NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0461n.06

                                        Case No. 19-3907

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                         )                                  Aug 04, 2020
  THOMAS SMITH, as Power of Attorney for )                              DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
  Menno Schwartz, Jr.,                   )
                                         )                  ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
         Plaintiff-Appellant,            )                  STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                         )                  THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
 v.                                      )                  OHIO
                                         )
 WOOLACE ELECTRIC CORPORATION;           )                               OPINION
 STEVEN GARZA, as both an individual and )
 as an employee of Woolace Electric      )
 Corporation,                            )
                                         )
         Defendants-Appellees.           )


BEFORE: SILER, MOORE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. Accidents invite rescue. And when Menno Schwartz, Jr.

and the men with whom he was travelling saw an overturned van, they stopped to help. But what

started as a good Samaritan act ended in Schwartz, Jr. getting hit by another car.

       At a jury trial to recover for negligence against Steven Garza (the driver of the overturned

van) and his employer, the district court judge (1) granted the Defendants’ motion for judgment as

a matter of law on Ohio’s rescue doctrine, (2) excluded evidence that Garza received a traffic

citation, and (3) excluded testimony about the relationship between the first accident and the

second accident that injured Schwartz, Jr. The jury found Garza not liable for negligence. Smith’s

representative contests all those decisions. Because we find any error harmless for some of those

decisions and no error for others, we AFFIRM.
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


                                               I.

       While driving a van for his employer, Woolace Electric Corporation, Steven Garza lost

control on U.S. 30 in Allen County, Ohio. The van ultimately came to rest on its side. Garza and

his passenger, Randy Clemens, left the van and moved to the guardrail. The parties agree that

Garza “was acting within the scope of his employment when he lost control of the van.” (R. 95,

PID 1359.)

       Another van carrying several men, including Michael Whitacre and Menno Schwartz, Jr.,

stopped at the scene. There is some dispute about exactly what the occupants of the second van

did after they stopped, but there is no dispute that a third vehicle, driven by Corey McManues,

came along sometime after and hit Menno Schwartz, Jr. The impact sent Schwartz, Jr. over the

highway’s guardrail into a ditch below.       Schwartz, Jr. allowed Reverend Thomas Smith,

Schwartz’s power of attorney, to sue several parties involved, including Garza and Woolace

Electric. Smith sued to “separate [Schwartz, Jr.] from the lawsuit” because Schwartz, Jr.’s

religious beliefs did not allow for that conflict in the legal system. (R. 96, PID 1579, 1590–92.)

       The parties dispute exactly what Schwartz, Jr. was doing when McManues’s car hit him.

This matters, because if Schwartz, Jr. was acting as a rescuer when McManues hit him, then Garza

may have been liable to him under Ohio’s rescue doctrine. Adding to the dispute, Schwartz, Jr.

lost all recollection of the events. So other witnesses had to explain Schwartz’s actions. Whitacre

testified that he and Schwartz went to the overturned van, which protruded slightly into the

roadway, to see if anyone was in it. They spent a couple of minutes looking for people in the van

and then looked around it. Whitacre explained:




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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


       [A]fter that, I mean, time lapsed, I mean, I don’t – I can’t remember. All I
       remember is him not being there anymore. I mean, it could be less than ten minutes,
       you know, it could be, I don’t know. My average guess is maybe ten minutes on
       the scene before the accident happened.

(Id. at 1455.) Whitacre did not remember doing anything to warn McManues’s vehicle barreling

toward them. Whitacre just remembered turning and saying they needed to get out of there. He

did not see the vehicle hit Schwartz, Jr., and he was not sure what exactly Schwartz, Jr. was doing

when McManues’s car hit him.

       Giving a different account, Schwartz, Sr., who also rode with Whitacre that day, assumed

his son spoke with Garza and Clemens before McManues’s car hit him. Schwartz, Sr. walked

toward Garza and Clemens after getting out of the car. He spoke with them and thought his son

was with him, but then said that he was not sure about that.

       What’s more, Garza agreed that he told a trooper that some men who stopped to help him

were waving off oncoming traffic with lights. And at least one trooper’s report conveyed that

someone (presumably Garza) stated just that. So Smith argues that Schwartz, Jr. was acting as a

rescuer by waving off traffic when McManues’s car hit him.

       Along with these facts, witnesses disputed whether one or both vans had flashers on. Smith

argues that if the Whitacre van had flashers on, then Schwartz, Jr. acted as a rescuer by being in

the car that stopped and flashed its hazards. Smith’s logic is that those hazard lights were warning

oncoming cars of the dangerous scene and protecting Garza and Clemens from getting hit while

on the side of the road. But if only the overturned van had flashers on, then Schwartz, Jr. could

not have been helping with flashers.

       Witnesses also disagreed over what parts of the road had ice on it. Some witnesses thought

only the bridge where Garza lost control had ice on it. At least one other witness said the road was

icy before the bridge too.

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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


       Both troopers who responded to the scene testified at trial. On cross examination, defense

counsel asked Trooper Robert Gatchel about why he filled out two accident reports. Gatchel at

first agreed with counsel that “there were two separate and distinct accidents that morning” but

then stated that he would have submitted two accident reports, even if the accidents were related.

(Id. at 1517–18.) He explained that “the only time [they] do two vehicles and one crash [report]

is when it was a bam, bam incident.” (Id. at 1518.) On redirect, counsel asked a clarifying question

about whether the two accidents (the overturned van and then McManues’s crash) were related.

Trooper Gatchel responded: “The second one would not have occurred if the first one wasn’t in

the roadway.” (Id. at 1521.) Defense counsel did not object.

       Then Trooper Matthew Murphy testified. Smith’s counsel also asked Murphy about the

relationship between the two accidents: “[W]hat is your understanding for the relationship

between Mr. McManues’[s] accident and the initial accident of Mr. Garza’s van?” (Id. at 1551.)

Defense counsel objected without stating grounds, and the judge sustained the objection. Later,

Smith’s counsel asked about the risk of later accidents after an accident like the one that led to the

overturned van. Trooper Murphy agreed there was “a propensity” for more collisions in that

scenario: “That’s why you have secondary collisions . . . .” (Id. at 1559.) Counsel then again

asked if the two collisions were related. Defense counsel again objected, and the judge sustained.

       After Smith rested his case, the defense moved for a directed verdict. The judge entered a

judgment as a matter of law, finding that the rescue doctrine did not apply, but denied the motion

for negligence, instead allowing the jury to resolve that issue. Toward the end of trial, the judge

permitted the jury to submit written questions. At least one juror asked whether an officer issued

a citation to any drivers. The judge explained to the jury that “[w]hether one or more driver was

cited as a result of these accidents is not relevant for your purposes, and you should not speculate



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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


about that.” (R. 97, PID 1656.) In fact, before voir dire, the judge decided to exclude from

evidence Garza’s traffic citation issued after the accidents.

       The judge gave the jury a series of questions to answer to aid them in their verdict. In the

end, the jury needed to answer only the first question because it found that Garza was not negligent.

That obviated the need for the jury to answer further questions regarding causation, comparative

negligence, damages, etc.

       Smith moved for a new trial on four grounds: (1) that the district judge improperly granted

the Defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of law on the rescue doctrine, (2) that the district

court should have admitted the citation into evidence, (3) that the district court should have allowed

testimony from Trooper Murphy about the relatedness between the two accidents, and (4) that the

verdict went against the weight of the evidence. The district court denied the motion, and this

appeal from the denied motion for a new trial “and the decisions described therein” followed.

(R. 103, PID 1778.)

                                                 II.

       Under Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a district court may grant a motion

for a new trial “after a jury trial, for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted

in an action at law in federal court[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(A). Some examples include when

the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, damages are excessive, or the trial court acted

unfairly, perhaps after “being influenced by prejudice or bias.” Tompkins v. Crown Corr, Inc.,

, 835 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Holmes v. City of Massillon, 

, 1046 (6th

Cir. 1996)). In diversity cases, “[w]e review a denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of

discretion, applying the federal standard rather than Ohio law.” Clay v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 672 (6th Cir. 2000). Abuse of discretion means that the district court “relie[d] on clearly



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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


erroneous findings of fact, use[d] an erroneous legal standard, or improperly applie[d] the law.”

Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Allied Erecting & Dismantling Co., 775 F. App’x 178, 186 (6th Cir. 2019)

(quoting United States v. Arny, 

, 730 (6th Cir. 2016)).

        But Smith also independently challenges the rulings mentioned within the motion for a

new trial too. To the extent that the standard of review changes when analyzing those decisions,

we cite the appropriate standard below. We first examine the judgment as a matter of law on the

rescue doctrine, then the exclusion of the citation, then the relatedness issue, and finally whether

sufficient evidence supported the jury’s conclusion.

                                                   A.

        We review a district court’s grant or denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law de

novo. See Kusens v. Pascal Co., 

, 360 (6th Cir. 2006). Under federal law:

        If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds that
        a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for
        the party on that issue, the court may:
        (A) resolve the issue against the party; and
        (B) grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law against the party on a claim or
            defense that, under the controlling law, can be maintained or defeated only with
            a favorable finding on that issue.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1)(A)–(B). For diversity cases like this, when we review Rule 50(a) motions,

we apply the state-law standard.1 Mannix v. County of Monroe, 

, 531–32 (6th Cir.

2003). In Ohio, “[t]he test for granting a directed verdict or a judgment n.o.v. is whether the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the evidence is construed most strongly in

favor of the nonmovant.” 

(alteration in original) (quoting Sanek v.


1
 Applying this “so-called ‘state law standard’ for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50” appears to
be the minority view of the federal circuit courts. Ventas, Inc. v. HCP, Inc., 

, 313 n.11 (6th
Cir. 2011); Mannix v. County of Monroe, 

, 531–32 (6th Cir. 2003). We have continued to
adhere to this application despite it being the minority rule and despite Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs.,
P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

(2010). See Ventas, 

n.11.
                                                    6
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


Duracote Corp., 

, 1117 (Ohio 1989)). A court should grant such a motion “only

if, after considering the evidence in this light, there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the

proper verdict.”

Sys., Inc. v. Marriott Fam. Rests., Inc., 

, 753 (6th Cir. 1993) (stating the Ohio standard)); see also Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 

, 839–40 (Ohio 2002).

       Of course, we apply state substantive law when analyzing state-law claims. Brocklehurst

v. PPG Indus., 

, 894 (6th Cir. 1997). And we give our best prediction of how the

state’s supreme court would answer a question, if it has not directly answered it before. Combs v.

Int’l Ins. Co., 

, 577 (6th Cir. 2004). State appellate courts provide guidance unless

“‘persuasive data’ convinces us that the highest state court ‘would decide otherwise.’” Faber v.

Ciox Health, LLC, 

, 601 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Puckett v. Tenn. Eastman Co., 

, 1485 (6th Cir. 1989)).

       Ohio has long recognized the common law rescue doctrine: “[I]f [a] rescuer does not rashly

and unnecessarily expose himself to danger, and is injured, the injury should be attributed to the

party that negligently, or wrongfully, exposed to the danger, the person who required assistance.”

Bennett v. Stanley, 

, 48 (Ohio 2001) (quoting Pennsylvania Co. v. Langendorf,

(Ohio 1891), paragraph three of the syllabus); see also Pittsburg[h], Cincinnati,

Chicago & St. Louis Ry. Co. v. Lynch, 

(Ohio 1903). As the Ohio Supreme Court said

in 1891:

       [W]here another is in great and imminent danger, one who attempts a rescue may
       be warranted by surrounding circumstances in exposing his limbs or life to a very
       high degree of danger; and in such cases he should not be charged with the
       consequences of errors of judgment resulting from the excitement and confusion of
       the moment.




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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


Langendorf at paragraph two of the syllabus. And a few years later, the court declared: “[T]he

person whose rescue is attempted must be in a position of peril from the negligence of the

defendant, and the rescue must not be attempted under such circumstances or in such a manner as

to constitute recklessness.” Lynch at syllabus. When one negligently places himself or others in

danger, someone foreseeably may try to rescue, so the negligent individual owes a duty to the

rescuer and can be liable for the rescuer’s harm. Estate of Minser v. Poinsatte, 

,

1148 (Ohio Ct. App. 1998).

       But a rescuer can “only recover against one found negligent.” Reese v. Minor, 

, 783 (Ohio Ct. App. 1981). “A finding that the defendant did not act negligently renders errors

with respect to jury instructions that depend on a finding of negligence harmless.” Nails v. Asphalt,

No. 07CA0010-M, 

, at *4 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 19, 2007). For example, in

Nails, a woman stopped at the scene of an accident near the worksite of the defendant company to

offer help.

As another vehicle approached, she sensed another accident coming, so she

started to walk away and fell in a ditch.

defendant company alleging that it

“negligently failed to warn drivers that its work was blocking a portion of the roadway, causing ‘a

multiple car chain reaction accident’ that ultimately resulted in her injuries.”

the driver of the oncoming car for negligent operation of a motor vehicle.

the defendant company was not negligent over the plaintiff’s injury, and the other driver’s

negligence (which the parties stipulated) did not proximately cause the plaintiff’s injuries.

found “that the accident could not be attributed to the negligence of either

defendant,” the court found that any failure to instruct the jury on the rescue doctrine was harmless.

So neither defendant could be liable under the rescue doctrine.

No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


       Similarly, in McDougall v. Smith, the court found a rescue doctrine issue moot because the

trial court correctly determined that the first driver’s actions in causing the first accident did not

proximately cause the second accident. 

, 1220 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010). In that

case, a driver caused a car accident, and an ambulance came to assist some of the injured parties.

Then when the ambulance drove to the hospital, it got into an accident.

that the second accident was not a foreseeable consequence of the first, so the causal chain

broke, and the original driver who crashed was not liable to those hurt in the second crash.

(“One is permitted to assume that others will follow the law and exercise ordinary care.”).

This meant the rescue doctrine issue was moot. Id.; see also Wilson v. K-Mart Corp., No. 5628,

, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 4, 1981) (declining to reach the question of the rescue

doctrine’s applicability when the defendant did not breach its duty).

       Here, the first question on the seven-page verdict form was whether Garza was negligent.

The jury circled “no,” and the verdict form told them to not proceed with any further questions.

So before even reaching the question of whether Garza had caused Schwartz, Jr.’s injury, the jury

determined that Garza was not negligent in operating his vehicle. Therefore, Schwartz, Jr. could

not have been rescuing the “victim” of a tortfeasor’s act (here Garza himself and his passenger

would have been the victims of Garza’s alleged negligence that needed rescuing). As a result, any

error by the district court in granting the motion for judgment as a matter of law (or denying the

motion for a new trial on these grounds) was harmless under the principles in Nails, McDougall,

and Wilson.




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No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


                                                 B.

       Next is whether the district court properly disallowed evidence that a trooper cited Garza

for failing to maintain control of his vehicle under Ohio Revised Code § 4511.202. “We review a

district court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion.” United States v.

Collins, 

, 572 (6th Cir. 2015). But we review de novo the “determination and

interpretation of Ohio’s substantive law.” Jim White Agency Co. v. Nissan Motor Corp. in U.S.A.,

, 835 (6th Cir. 1997).

       The parties both argue that Ohio law applies to the admissibility of the citation, but we are

not convinced. And the trial court here at least partly analyzed the issue under the Federal Rules

of Evidence (as it probably should have). See Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate

Ins. Co., 

(2010); Gallivan v. United States, 

(6th Cir. 2019). But

regardless of whether we apply federal rules or state rules, the district court properly excluded the

citation evidence. So we need not decide whether federal or state law applies, instead analyzing

the admissibility under both.

       Federal Rule of Evidence 403 bars the admission of the citation. It states that “[t]he court

may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of

one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue

delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.”

       Including evidence of a traffic citation in a negligence action is substantially more unfairly

prejudicial than probative if the cited individual has not pleaded guilty to the citation. This is

because the alleged offender has neither admitted fault nor defended the citation action in quite the

way he would defend a negligence tort action. See Hill v. Rolleri, 

, 890 (9th Cir.

1980) (finding no abuse of discretion in excluding evidence of a citation under Rule 403 because



                                                 10
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


the unfair prejudice “from a nonjudicial determination of improper driving outweighs the probative

value of the citation on the issue of negligence”); see also Iglinsky v. Player, No. 08-650-BAJ-CN,

, at *6 n.14 (M.D. La. July 16, 2010) (finding the citation evidence inadmissible

under state law and Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, in part because defending the

citation differs from defending the action at issue). And Smith has not contested the claim that

Garza did not plead guilty to the citation. So the district court properly excluded the citation

evidence because it was substantially more unfairly prejudicial than probative.

       With regard to whether the citation would be admissible under Ohio law, the parties point

to a number of Ohio statutes.       For example, the Defendants point to Ohio Revised Code

§ 2307.60(A)(2), which states that:

       A final judgment of a trial court that has not been reversed on appeal or otherwise
       set aside, nullified, or vacated, entered after a trial or upon a plea of guilty, but not
       upon a plea of no contest or the equivalent plea from another jurisdiction, that
       adjudges an offender guilty of an offense of violence punishable by death or
       imprisonment in excess of one year, when entered as evidence in any subsequent
       civil proceeding based on the criminal act, shall preclude the offender from denying
       in the subsequent civil proceeding any fact essential to sustaining that judgment,
       unless the offender can demonstrate that extraordinary circumstances prevented the
       offender from having a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the criminal
       proceeding or other extraordinary circumstances justify affording the offender an
       opportunity to relitigate the issue.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2307.60(A)(2). Thus, absent extraordinary circumstances, a person who

is, essentially, convicted of a felony in Ohio cannot deny in a later civil proceeding the facts that

were needed for that conviction, if the conviction has been entered as evidence.

       The Defendants say that this statute necessarily allows a party to introduce a criminal

conviction into evidence only when the punishment for the offense exceeds one year. And they

cite an Ohio case in support of this argument that § 2307.60(A)(2) bars admission of traffic citation

evidence. See Brunner v. RJ Lipps, Inc., No. C-150601, 

, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App.



                                                  11
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


June 1, 2016). But Smith says this statute is inapplicable here in part because the statute only

addresses “violent offenders” and not those “guilty of a traffic citation.” (Appellant’s Br. at 29–

30.) And the statute does not explicitly bar the introduction of non-felony convictions into

evidence.

       Regardless, at the very least the statute did not require the citation’s admission in this case.

Smith does not contest that Garza did not plead guilty to the citation, and Garza’s alleged violation

presumably would have imposed less than a year of imprisonment (as a minor misdemeanor). So

the statute would not require the citation’s admission.

       Smith also discusses the alleged implication that Ohio’s statute that penalizes the failure to

wear seatbelts, Ohio Revised Code § 4513.263(F)(1), has on the statute for failure to operate a

vehicle with reasonable control, Ohio Revised Code § 4511.202. Although car drivers and

passengers must wear seatbelts, § 4513.263(F)(1) provides that a trier of fact cannot use failure to

wear a seatbelt or to properly restrain a minor to show negligence. On the other hand, § 4511.202,

which is the provision that Garza was cited for violating, is silent about whether a trier of fact can

use a violation of that section as evidence in a negligence action. Thus, Smith argues that the

citation should have been admitted by negative implication. But the fact that § 4511.202 fails to

include a restriction of use during negligence actions does not mandate the citation’s admittance,

even though § 4513.263(F)(1) does contain such a restriction.

       And perhaps most importantly, Ohio’s courts have uniformly found that traffic citations

are inadmissible in negligence actions. See Hickory Grove Inv’rs, Ltd. v. Jackson, 

, 550–51 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008); O’Toole v. Lemmerman, No. 80730, 

, at

*3 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 10, 2002); Bishop v. Munson Transp., Inc., No. 97 BA 62, 

, at *2, *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2000) (noting that a party conceded that not redacting



                                                 12
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


information about the traffic citation in an exhibit constituted error); Waller v. Phipps, No. C-

000758, 

, at *1–2 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 14, 2001) (“Evidence of whether a party

was cited for the underlying traffic accident is not admissible in a negligence action—period.”).

So even if we believed that Ohio law governed the admissibility of the citation here, the district

court still properly excluded the evidence.

       For these reasons, we find no abuse of discretion in barring the citation evidence or denying

the motion for a new trial on that point.

                                                  C.

       Next comes the testimony from the troopers about the relationship between the accidents.

As mentioned, “[w]e review a district court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for abuse of

discretion.” 

. We reverse evidentiary errors “only when we find that such

abuse of discretion has caused more than harmless error.” Cooley v. Carmike Cinemas, Inc., 

, 1330 (6th Cir. 1994); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. “There is no prejudice,” or in other

words, exclusion is harmless, “if other substantially equivalent evidence of the same facts [was]

admitted into evidence.” In re Air Crash Disaster, 

, 526 (6th Cir. 1996) (alteration in

original) (quoting Leonard v. Uniroyal, Inc., 

, 567 (6th Cir. 1985)). And there is no

“prejudice if the absence of the evidence had no effect on the final result of the trial.”

over excluding Trooper Murphy’s testimony was harmless. The plaintiff

introduced substantially equivalent evidence through Trooper Gatchel’s testimony. Trooper

Gatchel stated that the two accidents were related when Smith’s counsel re-directed him. Plus,

Trooper Murphy testified about a propensity for other accidents when an overturned vehicle rests

on the side of the road. This also suggests that the accidents were related.




                                                  13
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


       What’s more, it is apparent that substantially equivalent evidence came in during trial

because Smith’s counsel even reminded the jury of Trooper Gatchel’s “relatedness” testimony

during closing. So we find that any alleged error was harmless.

                                                 D.

       Finally, we address the weight of the evidence. As mentioned earlier, we review a denied

motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. One reason to grant a new trial under Rule 59 would

be if the verdict is “against the clear weight of the evidence.” 

(citing J.C.

Wyckoff & Assocs. v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., 

, 1487 (6th Cir. 1991)).

       The jury instructions in this case asked the jury to answer whether Garza, during “the scope

of his employment with Woolace Electric, was negligent by operating a vehicle without reasonable

control, thereby creating a public hazard, and by not responding properly to the hazard he created.”

(R. 87-1, PID 1227.)

       Given this instruction, there was sufficient evidence supporting the jury’s verdict. Trooper

Murphy testified that Garza communicated to him that he had been driving at sixty-five miles per

hour. And the speed limit in that area was seventy miles per hour. McManues and Schwartz, Sr.

both thought that the road before the bridge was not icy (though Whitacre said it was). Plus the

way Smith’s counsel questioned Garza implies that Garza only thought the bridge had ice on it,

not the preceding roadway, and counsel seemed to know that Garza thought this. So based on

three people implying that no ice was on the road until the bridge, a reasonable jury could find that

Garza exercised reasonable control over his vehicle and that the ice on the bridge was a

circumstance out of his hands. In other words, a reasonable jury could find that Garza did not

breach his duty because he exercised reasonable control over his vehicle just before hitting the ice

on the bridge—a circumstance beyond his influence.



                                                 14
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


       Now, this being said, Smith also seems to suggest that because Garza admits that he lost

control of his vehicle, he violated Ohio Revised Code § 4511.202, and therefore he was negligent

per se under Ohio law. That section says that a person “shall [not] operate a motor vehicle . . .

without being in reasonable control of the vehicle[.]” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 4511.202(A). If a

person fails to so control his vehicle, he “is guilty of . . . a minor misdemeanor.”

one might read this statute as imposing something approaching strict liability.

       The problem for Smith here is that he explicitly disclaimed making a negligence per se

argument below and only asked for a negligence per se instruction if Defendants received a Sudden

Emergency instruction. (R. 71, PID 762 (mentioning in the joint proposed jury instructions:

“Plaintiff[] would note that [he] do[es] not make claims for negligence per se”).) And Smith fails

to mention “negligence per se” in his briefing to this court. Regardless, this argument would not

entitle Smith to a new trial.

       Some Ohio courts refuse to recognize the violation of § 4511.202 as establishing

negligence per se. See Campbell v. Hall, No. S-88-1, 

, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar.

31, 1989); Masterson v. Kerzan, No. WD-94-066, 

, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar.

31, 1995); see also Morris v. Gavan, No. 1:08-cv-01436, 

, at *3 (N.D. Ohio

July 1, 2009). So under those cases, we would decline to find that the verdict was against the clear

weight of the evidence based on Garza’s alleged violation of this Ohio statute.

       But other Ohio cases suggest that icy roads may not be an excuse for violating § 4511.202,

so losing control of one’s vehicle because of ice in violation of § 4511.202 could constitute

negligence per se. See Corfee v. Swarthout, No. 

, 

, at *4 (Ohio Ct.

App. Sept. 25, 2001); see also Bush v. Harvey Transfer Co., 

, 855 (Ohio 1946)

(noting that “[s]ince the failure to comply with the provisions of a safety statute constitutes



                                                  15
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


negligence per se, a party guilty of the violation of such statute cannot excuse himself from

compliance by showing that ‘he did or attempted to do what any reasonably prudent person would

have done under the same or similar circumstances’”); State v. Houston, 

, 1245–

46 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018) (in the context of a criminal appeal from a § 4511.202 conviction, noting

that ice constituted a circumstance within a driver’s control); cf. Oechsle v. Hart, 

,

309–10 (Ohio 1967) (finding that ice constituted a circumstance within the driver’s control, so the

violation of two other safety statutes because of ice constituted negligence per se); State v.

Wieckowski, No. 2010-CA-111, 

, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 28, 2011)

(discussing Oechsle’s conclusion about ice in the context of a different criminal appeal). These

cases suggest that, regardless of the circumstances (icy roads), Garza would have been liable and

negligent per se.

          The problem is that the jury instructions explained that “[o]rdinary care is the care that a

reasonably careful person would use under the same or similar circumstances” when explaining

negligence. That explanation of the law tracks what the Ohio pattern jury instructions read

regarding loss of reasonable control of a vehicle based on § 4511.202. See 1 OJI-CV 411.15

(“‘Reasonable control’ means the control or care that a (cautious) (careful) person would use under

the same or similar circumstances.”).

          If Smith had asked for an instruction saying that ice does not excuse losing control of one’s

vehicle under § 4511.202, this may be a different case.2 See Falgner v. Sucher, Nos. C-990566,

A-9706477, 

, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 8, 2000) (finding error over a

negligence per se issue for not instructing the jury “that the presence of ice on the roadway [does

not] excuse[] an alleged violation” of § 4511.202 by the defendant). But he did not. And again,



2
    He objected to instructions about sudden emergencies and acts of God though.
                                                    16
No. 19-3907, Smith v. Woolace Electric Corp.


in the joint proposed jury instructions, Smith specifically said he “do[es] not make claims for

negligence per se.” (R. 71, PID 762.) Smith also agreed to a reasonableness element in the

proposed jury instructions, which said that “whether Garza’s operation and control of his vehicle

was reasonable is for the jury to decide.” (Id. at 771.) Third, Smith never objected to the jury

instructions that put “the same or similar circumstances” at issue. And fourth, Smith does not

point to these Ohio cases or argue these nuanced points about slipping on ice being “a circumstance

within the power of motorists to prevent.” Falgner, 

, at *2 (quoting 

).

       The bottom line is that the parties and the district judge told the jury to answer whether

Garza exercised ordinary care “that a reasonably careful person would use under the same or

similar circumstances.” (R. 87-1, PID 1227.) And the jurors were not instructed about any explicit

limitations on those circumstances based on any Ohio caselaw regarding icy conditions in

particular. On this record, we cannot find that the verdict is against the clear weight of the

evidence.

                                                 III.

       For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Smith’s motion for a new

trial and all the decisions referenced within.




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