NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 14 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TAMI HARRISON,                                  No.    19-16339

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 4:19-cv-01547-JSW

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
FACEBOOK, INC., a Delaware corporation,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                    Jeffrey S. White, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 12, 2020**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and HAWKINS and McKEOWN, Circuit
Judges.

      Tami Harrison appeals the district court’s dismissal of her action for direct

copyright infringement. The parties are familiar with the facts, so we do not repeat

them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      To establish a prima facie case of direct copyright infringement, a plaintiff

must (1) “show ownership of the allegedly infringed material” and (2)

“demonstrate that the alleged infringers violated at least one exclusive right

granted to copyright holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106.” Perfect 10 v. Giganews, 

, 666 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting A&M Records v. Napster, Inc., 

, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001)). Exclusive rights granted to copyright holders include

the right to “reproduce” and “display” the copyrighted work. 17 U.S.C. § 106(1),

(5). A claim for direct infringement also requires the plaintiff to show “volitional

conduct” or “causation” by the defendant. Perfect 

.

      Harrison has failed to allege that Facebook engaged in any volitional

conduct that would give rise to a claim for direct copyright infringement.

(“The evidence does not demonstrate that Giganews—as opposed to the user

who called up the images—caused the images to be displayed.”). Harrison or her

agent uploaded her copyrighted works to Facebook. Harrison has alleged only that

Facebook passively hosted the content and failed to remove it when Harrison was

unable to follow Facebook’s procedures for removal.

      Harrison or her agent also consented to Facebook’s terms of service when

the content was uploaded. By doing so, she or her agent gave Facebook a license

to display the copyrighted works. That license expires only when the user deletes

the images or the entire Facebook account—neither of which Harrison has done.


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Facebook therefore retains a license to display Harrison’s copyrighted works.

      AFFIRMED.




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