NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 17 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    18-10289

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:16-cr-00734-SPL-1
 v.

TERRILL SMITH,                                  MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                   Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 13, 2020**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: GRABER and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and DAWSON,*** District Judge.

      Terrill Smith appeals his conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2421 for attempting to

transport an individual to engage in prostitution. We have jurisdiction under 28



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Arkansas, sitting by designation.
U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

      1.     The evidence presented at trial was adequate to allow a rational trier of

fact to convict Smith on each element of the crime. United States v. Nevils, 

, 1163–64 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Smith took a substantial step toward the

commission of the offense by driving several hours across state lines to meet with

his would-be victim (“Vanessa”), with the explicit goal of bringing her to Las Vegas

to work with him. See United States v. Soto-Barraza, 

, 1121 (9th Cir.

2020) (explaining that to determine if a defendant has taken a substantial step in

cases against individual victims “courts have focused on whether defendants had

begun traveling to the location where the victim was expected to be found”). A

reasonable jury also could find that Smith intended for Vanessa to engage in

unlawful sexual conduct, based on Smith’s assurances to Vanessa that she could

choose which sexual acts she would perform and Smith’s explanation of the legal

consequences if she were “caught.”

      2.     Smith did not object to the jury instructions at trial, and we thus review

for plain error. United States v. Houston, 

, 818 (9th Cir. 2011). The

district court’s instruction on attempt was not plain error. The instructions required

the jury to find that Smith intended to transport an individual across state lines and

did so with the intent that the individual engage in unlawful sexual conduct. Even

assuming that it was error for the instruction to omit a requirement that Smith’s


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substantial step towards those ends be “unequivocal” and “strongly corroborative”

of intent, in this case the error would not be plain because the instructions given, “in

the context of the overall charge,” were not “misleading or inadequate to guide the

jury’s deliberation.”

given the extensive

evidence of guilt, any error in the instruction did not prejudice Smith. United States

v. Frega, 

, 807 n.16 (9th Cir. 1999).

      3.     The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of

Smith’s online conversations about prostitution with “Bunny Jordan.” See United

States v. Chea, 

, 534–35 (9th Cir. 2000) (stating standard of review).

These conversations were properly admitted under Federal Rule of Evidence

404(b)(2) as probative of Smith’s intent concerning Vanessa. See

bore on Smith’s intent, the district court likewise did not abuse its

discretion by concluding that their probative value was not “substantially

outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403; see United

States v. Verduzco, 

, 1029–30 (9th Cir. 2004) (stating standard of

review).

      4.     The district court did not plainly err by failing to exclude as

impermissible hearsay Smith’s conversations with Bunny Jordan and a Facebook

message from a friend warning that Vanessa might be an undercover officer. The

district court could conclude that the evidence was offered not for the truth of the


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matter asserted, but to show Smith’s knowledge and intent. United States v.

Sayetsitty, 

, 1414–15 (9th Cir. 1997).

      5.     The district court also did not plainly err in admitting expert testimony

regarding the common behaviors and terminology of pimps. See United States v.

Taylor, 

, 998 (9th Cir. 2001) (“By and large, the relationship between

prostitutes and pimps is not the subject of common knowledge.”). Given Detective

Decoufle’s background and experience, Smith’s assertion that Detective Decoufle’s

expertise was limited to prostitution in Arizona is unpersuasive.

      Because there was no error, there was likewise no cumulative error. United

States v. Audette, 

, 1241 (9th Cir. 2019). And to the extent that there

were any errors, their cumulative effect did not deny Smith a fair trial.