FILED
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS September 10, 2020

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                  Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                       Clerk of Court
                        _________________________________

 GREGORY D. CROSBY, a/k/a Gregory
 D. Cosby,

       Petitioner - Appellant,
                                                             No. 20-1221
 v.                                                (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-03199-WJM)
                                                              (D. Colo.)
 BILL TRUE, Warden,

       Respondent - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, BALDOCK, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      Petitioner Gregory D. Crosby, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the

district court’s dismissal of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2241 and seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis.1 We affirm the dismissal of his

petition and deny his motion to proceed in forma pauperis.



      *
          After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
        1
          Because Mr. Crosby is a federal prisoner proceeding under § 2241, a
certificate of appealability is not a prerequisite to his appeal. See McIntosh v. United
States Parole Comm'n, 

, 810 n.1 (10th Cir. 1997).
                                            I

      Mr. Crosby is a federal prisoner in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons

(“BOP”). He is currently serving a 262-month sentence at the United States

Penitentiary-Administrative Maximum in Florence, Colorado.

      Mr. Crosby filed the instant § 2241 petition on November 8, 2019. In his

petition, Mr. Crosby made two claims for relief. First, Mr. Crosby sought to

participate in evidence-based recidivism reduction (“EBRR”) programs and to

receive the associated time credits for completing such programs (the “EBRR

Claim”). Second, Mr. Crosby requested relocation to a United States Penitentiary

closer to his residence (the “Transfer Claim”). The district court denied both claims

without prejudice. The district court denied the EBRR Claim on the merits,

concluding Mr. Crosby’s request for access to the EBRR programming was

premature because the BOP had a two-year phase-in period to provide EBRR

programming, and that period had not yet elapsed. See 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h)(2). The

district court denied the Transfer Claim for lack of statutory jurisdiction, because that

claim was not cognizable under § 2241; instead, the district court found that the

Transfer Claim should be brought as a Bivens action. The district court also declined

to consider Mr. Crosby’s hand-written motion for appointment of counsel, because

the motion was illegible.




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                                            II

      Because Mr. Crosby appears pro se, we construe his filings liberally, but we

do not serve as his advocate. See Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 

, 840 (10th Cir. 2005).

      A. The Transfer Claim

      On appeal, Mr. Crosby asserts that the district court erred by failing to convert

his § 2241 petition into a Bivens action. Mr. Crosby failed to raise this issue below,

by either responding to the Warden’s jurisdictional arguments upon reply or by

moving the district court to convert his habeas petition into a civil rights action.

Accordingly, we review for plain error. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 

, 1130 (10th Cir. 2011).

      The district court did not err in declining to sua sponte convert Mr. Crosby’s

Transfer Claim into a Bivens action. Although a district court may have discretion to

convert a pro se prisoner’s claim, nothing in this court’s prior rulings indicates that

failure to do so is error. Indeed, the cases Mr. Crosby relies upon recognize that the

decision to convert a prisoner’s habeas petition into a civil rights action is committed

to the district court’s discretion. See Bell v. United States, No. 08-CV-335-WDM-

KLM, 

, at *4 (D. Colo. June 9, 2009) (acknowledging the court

could dismiss for lack of jurisdiction); Jones v. Chester, No. 08-3285-RDR, 

, at *2 (D. Kan. Feb. 10, 2009) (same). Furthermore, this court has previously

directed district courts to dismiss, without prejudice, a challenge to the place of

confinement improperly brought under § 2241. See, e.g., Palma-Salazar v. Davis,

                                            3


, 1039 (10th Cir. 2012). Here, the district court similarly dismissed,

without prejudice, Mr. Crosby’s Transfer Claim improperly brought under § 2241.

Accordingly, the district court did not err.

       B. The Motion for Appointment of Counsel

       Mr. Crosby also asserts on appeal that the district court erred by failing to give

or send him an order on his motion for appointment of counsel. To the extent Mr.

Crosby objects to the district court’s ruling, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in declining to consider the motion for being illegible. See Hurt v. United

States, 705 F. App’x 778 (10th Cir. 2017) (dismissing illegible appeal as frivolous).

To the extent Mr. Crosby objects to the district court’s alleged failure to

communicate its order to Mr. Crosby, a notice of the order was, in fact, mailed to Mr.

Crosby at the prison where he is incarcerated. ROA at 106.

       C. The EBRR Claim

       Mr. Crosby’s appeal, even liberally construed, does not challenge the district

court’s merits ruling on his EBRR Claim. Unlike the Transfer Claim, the district

court did not dismiss Mr. Crosby’s EBRR Claim for lack of statutory jurisdiction.

Thus, Mr. Crosby’s challenge to the district court’s ruling on his Transfer Claim

cannot apply to his EBRR Claim. Mr. Crosby also does not raise any independent

objection to the district court’s ruling on his EBRR Claim. Although Mr. Crosby

asserts that he is eligible to participate in EBRR programming, his eligibility is not at

issue. In fact, the district court acknowledged Mr. Crosby’s eligibility. ROA at 130.

Accordingly, in the absence of Mr. Crosby’s identifying any error by the district

                                               4
court as regards the EBRR Claim, we need not review the district court’s merits

ruling on that claim. See Dodds v. Richardson, 

, 1205 (10th Cir. 2010)

(“A court of appeals is not required to manufacture an appellant’s argument on

appeal when it has failed in its burden to draw our attention to the error below.”).

      D. The Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis

      Mr. Crosby has also filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis. Because Mr.

Crosby has not provided a “reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in

support of the issues raised on appeal,” his motion is denied. 

(quotation omitted).

                                          III

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Mr.

Crosby’s petition and DENY his motion to proceed in forma pauperis.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Mary Beck Briscoe
                                            Circuit Judge




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