19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse
 1                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 2                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 3                                    August Term 2019

 4         (Argued: January 10, 2020                       Decided: August 28, 2020)

 5                                    Docket No. 19-0891
 6

 7

 8                                      MARIO FRANCO,
 9
10                                     Plaintiff - Appellee,
11

14     POLICE OFFICER JOHN GUNSALUS, 0453, ALL SUED HEREIN IN THEIR CAPACITY AS
15      INDIVIDUALS, POLICE OFFICER SHAWN KELLY, 279, ALL SUED HEREIN IN THEIR
16                             CAPACITY AS INDIVIDUALS,
17
18                                   Defendants - Appellants,
19
20    CITY OF SYRACUSE, POLICE OFFICER WILLIAM LASHOMB, ALL SUED HEREIN IN THEIR
21    CAPACITY AS INDIVIDUALS, POLICE OFFICER JOSEPH MAURO, 132, ALL SUED HEREIN
22   IN THEIR CAPACITY AS INDIVIDUALS, UNIDENTIFIED SYRACUSE POLICE OFFICERS, ALL
23                   SUED HEREIN IN THEIR CAPACITY AS INDIVIDUALS,
24
25                                         Defendants.
26
27   Before: CALABRESI, POOLER, AND CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
28
29
30          Interlocutory appeal from a decision and order of the United States District

31   Court for the Northern District of New York (Scullin, J.) denying qualified
     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   immunity to Officers Gunsalus and Kelly. Appellee was arrested and charged

 2   with disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, and harassment after allegedly failing to

 3   heed Officer Gunsalus’s order to leave the area. Appellee insists that no such order

 4   was given. He was acquitted on all charges at trial and brought this action under

 5   42 U.S.C. § 1983, asserting, inter alia, claims of excessive force, false arrest, and

 6   malicious prosecution. The officers moved for summary judgment on the basis of

 7   qualified immunity. But the district court denied the motion, concluding that a

 8   genuine issue of fact existed as to whether Officer Gunsalus gave verbal

 9   commands to disperse. The officers appealed.

10          Because we agree that a genuine dispute of material fact exists, we dismiss

11   this case for lack of appellate jurisdiction.

12
13             Christina F. DeJoseph, Corporation Counsel for the City of Syracuse, in support

14                of Defendants-Appellants.

15             Fred B. Lichtmacher, The Law Office of Fred Lichtmacher P.C., New York, NY, in

16                support of Plaintiff-Appellee.

17
18
19   GUIDO CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:

20          This case requires us to consider the scope of our subject matter jurisdiction

21   when defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the basis of qualified


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   immunity is denied by the district court upon finding that genuine issues of

 2   material fact remain to be decided at trial. We conclude that governing case law

 3   in this circuit requires that we dismiss the case for lack of appellate jurisdiction.


 4                                         BACKGROUND


 5          Factual History

 6          At approximately 11:30 PM on July 4, 2014, Plaintiff-Appellee Mario Franco

 7   drove to a house party on Victoria Place in Syracuse, New York. Franco learned

 8   about the party from a friend, Elijah Johnson, who went to the party in a separate

 9   car with three other people. That car was driven by Patrick Johnson. When Elijah

10   and his friends arrived at Victoria Place, they discovered the party was breaking

11   up and that police officers were clearing people out of the house. Around sixty or

12   seventy people were on the street and sidewalk nearby. Patrick passed the house

13   and parked at the end of Victoria Place. Patrick and his passengers then discussed

14   what to do next while waiting for Franco to arrive in his car. 1




     1At some point, Franco called Patrick on his cell phone, and Patrick passed the phone to Elijah.
     Elijah advised Franco not to come to Victoria Place because the police were there, but Franco
     was already on his way.


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1          Franco arrived at Victoria Place and parked his car. He recognized Patrick’s

 2   blue Cadillac on the opposite end of the street and walked towards it. Franco

 3   testified that he saw a police vehicle approach the house near the middle of

 4   Victoria Place where the party had been taking place, but he did not hear an officer

 5   make any announcement over a loudspeaker or otherwise. 2

 6          When he arrived at his friend’s car, Franco leaned his head into the driver’s

 7   side window and asked the occupants about what happened at the party and

 8   where they planned to go next. Franco denied that any of the occupants told him

 9   the police had been trying to clear people off the street. He also denied seeing a

10   police officer walking toward him.

11          As Franco leaned inside his friend’s car, Defendant-Appellant Officer John

12   Gunsalus approached him from behind. Franco asserts that he did not hear the

13   officer say anything. And Elijah, who was sitting in the front passenger seat, also

14   testified that he did not hear a police officer tell Franco or anyone else that they

15   should leave.




     2Elijah also denied hearing a police officer in any way announce that people should disperse or
     otherwise give orders to people on Victoria Place to leave the area.


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1             According to Franco, Officer Gunsalus grabbed him by his shoulders and

 2   aggressively turned him around. The officer asked him, “Are you hard of hearing,

 3   motherfucker?” 3 App’x 149. The officer then pinned Franco against the car, hit

 4   him in the head with his forearm, knocked him to the ground, and stuck his knee

 5   into Franco’s back.

 6             A second police officer, Defendant-Appellant Officer Shawn Kelly,

 7   appeared on the scene as Officer Gunsalus pinned Franco to the ground, and

 8   Officer Kelly began punching Franco in the ribs. Franco insists he did not put his

 9   hands on either officer or resist at any time during the encounter. Officer Gunsalus

10   ultimately handcuffed Franco and put him in the back of the police vehicle. Franco

11   claims that as a result of the officers’ unprovoked violence, he sustained injuries

12   to his face, arm, stomach, and ribs, and that he also suffered headaches.

13             The officers describe the encounter differently. Officer Gunsalus insists that

14   after he arrived at Victoria Place, he made two announcements on his vehicle’s

15   loudspeaker in an attempt to get people to disperse from the area. The crowd

16   began to disband, and Officer Gunsalus left his vehicle and proceeded on foot in




     3   Elijah testified that the officer said, “You don’t like to fucking listen.” App’x 328.


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   order to get those who lingered to leave. Officer Gunsalus saw Franco leaning into

 2   a Cadillac and, from where he was standing about three to four car lengths away,

 3   gave him a verbal command: “Time to go. You got to leave the area.” App’x 558.

 4   Officer Gunsalus further testified that Franco, rather than starting to leave,

 5   “glanced over at myself and Officer Kelly,” made eye contact, and “kind of

 6   smirked and went back to speaking with the individuals in the Cadillac.” App’x

 7   558.

 8          Officer Gunsalus testified that he then approached Franco from his right

 9   side, placed his hand on his back, informed him he was under arrest, and ordered

10   him to put his hands behind his back. Officer Gunsalus asserted that Franco then

11   spun around, grabbed Officer Gunsalus’s shirtsleeves, and tried to push him

12   away. Both Officer Gunsalus and Officer Kelly gave several verbal commands to

13   stop resisting, and when Franco did not comply, Officer Gunsalus “delivered one

14   closed-fist strike to the left side of his face.” App’x 563–64.

15          Franco lost his balance and both he and Officer Gunsalus fell to the ground.

16   As they did so, Officer Gunsalus “unintentional[ly]” struck Franco in his stomach.

17   App’x 565. Officer Gunsalus flipped Franco into a prone position, and with Officer




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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   Kelly’s assistance, handcuffed him. The officers put him in the back of a patrol

 2   vehicle.

 3          Procedural History

 4          Franco was charged with and prosecuted for disorderly conduct, resisting

 5   arrest, and harassment. He was acquitted of all charges at trial.

 6          Franco then brought this federal action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging

 7   excessive force, failure to intervene, false arrest, malicious prosecution,

 8   deprivation of liberty without due process, and illegal seizure of property by the

 9   officers, and a claim under Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of N.Y., 

(1978)

10   against the City of Syracuse.       The defendant officers moved for summary

11   judgment on all but the excessive force claim. The officers also claimed they were

12   entitled to qualified immunity as to Franco’s false arrest, malicious prosecution,

13   and illegal seizure claims.

14          The district court entered its decision and order on March 28, 2019 granting

15   the officers summary judgment as to most of Franco’s claims and granting the City

16   of Syracuse summary judgment with respect to Franco’s Monell claim, but denying

17   the officers’ motion with respect to:


18          (1) the failure to intervene in the use of excessive force claim against Officer
19              Kelly;


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1          (2) the claims of false arrest and malicious prosecution against Officers
 2              Gunsalus and Kelly; and
 3          (3) the defense of qualified immunity.

 4          With respect to qualified immunity, the district court concluded that Franco

 5   sufficiently alleged facts creating a genuine dispute as to whether Officer Gunsalus

 6   had given verbal commands to disperse before Franco’s arrest. The court noted

 7   that if Officer Gunsalus failed to make verbal commands to disperse and Officer

 8   Kelly was aware of his failure to do so, “it would be objectively unreasonable for

 9   either of them to believe probable cause existed.” Special App’x 19. Accordingly,

10   the court denied the officers’ motion for summary judgment based on qualified

11   immunity.


12          Officers Gunsalus and Kelly filed a timely notice of interlocutory appeal on

13   the portion of the district court’s order denying qualified immunity.


14                                      DISCUSSION

15          Although neither party expressly argues that we lack appellate jurisdiction

16   to hear this appeal, “we have an independent obligation to consider the presence

17   or absence of subject matter jurisdiction [nostra] sponte.” Joseph v. Leavitt, 

  87, 89 (2d Cir. 2006). In Mitchell v. Forsyth, the Supreme Court held that a district

19   court’s denial of a claim of qualified immunity, “to the extent that it turns on an


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   issue of law,” is an immediately appealable “‘final decision’ within the meaning

 2   of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a final judgment.” 

,

 3   530 (1985). This is so because qualified immunity provides a defendant with

 4   “immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability,” a defense that is

 5   “effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.”

         Where instead there remains a genuine factual dispute, the existence of

 7   qualified immunity cannot be determined until the factual dispute is resolved.

 8   And an appellate court lacks jurisdiction to review a denial of qualified immunity

 9   by a district court based on the existence of such a factual dispute. See Reyes v.

10   Fischer, 

, 106–07 (2d Cir. 2019) (noting that “[f]actual questions that are

11   crucial to the disposition of the defendants’ qualified immunity defense remain”

12   and therefore dismissing for lack of jurisdiction the relevant part of the appeal);

13   Brown v. Halpin, 

, 117 (2d Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (concluding “that we

14   lack jurisdiction to consider the qualified immunity defense at this time . . . because

15   it depends on the resolution of factual disputes”); Ellington v. Whiting, 807 F. App’x

16   67, 69 (2d Cir. 2020) (summary order) (concluding that the district court’s

17   resolution of the qualified immunity determination “depends on disputed matters

18   of fact and thus we lack jurisdiction”).



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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1          Defendants wishing to obtain immediate review of a denial of qualified

 2   immunity may nonetheless do so by accepting, for purposes of the appeal only,

 3   plaintiff’s version of the disputed facts. See Tooly v. Schwaller, 

, 172 (2d

 4   Cir. 2019) (exercising appellate jurisdiction over an appeal that “turn[ed] on the

 5   district court’s determination of whether genuine issues of material fact exist”

 6   because the defendant agreed to rely on facts the plaintiff alleged or admitted for

 7   the purposes of the appeal).

 8          All this is clear enough. A difficulty arises, however, when defendants claim

 9   that the plaintiff’s evidence is not sufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact. The

10   Supreme Court faced this issue in Johnson v. Jones, 

(1995). It there held

11   that a district court’s determination only of “a question of ‘evidence sufficiency,’

12   i.e., which facts a party may, or may not, be able to prove at trial” is not appealable.

13

         One may question whether in some circumstances a trial court’s decision

15   concerning the sufficiency of the evidence is so clearly wrong as to constitute a

16   legal error and thus be appealable. And the Supreme Court itself may not always




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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   have given clear guidance as to this issue. 4 Our court, however, has seemingly

 2   routinely followed Johnson’s rule and has observed, “[t]he Supreme Court has

 3   made it clear that we lack appellate jurisdiction to decide an interlocutory appeal

 4   from a district court’s denial of a claim of qualified immunity to the extent that the

 5   denial involves only a question of evidence sufficiency.” Taylor v. Rogich, 

  647, 649 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing 

); see also Swain v. Town of

 7   Wappinger, 805 F. App’x 61, 62 (2d Cir. 2020) (summary order) (“If the District

 8   Court says the evidence was sufficient to create a jury issue, then that is the end of

 9   our review.”).

10          In the case before us, the defendant officers do not argue that they are

11   entitled to qualified immunity on the basis of stipulated facts or on the facts that

12   Franco alleges are true. Cf. Terebesi v. Torreso, 

, 229 (2d Cir. 2014). Nor

13   does this appeal on its face seem to raise a “purely legal question.” 5 Mitchell, 472




     4 See Tuuamalemalo v. Greene, 

, 480, 484 (9th Cir. 2019) (Fletcher, J., concurring)
     (reviewing the “persistent confusion” the Supreme Court’s case law has created in intermediate
     courts of appeals, and suggesting that the Court’s case law since Johnson has limited that case to
     its facts).
     5 Defendants insist that this court has jurisdiction “because the trial court’s denial of qualified

     immunity constitutes a final appealable order, which turns on questions of law.” Appellant’s
     Br. 1–2. But defendants do not specify what questions of law remain for this court to decide,
     and as our discussion will show, we do not discern any.


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of 

. Indeed, the only possible legal issue before us is whether the district

 2   court here erred as a matter of law when it concluded that a genuine dispute of

 3   material fact existed as to “whether Defendant Gunsalus gave verbal commands

 4   to disperse prior to his arresting Plaintiff” and therefore “whether there was

 5   probable cause for that arrest.” Sp. App’x 11.

 6          The officers attempt to shoehorn the record into one that would confer

 7   jurisdiction by arguing that Franco does not dispute that a dispersal order was

 8   given, only that he did not hear such an order. But Franco clearly did assert that no

 9   order was given. See, e.g., Appellee’s Br. 8. And the only practical way in which

10   Franco could support that assertion and challenge whether Officer Gunsalus gave

11   a dispersal order was to testify, as he did, that he did not hear such an order. Elijah,

12   who was sitting in the car’s front passenger seat, testified to the same effect.

13   Furthermore, during his deposition, Franco was asked whether, while he was

14   standing next to his friend’s car, “a police officer was walking towards you and

15   told you to leave the area.” App’x 144 (emphasis added). Franco responded in the

16   negative, thereby denying that he was told to leave.

17          Had Franco entirely failed to allege that no dispersal order was given, that

18   would be a different matter. But the record assures us that this is not the case here.



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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   As the district court recognized, by offering evidence that no dispersal order was

 2   heard under circumstances where such an order would have been heard had one

 3   been given, Franco both asserted that no order was given and created a genuine

 4   dispute of a material fact as to whether one had, in fact, been given.

 5          As a general matter, it would make little sense to require percipient

 6   witnesses to testify not only that they did not hear a dispersal order given but also

 7   to testify (as against merely asserting) that no such order was given. Indeed, we

 8   struggle to imagine what evidence Franco could have summoned to controvert

 9   defendants’ testimony that a dispersal order was given other than the testimony

10   that neither he nor Elijah heard a dispersal order.

11          Defendants argue that we should follow the approach employed in

12   Muschette on Behalf of A.M. v. Gionfriddo, 

(2d Cir. 2018), where the court

13   focused on evidence demonstrating that there was a reasonable basis for the

14   defendant officer to believe that an order was given, rather than heard.              In

15   Muschette, the parents of A.M., a 12-year-old student who is deaf and

16   communicates primarily in American Sign Language, argued that the defendant

17   officer used excessive force when he tased A.M. after a confrontation with a

18   teacher at a school.

But in that case, the plaintiffs did not dispute that the



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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   officer actually gave verbal instructions and warnings to A.M. Similarly, in

 2   Caravalho v. City of New York, 732 F. App’x 18 (2d Cir. 2018), also relied on by

 3   defendants, the court expressly observed that “[p]laintiffs do not contest that

 4   officers made several announcements ordering protesters to disperse.”

         Accordingly, the district court did not err as a matter of law when it

 6   determined that plaintiffs’ testimony establishes a genuine issue of material fact

 7   as to whether an order was given, and it is properly up to a jury—not a court of

 8   appeals—to determine whether to believe that testimony. 6

 9          Defendants also argue that the relevant question is the officers’ perception,

10   rather than Franco’s—in other words, whether there is enough evidence that a

11   reasonable officer would have believed that other officers gave a dispersal order

12   in a manner that Franco would have heard. And were we to conclude that

13   appellate jurisdiction lies, we would indeed have to consider whether the officers

14   had “arguable probable cause” to arrest Franco. Garcia v. Does, 

, 92 (2d




     6The record certainly contains evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that
     officers did make a dispersal order, for example Franco’s testimony that when Officer Gunsalus
     reached him, the officer asked him, “Are you hard of hearing, motherfucker?” App’x 149. This
     statement supports the officers’ argument that they gave a dispersal order which Franco
     ignored or did not hear before they arrested him. But a jury could also conclude that Officer
     Gunsalus made such a statement to Franco to support an argument that an order had been
     given when none had in fact been made.


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     19-0891
     Franco v. City of Syracuse

 1   Cir. 2015) (as amended) (quoting Zalaski v. City of Hartford, 

, 390 (2d

 2   Cir. 2013). This in turn would involve determining whether “(a) it was objectively

 3   reasonable for the officer[s] to believe that probable cause existed, or (b) officers of

 4   reasonable competence could disagree on whether the probable cause test was

 5   met.”

omitted). But defendants have not argued that

 6   even if no dispersal order was given, the circumstances were such that a

 7   reasonable officer would have believed that such an order was made so that the

 8   defendants had arguable probable cause to arrest Franco. 7

 9          For all these reasons, the district court did not err by concluding that

10   genuine issues of material fact remain to be resolved at trial. Its decision therefore

11   is not properly appealable.

12                                         CONCLUSION


13          We DISMISS the appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction.




     7Even if we were to assume this argument had been made, defendants offer no substantive
     discussion to support it. Put differently, defendants do not proffer evidence that, assuming no
     dispersal order was given but a reasonable officer might have believed one was made, arguable
     probable cause existed. Rather than rule against them for failing to support any argument to
     this effect with evidence from the record, we think it best to treat the argument as not having
     been made and to allow defendants to raise it later if they wish.


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