relies on Mexican GTA data to value R-32, R-134a, and

AHF. See Final Decision Memo. at 20–25.          After determining Mexico to be the

primary surrogate country, Commerce selects GTA import data from Mexico to value

TTI’s FOPs, because the Mexican GTA import data “are broad market averages, . . .

tax-exclusive, and generally contemporaneous with the POR” as well as enable

specific valuation of TTI’s FOPs. See Prelim. Decision Memo. at 12, 18; see also Memo

from USDOC to File Pertaining to TTI Margin Analysis Memo at 6, PD 143, bar code

3751835-01 (Sept. 4, 2018) (“TTI SV Memo.”). Commerce selects HS categories, at

least at the six-digit level, that encompass TTI’s inputs. See TTI SV Memo. at 5–7.

      With respect to R-32 and R-134a, Commerce determines that the eight-digit

HS category 2903.39.99 is specific to those inputs, because it is the only category that



11 An agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence when there is “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 
337 F.3d 1373
, 1379 (Fed. Cir.
2003) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 
305 U.S. 197
, 229 (1938)). “[T]he
possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not
invalidate Commerce’s conclusion as long as it remains supported by substantial
evidence on the record.” Zhaoqing New Zhongya Aluminum Co. v. United States, 
36
CIT 1390
, 1392, 
887 F. Supp. 2d 1301
, 1305 (2012) (citing Universal Camera Corp.,
340 U.S. 474
, 488 (1951)).
Court No. 19-00071                                                 Page 14

encompasses the inputs. See Final Decision Memo. at 20, 20 n.100. Commerce

observes that the six-digit HS category 2903.39 includes HFC components.
 Id. at 20
n.100. Commerce reasons, by process of elimination, that among the possible HS

categories at the eight-digit level, only 2903.39.99 (others) covers R-32 and R-134a.


Id.   Commerce relies 
on data from the National Institutes of Standards and

Technology indicating that the difluoroethane and methyl bromide covered under HS

categories 2903.39.02 and 2903.39.01, respectively, are different chemicals than

1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) and difluoromethane (R-32).
 Id. (citing Letter
from Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP to Sec of Commerce Pertaining to Petitioners

Rebuttal Surrogate Cmts at Ex. 1, PD 103, bar code 3688789-01 (Mar. 30, 2018)

(“Petitioners’ Rebuttal Cmts.”)). As a result, Commerce reasonably concludes “R-32

and R-134a can only be imported under the basket category 2903.39.99.”
            Id.

Similarly, Commerce 
relies on import data under the HS category 2811.11.01 to value

AHF because it encompasses AHF and specifically references that input. See Final

Decision Memo. at 25.

      TTI, however, argues that Commerce’s selection of HS category 2903.39.99 to

value R-32 and R-134a and HS category 2811.11.01 to value AHF yield aberrational

SVs. Pl.’s Br. at 11–15. Plaintiff’s arguments are unavailing, because Commerce

addresses and reasonably rejects the same contentions in the underlying proceeding.

See Final Decision Memo. at 20–25. With respect to the inputs R-32 and R-134a, TTI

contends before the court that the Mexican GTA import data under HS category
Court No. 19-00071                                                           Page 15

2903.39.99 are aberrationally high, because this “other” category includes high-value

components, such as R-23, not used in TTI’s production process, resulting in SVs

higher than TTI’s selling prices for the finished HFC blend. See Pl.’s Br. at 11–12.

However, Commerce reasonably finds no record evidence indicating that the presence

of other components in HS category 2903.39.99 distorts the valuation of R-32 and R-

134a. See Final Decision Memo. at 20–22.12 Specifically, an examination of actual

imports for the POR demonstrate that the majority of imports under this HS category

were of R-134a.
 Id. at 21.13 
Commerce further observes that there was no evidence

of imports of R-23 during the POR that would support TTI’s claim that import values

under HS category 2903.39.99 are distorted by the inclusion of this allegedly high-

value component. See
 id. at 20 
n.104. Commerce explains the mere fact that SVs for


12 In the underlying proceeding, TTI also pointed to the difference in average unit

values (“AUV”) of the HFC components in the PIERS data, another data source on
the record, as compared to the GTA data. See Final Decision Memo. at 18, 21 (citing
TTI’s Case Br. at 3); see also Letter from Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP to Sec of
Commerce Pertaining to HFC Coalition Prelim Determination Cmts at Ex. 2, CD 54,
bar code 3741009-01 (Aug. 6, 2018) (“Petitioners’ Prelim. Cmts.”). Commerce,
however, reasonably finds that a comparison of the two data sets is not a reliable
basis to determine alleged aberrancy, because the PIERS data and GTA data do not
align in terms of product descriptions. Final Decision Memo. at 21 (explaining that
“[t]he PIERS data provide a description of the merchandise in each shipment” and
“the GTA do not provide a breakdown of the specific products included in the data,
beyond the heading of the HS category”). Commerce also rejects the difference in
AUV of imports under HS 2903.39.99 and that of imports under HS 2390.39.02 as
suggesting that the SV is less accurate, when, the AUVs for each country were “in a
continuum of values.” See
 id. at 21, 
21 n.108.
13 Further, Commerce notes that there is no evidence of R-23, the high-value
component cited by TTI, see TTI Case Brief at 2–3, was imported under the HS
category 2903.39.99. See Final Decision Memo. at 20–21 n.104; see also Petitioners’
Prelim. Cmts. at Ex 2.
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 16

TTI’s FOPs exceed TTI’s selling prices for finished HFC does not establish aberrancy

of those SVs, when “the unit value of one or more inputs may well be higher than the

finished product if the finished product is sold at prices significantly below normal

value, as [Commerce has] determined here.”       See Final Decision Memo. at 22.

Although TTI argues before the court that Commerce’s decision is unsupported by

substantial evidence and contrary to law, it does not elaborate why Mexican GTA

data under the HS category 2903.39.02 should instead be used to value the

components R-32 and R-134a, when it concedes this HS category does not encompass

those components, unlike the HS category 2903.39.99. See Pl.’s Br. at 11–12.14 TTI

asks the court to substitute its judgment for Commerce’s and to reweigh evidence,

which the court cannot do. See Downhole Pipe & Equipment, L.P. v. United States,

776 F.3d 1369
, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Even if reasonable minds may disagree, the

court cannot say that Commerce’s determination is unsupported by substantial

evidence or contrary to law. Cf. Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co. v. United States,

652 F.3d 1333
, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011).





14 In the underlying proceeding, Commerce rejects TTI’s view that R-152a is

sufficiently similar to R-32 and R-134a such that the HS category 2903.39.02,
covering R-152a, may be used. See Final Decision Memo. at 18, 22 (citing TTI’s Case
Br. at 4). Commerce emphasizes that R-152a differs from R-32 and R-134a such that
“any imports of [R-152a] are less specific than imports of R-32 and R-134a
themselves.” See Final Decision Memo. at 22. Commerce reasonably declines to
adopt HS category 2903.39.02, when TTI offers no reason why that category would be
more specific to the input and when Commerce finds no reason to reject the import
values under HS category 2903.39.99. See
 id.
Court No. 
19-00071                                                        Page 17

      Likewise, TTI does not persuade that the selection of import values from the

HS subheading 2811.11.01 for AHF results in a distorted SV. See Pl.’s Br. at 12–13.

TTI’s argument proceeds from the premise that relying on the Mexican GTA import

data under this category results in an aberrational SV for AHF, because the value is

three times higher than Brazilian GTA import data under the subheading 2811.11.

See Pl.’s Br. at 13. However, a comparison of the value of imports under a narrow

eight-digit subheading with those under a general six-digit subheading does not

necessarily indicate distortion in this case. See Final Decision Memo. at 25. In the

underlying proceeding, Commerce rejects TTI’s argument that the higher volume of

imports into Brazil under the general six-digit HS category compared to the smaller

volume of imports into Mexico under the narrow eight-digit HS category

demonstrates the superiority of the Brazilian GTA import data, when import volume

is not one of Commerce’s SV selection criteria. See Final Decision Memo. at 23–25;

cf. Qingdao Sea-Line 
Trading, 766 F.3d at 1386
; Policy Bulletin 04.1. Further, TTI

does not persuade that the Brazilian GTA import data are the best available

information to value AHF simply because Brazil would be a viable alternate

surrogate market economy country from which to select SVs. See Pl.’s Br. at 13.

Rather, as Commerce explains, it prefers to select SVs from the primary surrogate

country. See Final Decision Memo. at 24–25; see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2).

Commerce declines to select less specific data from Brazil, absent a finding that the

Mexican GTA data are invalid. Final Decision Memo. at 25. The court cannot say
Court No. 19-00071                                                   Page 18

Commerce acted unreasonably in selecting Mexican GTA import data under the HS

category 2811.11.01 to value AHF. Cf. 
Zhejiang, 652 F.3d at 1341 
(noting that

Commerce has “broad discretion” to determine the best available information to value

of FOPs).

      C.    Valuation of byproduct HCl

      TTI did not exhaust its administrative remedies in challenging Commerce’s

valuation of byproduct HCl. As explained above, a party is generally required to raise

all arguments in the administrative proceeding as a prerequisite to judicial review.

28 U.S.C. § 2637(d); see also Boomerang 
Tube, 856 F.3d at 912
–13. TTI, here, had

notice that Commerce would rely on Mexican GTA data to value the byproduct HCl

as of the preliminary determination. See Prelim. Decision Memo. at 19–20; see also

TTI SV Memo. at 5, 9. However, TTI did not challenge that decision in the underlying

administrative proceeding. See generally TTI Case Brief; see also Final Decision

Memo. at 7 n.35 (listing the SVs challenged by TTI). Although the court will not

require exhaustion in certain scenarios, see SeAH Steel 
Corp, 35 CIT at 329
, 764 F.

Supp. 2d at 1325–26, none of those exceptions are invoked here. See generally Pl.’s

Br.; Pl.’s Reply Br. Further, TTI does not address the allegations that it failed to

exhaust its challenge to Commerce’s valuation of HCl. Compare Def.’s Br. at 19–21

and Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 19 with Pl.’s Reply Br. at 1–10. Given that Commerce

did not have the opportunity to hear the challenge in the first instance, the court
Court No. 19-00071                                                     Page 19

declines to hear TTI’s challenge regarding the valuation of HCl, and Commerce’s

reliance on Mexican GTA data for that byproduct is sustained.

III.   Selection of Surrogate Financial Statements

        TTI argues that Commerce’s decision to rely solely on CYDSA’s financial

statements to calculate surrogate financial ratios is unsupported by substantial

evidence and contrary to law. See Pl.’s Br. at 15–18. Instead, according to TTI,

Commerce should average CYDSA’s and Mexichem’s financial statements. See
 id.

TTI elaborates 
that Commerce erroneously rejects Mexichem’s financial statements,

which offer detailed, disaggregated financial information. See
 
id. Defendant and
Defendant-Intervenors reply that Commerce reasonably declines to rely on

Mexichem’s financial statements, because they were not fully translated. See Def.’s

Br. at 21–26; see also Def.-Intervenors’ Br. at 20–22. For the reasons that follow,

Commerce reasonably rejects Mexichem’s financial statements to calculate surrogate

financial ratios.

        As explained above, in an NME proceeding, Commerce determines normal

value on the basis of FOPs from the surrogate country or countries used to produce

subject merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1). After calculating the total value

of FOPs, Commerce will add “an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost

of containers, coverings, and other expenses.”
 Id. To do 
so, Commerce calculates

“surrogate financial ratios” that the agency derives from the financial statements of

one or more companies that produce identical or comparable merchandise, preferably
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 20

in the primary surrogate country. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(4); 
Dorbest, 604 F.3d at

1368
. Commerce selects financial statements based on “specificity, contemporaneity,

and quality of the data.” See Final Decision Memo. at 28 (citing Diamond Sawblades

and Parts Thereof from the [PRC], 71 Fed. Reg. 29,303 (Dep’t Commerce May 22,

2006) (final determination of sales at less than fair value and final partial affirmative

determination of critical circumstances), and accompanying Issues and Decision

Memo.      at     4–10,     A-570-900,      (May      15,    2006),     available     at

https://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/E6-7763-1.pdf (last visited Apr. 30,

2020) (internal quotations omitted)).       In addition, Commerce rejects financial

statements that it has reason to believe or suspect are distorted by countervailable

subsidies. See Final Decision Memo. at 28 (citing Admin. Review of Certain Frozen

Warmwater Shrimp from the [PRC], 75 Fed. Reg. 49,460 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 13,

2010) (final results and partial rescission of [ADD] admin. review), and accompanying

Issues and Decision Memo. at 22–25, A-570-893, (Aug. 9, 2010), available at

https://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2010-20073-1.pdf (last visited Apr.

30, 2020)); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(5). As with other documents submitted in

an antidumping duty proceeding, financial statements in a foreign language “must

be accompanied by an English translation of the entire document or of only pertinent

portions, where appropriate[.]” 19 C.F.R. § 351.303(e).

      Here, Commerce reasonably rejects Mexichem’s financial statements, because

the incomplete translation precludes Commerce from assessing vital information in
Court No. 19-00071                                                        Page 21

those statements. See Final Decision Memo. at 26–31. Specifically, TTI provided an

English translation of only a single worksheet with Mexichem’s profits and losses.


Id. at 29. 
Without further translation—i.e., of Mexichem’s accounting policies, its

auditor’s report, or the balance sheet—Commerce explains that it cannot evaluate

“other vital information” including “if Mexichem received countervailable subsidies,

if its statements contain an unqualified auditor’s opinion, and whether TTI has

appropriately categorized, added, and/or removed certain expenses in its calculation

worksheet.”
 
Id. at 29. 
Therefore, Commerce, in light of these “serious translation

deficiencies,” reasonably declines to use Mexichem’s financial statements to calculate

surrogate financial ratios. See
 id. at 29; 
see also Qingdao Sea-Line 
Trading, 766 F.3d

at 1386 
(“Commerce has broad discretion to determine what constitutes the best

available information.”)

      According to TTI, however, Commerce erroneously rejects Mexichem’s

financial statements, because they are “substantively translated with respect to ‘vital’

information.” See Pl.’s Br. at 15. TTI explains that, pursuant to CP Kelco US, Inc. v.

United States, Commerce may not reject a partially translated financial statement

without demonstrating that the untranslated portion contained “vital information.”

See
 id. at 15–16 
(citing CP Kelco, Slip Op. 18-120 at 5, 42 CIT __, __ (Sept. 17, 2018),

aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 
949 F.3d 1348
, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (affirming Commerce

decision to reject partially translated financial statements in light of its explanation

that the untranslated information was vital but declining to decide “whether
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 22

Commerce must accept or refuse a partial translation of financial statements in every

case, or that it is required to do so”).15 Extending the CP Kelco holding to the facts of

this case does not help TTI.16 Commerce identifies what information it suspects is



15  In addition, TTI contends that Commerce should have granted TTI the opportunity
to submit a translated copy of Mexichem’s financial statement. See Pl.’s Br. at 18.
Commerce, however, reasonably exercised its discretion by declining to reopen the
record after issuing the preliminary results. See Final Decision Memo. at 31.
According to Commerce’s regulations, factual information to value FOPs are due “no
later than 30 days before the scheduled date of the preliminary results of review.” 19
C.F.R. § 351.301(c)(3)(ii). Within ten days of submitting that information, parties
have an opportunity to submit “publicly available information to rebut, clarify, or
correct such factual information” accompanied with written explanation.
 

351.301(c)(3)(iv). In addition, Commerce may extend deadlines for good cause if
those requests are submitted prior to the original deadlines, unless the party
demonstrates extraordinary circumstances.
 

351.302(b)–(c). Here, TTI did not
seek to submit a full translation of Mexichem’s financial statement until October 19,
2018, after Commerce published its preliminary determination. To that end,
however, TTI merely stated “there is no reason why the Department could not still
accept a full translation of what is already on the record, given the length of time that
remains before a final determination is scheduled to take place (January 9, 2019).”
See TTI Case Brief at 7–8. Commerce reasonably rejects this view, explaining that
accepting the translation would “inhibit the timely completion of the review” because
“it would be necessary to allow parties to comment on the new information and to
establish a second, subsequent briefing schedule” and “[Commerce] would also
require time to evaluate that new information.” Final Decision Memo. at 31. Further,
to the extent that TTI implies that Commerce should have alerted TTI of deficiencies
prior to the preliminary determination, the parties, not Commerce, carry the burden
of creating an adequate record. See Pl.’s Br. at 18; see also QVD Food Co. v. United
States, 
658 F.3d 1318
, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011).
16TTI cites the court’s decision affirming Commerce’s fourth remand determination.
However, relevant to TTI’s argument, is the court’s decision reviewing Commerce’s
second remand redetermination and ordering remand for the third time, CP Kelco,
Inc. v. United States, 41 CIT __, 
211 F. Supp. 3d 1338 
(2017) (“CP Kelco I”). In that
case, and unlike the situation here, Commerce disregarded financial statements that
had been translated in full, except for two paragraphs of a single footnote. See CP

                                                                   (footnote continued)
Court No. 19-00071                                                         Page 23

not translated, explains why it considers that information is vital, and reasonably

concludes that without a full translation it cannot verify Mexichem’s financial

statements and rely on them to calculate surrogate financial ratios.          See Final

Decision Memo. at 29.17 The court cannot say that Commerce’s determination is

unreasonable and therefore sustains Commerce’s rejection of Mexichem’s financial

statements.

IV.   Whether TTI’s Dumping Margin is Contrary to Law

       TTI argues that Commerce’s assignment of a 285.73 percent average-weighted

dumping margin to TTI defies commercial and economic reality, contrary to what it




Kelco I, 41 CIT at __, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 1343–44. The court faulted Commerce’s
purported practice of outright rejecting partially translated financial statements as
unreasonable, because “an unduly rigid, one-size-fits-all practice” is not consistent
with its statutory mandate to identify the best available information and to
meaningfully analyze record evidence.
 
Id., 41 CIT 
at __, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 1342–43.
Given that Commerce expressed generalized concerns about a particular
untranslated footnote, the court held that Commerce’s rejection of the financial
statements was not reasonable.
 
Id., 41 CIT 
at __, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 1343–45. Among
the possible paths Commerce could avail itself on remand, the court explained that
Commerce could reject the financial statements if it made “a reasoned finding” that
the untranslated paragraphs were “vital” to the Department’s analysis.
 
Id., 41 CIT
at __, 211 F. Supp. at 1345.
17Specifically, Commerce notes that TTI did not provide a translation of explanatory
notes accompanying the translated worksheet, information about Mexichem’s
accounting policies, the auditor’s opinion, the director’s report, and the balance sheet,
among other information. Final Decision Memo. at 29. Without this information,
Commerce explains it is precluded from “attest[ing] to the legitimacy and accuracy of
the information TTI uses to calculate the [surrogate financial] ratios proposed in
[TTI’s] calculation worksheet” and from “assessing other vital information, such as
determining if Mexichem received countervailable subsidies, if its statements contain
an unqualified auditor’s opinion, and whether TTI has appropriately categorized,
added, and/or removed certain expenses in its calculation worksheet.”
 Id.
Court No. 
19-00071                                                         Page 24

claims is the legal standard established in Baoding Fine Chemistry v. United States,

39 CIT __, 
113 F. Supp. 3d 1332 
(2015). See Pl.’s Br. at 5–8; see also Pl.’s Reply Br.

at 1–10. Even though the margin “is the inevitable consequence of the Department’s

use of aberrational SVs to value TTI’s FOPs” according to TTI, it argues that the

margin is also “independently ‘commercially impossible.’” Pl.’s Br. at 6; Pl.’s Reply

Br. at 4–5. Defendant and Defendant-Intervenors respond that TTI’s margin is in

accordance with law and supported by substantial evidence, because Commerce

selected SVs and surrogate financial statements consistent with statute and

regulations. See Def.’s Br. at 26–30; Def.-Intervenors’ Br. at 8–11. For the reasons

that follow, Commerce reasonably and consistently with its statutory mandate

calculates TTI’s margin.

      A dumping margin is “the amount by which the normal value exceeds the

export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise.”       19 US.C.

§ 1677(35)(A).18   If the exporting country is designated as an NME, “sales of

merchandise in [that NME] country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.”

1677(18)(A). Therefore, Commerce determines normal value based on an

NME producer’s FOPs, used to produce the subject merchandise, in an ME country

or countries. See
 

1677b(c); see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.408. Commerce then




18 A weighted average dumping margin is “the percentage determined by dividing the

aggregate dumping margins determined for a specific exporter or producer by the
aggregate export prices and constructed export prices of such exporter or producer.”
19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(B).
Court No. 19-00071                                                          Page 25

compares normal value with the producer’s price for sales of subject merchandise into

the United States, i.e., export price, to determine normal value.      See 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677b(c)(1).

      Consistent with its statutory mandate, Commerce reasonably arrives at TTI’s

dumping margin by comparing normal value with export price. See TTI Memo. from

USDOC to File Pertaining to TTI Final Calc. Memo., CD 150, bar code 3824768-01

(Apr. 19, 2019). TTI takes issue with that margin, arguing that it is “an absurd,

commercially and economically unrealistic figure.” Pl.’s Br. at 6. However, TTI does

not persuade that the margin is contrary to law or unsupported by substantial

evidence.

      TTI’s argument proceeds from the mistaken premise that the value of a

dumping margin, distinct from the components that constitute the margin, may be

challenged. To ground this assertion, TTI refers to the court’s decision in Baoding I

as setting forth a “commercial impossibility” test that probes whether a high margin

is unsupported by substantial evidence. See Pl.’s Br. at 6–8; Pl.’s Reply Br. at 2–4.19

However, in Baoding I, the court faulted the way in which Commerce calculated the

dumping margin, including the challenged SVs for certain inputs and surrogate



19 According to TTI, the “commercial impossibility” test assesses if “1) Respondent

would have had to sell its merchandise at an absurd, commercially impossible loss;
and, 2) if Respondent’s financial statements showed any corresponding losses.” Pl.’s
Reply. Br. at 8–9 (citing Baoding I, 39 CIT at __, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 1334).
Court No. 19-00071                                                           Page 26

financial statements.20 39 CIT at __, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 1341–42 (holding in abeyance

specific challenges to aspects of Commerce’s margin calculation, given that they may

change on remand). Thus, contrary to TTI’s argument, Baoding I did not establish a

separate, “backstop” test for high margins that could independently require remand

if found by the court to be “commercially impossible.”21 See Pl.’s Reply Br. at 3; see

also Timken Co. v. United States, 
354 F.3d 1334
, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“[T]he ‘fair

comparison’ requirement of [19 U.S.C.] § 1677b(a) does not impose any requirements

for calculating normal value beyond those explicitly established in the statute and





20 In Baoding I, Commerce assessed a dumping margin of 453.79 percent to the

plaintiff, which was several multiples higher than the rate assigned in prior reviews
and the China-wide rate, determined pursuant to facts otherwise available and with
an adverse inference. See Baoding I, 39 CIT at __, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 1339.
21Plaintiff also argues that the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s decision in
Nan Ya Plastics, issued subsequently to Baoding I, did not invalidate the basis for
the “commercially impossible” standard established in that earlier decision. See Pl.’s
Reply Br. at 2, 4 (citing Nan Ya Plastics Corp,, Ltd v. United States, 
810 F.3d 1333
(Fed. Cir. 2016)). According to Plaintiff, the court, in Baoding II, distinguished that
standard from the holding in Nan Ya Plastics.
 Id. at 4. 
However, contrary to
Plaintiff’s argument that Baoding I stands apart from Nan Ya Plastics, the Baoding
II court explained that even though Nan Ya Plastics involved different facts and
issues, the appellate court’s holding was consistent with its own. Baoding Fine
Chemistry v. United States, 41 CIT __, __, 
222 F. Supp. 3d 1231
, 1239 (2017)
(“Baoding II”) (“[A] margin is accurate if it is supported by substantial evidence and
reflects commercial reality if it is consistent with the statutory method. Nan Ya
Plastics 
Corp., 810 F.3d at 1344
. The Department’s determination of a 453.79%
margin for Baoding Mantong in the Final Results did not satisfy this standard.”).
Court No. 19-00071                                                         Page 27

does not carry over to create additional limitations on the calculation of dumping

margins.”).22

      Moreover, Commerce reasonably selects the inputs to its calculation, because,

in addition to the reasons explained above, Commerce also reexamines the source

data in light of TTI’s allegation that the margin is inaccurate and commercially

unrealistic.23 See Final Decision Memo. at 7–8. However, Commerce “find[s] nothing

unusual” about its SV selections.
 
Id. at 7
. 
Indeed, the SVs for R-32, R-134a, and AHF

are “generally consistent” with the SVs calculated in the underlying less-than-fair-

value (“LTFV”) investigation, because “the SVs increased for R-32/R-134a by 15.6

percent and AHF by 3.2 percent[.]”
 Id. at 7 
n.36. The surrogate financial ratios,




22 TTI’s advocacy for a “backstop” test is misplaced. As a preliminary matter, the

court in Baoding I addressed whether Commerce’s determination was supported by
substantial evidence and in accordance with law in that case. See Baoding I, 39 CIT
at __, 113 F. Supp. 3d at 1336. The opinion does not establish legal precedent or bind
other determinations by this Court. See, e.g., Nucor Corp. v. United States, 
32 CIT
1380
, 1447 n.47, 
594 F. Supp. 2d 1380
–81 n.47 (2008), aff’d, 
601 F.3d 1291 
(Fed. Cir.
2010). Further, under TTI's theory, a plaintiff could fail to challenge, for example,
Commerce’s selection of surrogate values or surrogate financial statements, following
the issuance of a preliminary determination, and still obtain review of the resultant
margin. However, such “backstop” judicial review would render the general
requirement that parties exhaust their administrative remedies a nullity,
undercutting the “general policies underlying the exhaustion requirement—
'protecting            administrative        agency authority and promoting   judicial
efficiency.’” Corus Staal BV v. United States, 
502 F.3d 1370
, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2007)
(citing McCarthy v. Madigan, 
503 U.S. 140
, 145 (1992)).
23TTI attempts to link its argument that its margin does not reflect “commercial or
economic reality” to the individual SVs selected by Commerce. See, e.g., Pl.’s Br. at
5–6, 11–14. However, for the reasons discussed above, TTI does not demonstrate that
Commerce’s selection of any of the individual components of Commerce’s margin
calculation was unreasonable.
Court No. 19-00071                                                       Page 28

Commerce explains, are also “similar to the ratios computed for the same Mexican

producer used in the LTFV investigation (e.g., the SG&A percentage was 31.77

percent in the LTFV investigation and is 28.74 percent now).”
 Id. TTI’s arguments
are unpersuasive, as they fail to demonstrate that Commerce’s determinations

regarding the constituent elements are unsupported by the record. Therefore, the

court sustains TTI’s margin, because it is in accordance with law and supported by

substantial evidence.

                                 CONCLUSION

      Commerce’s Final Results is sustained in its entirety. Judgment will enter

accordingly.


                                                  /s/ Claire R. Kelly
                                                  Claire R. Kelly, Judge

Dated:         May 11, 2020
               New York, New York