USCA11 Case: 20-11512   Date Filed: 10/29/2020   Page: 1 of 13



                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 20-11512
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 2:10-cr-00025-ACA-JHE-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

WILLIE SEAY ROYSTER, JR.,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Alabama
                       ________________________

                            (October 29, 2020)

Before JORDAN, GRANT and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Willie Seay Royster, Jr., appeals the district court’s denial of his counseled

motion for a sentence reduction under the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-

391, § 404(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (“First Step Act”). We affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      A federal grand jury charged Royster with a single count of possessing with

intent to distribute 5 grams or more of a mixture with a detectable amount of

cocaine base, also known as crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(B). Pursuant to a plea agreement, he pled guilty to the indictment; his plea’s

factual basis included, among other things, that 27.71 grams of cocaine base were

found in one of his home’s bedrooms and another 3.20 grams were found in “an

outbuilding on [his] residence.” The agreement provided that such facts could be

used “in calculating” his sentence.

      Royster’s presentence investigation report (“PSI”) noted that police searched

his home based on four prior cocaine base controlled buys from him, and the

amount attributed to him, 30.91 grams, did not include the amount from the

controlled buys. The PSI determined that Royster was a career offender, which

affected his offense level. Ultimately, the PSI found that Royster’s guideline range

was 188-235 months in prison. At sentencing, Royster’s attorney stated that he

filed no objections the PSI “because the information submitted by the probation

office was accurate and did correctly reflect [Royster’s] criminal history.”


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      The district court sentenced Royster to 188 months in prison. A statement of

reasons included calculations reflecting the career offender enhancement and

stated: “The sentence is at the low end of the guidelines, is sufficient, is not greater

than necessary, and is reasonable. The need to protect the public is of paramount

importance.”

      Royster filed the present motion and sought relief under § 404 of the First

Step Act, asking the district court to reduce his sentence to 151 months in jail. He

argued that he was convicted of a § 404 “covered offense,” and he therefore was

eligible for a reduction since his statute of conviction was amended by the Fair

Sentencing Act. The government opposed Royster’s motion, contending that he

was ineligible since, even with the First Step Act, his statutory ranges remained

unchanged; furthermore, even if he was eligible, the court should deny his motion

in its discretion. Royster replied that other circuits had rejected the government’s

position and concluded eligibility was based on the conviction statute. He

contended that both his statutory and guideline ranges were changed by the First

Step Act, including his guideline range for supervised release.

      The district court denied Royster’s motion. It noted the “dispute” regarding

his eligibility; however, it concluded that it “need not resolve that dispute because,

even assuming Mr. Royster’s conviction qualifie[d] as a ‘covered offense,’ the

court would decline to exercise its discretion to reduce his sentence.” It explained


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that he had stipulated to the 30.91 grams and did not argue that that amount could

not be considered in deciding whether to grant a reduction in its discretion.

Royster only argued that he would be subject to a lower career offender guideline

range under current law and did not challenge his career offender status. The court

stated: “Given the facts presented by this case and in the [PSI], which the court

adopted at the sentencing hearing, the court would still impose a 188 month

sentence.” The court reiterated that, “[e]ven assuming that Mr. Royster is eligible

for a sentence reduction under the First Step Act and the Fair Sentencing Act, the

court would decline to exercise its discretion to reduce the sentence.”

      On appeal, Royster argues that the district court abused its discretion by

declining to decide if it had the authority under § 404 to grant him relief before

denying his motion in its discretion, and by failing to reconsider the

appropriateness of his initial sentence given intervening policy changes. Royster

also argues that the district court did not adequately explain its decision.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      We review de novo whether a district court had the authority to modify a

prison term. United States v. Jones, 

, 1296 (11th Cir. 2020). We

review the denial of an eligible movant’s request for a reduced sentence under the

First Step Act for an abuse of discretion.

abuses its discretion

if it applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper procedures in making the


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determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” United States

v. Khan, 

, 1293 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting Klay v. United

Healthgroup, Inc., 

, 1096 (11th Cir. 2004)). Abuse of discretion is a

deferential standard of review, under which we will affirm even in situations where

we would have made a different decision had it been in the district court’s position.

United States v. Frazier, 

, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). It

“allows” for “a range of choice for the district court, so long as that choice does not

constitute a clear error of judgment.”

Rasbury, 

, 168

(11th Cir. 1994)). “Thus, when employing an abuse-of-discretion standard, we

must affirm unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of

judgment, or has applied the wrong legal standard.”

the inherent authority to modify a term of imprisonment

but may do so to the extent that a statute expressly permits. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(B). The First Step Act expressly permits district courts to reduce a

prior imposed prison term. 

.

      The Fair Sentencing Act, enacted on August 3, 2010, amended 21 U.S.C. §§

841(b)(1) and 960(b) to reduce the sentencing disparity between crack and powder

cocaine. Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372 (“Fair

Sentencing Act”). Section 2 changed the quantity of crack cocaine necessary to

trigger a 10-year mandatory minimum from 50 to 280 grams and the quantity


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necessary to trigger a 5-year mandatory minimum from 5 to 28 grams. Fair

Sentencing Act § 2(a)(1)-(2); see also 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii), (B)(iii).

These amendments were not made retroactive to defendants who were sentenced

before its enactment. United States v. Berry, 

, 377 (11th Cir. 2012).

The Fair Sentencing Act did not expressly make any changes to § 841(b)(1)(C),

which provides for a term of imprisonment of not more than 20 years for cases

involving quantities of crack cocaine that do not fall within § 841(b)(1)(A) or (B).

See Fair Sentencing Act § 2(a); 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).

      In 2018, Congress enacted the First Step Act, which made retroactive the

statutory penalties for covered offenses enacted under the Fair Sentencing Act. See

First Step Act, Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, § 404. Under § 404(b) of the

First Step Act, a court “that imposed a sentence for a covered offense may . . .

impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . .

were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.”

“covered offense” means “a violation of a Federal criminal statute, the statutory

penalties for which were modified by section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . .

, that was committed before August 3, 2010.”

First Step Act

further states that “[n]othing in this section shall be construed to require a court to

reduce any sentence pursuant to this section.”

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      In Jones, we considered four federal prisoners appeals, whose sentence

reduction motions pursuant to § 404(b) were denied by district courts. 

. First, we held that a movant was convicted of a “covered offense” if

he was convicted of a crack-cocaine offense that triggered the penalties in

§ 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) or (B)(iii).

Interpreting the First Step Act’s

definition of a “covered offense,” we concluded that the phrase “the statutory

penalties for which were modified by section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act”

(the “penalties clause”) modifies the term “violation of a Federal criminal statute.”

Thus, “[a] movant’s offense is a covered offense if section two or

three of the Fair Sentencing Act modified its statutory penalties.”

of the

Fair Sentencing Act “modified the statutory penalties for crack-cocaine offenses

that have as an element the quantity of crack cocaine provided in subsections

841(b)(1)(A)(iii) and (B)(iii),” a movant has a covered offense if he was sentenced

for an offense triggering one of those statutory penalties.

consult the record, including the movant’s charging

document, the jury verdict or guilty plea, the sentencing record, and the final

judgment, to determine whether the movant’s offense triggered the penalties in

§ 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) or (B)(iii) and, therefore, was a covered offense.

We rejected the government’s argument that, when conducting this

inquiry, the district court should consider the actual quantity of crack cocaine


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involved in the movant’s violation.

The district court should consider

only whether the quantity of crack cocaine satisfied the specific drug quantity

elements in § 841—in other words, whether his offense involved 50 grams or more

of crack cocaine, therefore triggering § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii), or between 5 and 50

grams, thus triggering § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii).

of drugs involved in the movant’s offense beyond the

amount related to his statutory penalty is irrelevant to whether he was convicted of

a covered offense; however, a judge’s actual drug-quantity finding remains

relevant to the extent that the judge’s finding triggered a higher statutory penalty.

Thus, a movant sentenced before Apprendi v. New Jersey, 

(2000), in which the Supreme Court held that facts, such as a drug quantity,

that increase a defendant’s statutory maximum must be made by a jury, cannot

“redefine his offense” to one triggering a lower statutory penalty simply because

the district court, not a jury, made the drug-quantity finding relevant to his

statutory penalty. 

.

      As applied to the four Jones movants, we concluded that all were sentenced

for covered offenses because they were sentenced for offenses whose penalties

were modified by the Fair Sentencing Act.

We determined that

one movant, Alfonso Allen—who was charged in 2006 with 50 grams or more of

crack cocaine, found by a jury to be responsible for that drug amount, and


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attributed with between 420 and 784 grams of crack cocaine per week at

sentencing—was convicted of a covered offense, noting that the higher drug-

quantity finding at sentencing did not trigger the statutory penalty for his offense.

a movant’s satisfaction of the “covered offense”

requirement does not necessarily mean that the district court is authorized to

reduce his sentence.

Specifically, the “as if” qualifier in § 404(b) of

the First Step Act, which states that any reduction must be “as if sections 2 and 3

of the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was

committed,” imposes two limitations on the district court’s authority.

(quoting First Step Act § 404(b). First, the district court

cannot reduce a sentence where the movant received the lowest statutory penalty

also available to him under the Fair Sentencing Act.

what a movant’s statutory penalty would have been under the Fair Sentencing Act,

the district court is bound by a previous drug-quantity finding that was used to

determine his statutory penalty at the time of sentencing.

does not prohibit district courts from relying on judge-found facts that

triggered statutory penalties before Apprendi. See

      Applying these limitations, we held that if a movant’s sentence necessarily

would have remained the same had the Fair Sentencing Act been in effect—in


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other words, if his sentence was equal to the mandatory minimum imposed by the

Fair Sentencing Act for the quantity of crack cocaine triggering his statutory

penalty—then the Fair Sentencing Act would not have benefitted him, and the First

Step Act does not authorize the court to reduce his sentence.

      Applying this “as-if” framework, we vacated and remanded the denials of

two of the movants’ motions because the district courts had authority to reduce

their sentences under the First Step Act, but it was unclear whether the courts had

recognized that authority.

Specifically, as to movant Allen, we

noted that the district court denied the motion because Allen’s guideline range

remained the same, based on the drug-quantity finding made at sentencing, and his

sentence was already at the low-end of that guideline range, such that the court

may have incorrectly concluded that he was not eligible for a further reduction.

We held that it was error for the district courts to conclude that a movant

was ineligible based on (1) a higher drug-quantity finding that was made for

sentencing, not statutory, purposes, (2) a movant’s career-offender status, or (3) a

movant’s sentence being at the bottom of the guideline range.

ambiguous whether the district courts denied their motions for one of those

reasons, we vacated and remanded the denials for further consideration.

that, although a district court may have the authority to

reduce a sentence under § 404 of the First Step Act, it is not required to do so.

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at 1304. We held that a district court has wide latitude to determine whether and

how to exercise its discretion, and that it may consider the § 3553(a) factors and a

previous drug-quantity finding made for the purposes of relevant conduct.

      Following Jones, we held that the First Step Act does not require a district

court to hold a hearing with the defendant present before ruling on the defendant’s

motion for a reduced sentence under the Act. United States v. Denson, 

, 1082 (11th Cir. 2020). We alternatively held that a Ҥ 3582(c) sentencing

modification based on the First Step Act is not a critical stage,” and a district court

is not authorized “to conduct a plenary or de novo resentencing.”

      Royster, under the Jones framework, was sentenced for a covered offense,

which the district court had the authority to reduce. First, his offense triggered §

841(b)(1)(B)(iii), involving quantities of crack cocaine between 5 and 50 grams.

. Second, regarding the “as if” framework, the drug

quantity that determined Royster’s statutory penalty at sentencing was 5 grams or

more of cocaine base. See

Because this correlates to a post-Fair

Sentencing Act statutory range of 0-20 years in prison and Royster’s sentence was

above the lowest penalty, the First Step Act authorized the reduction of his

sentence. See 

; 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).




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      However, it does not appear that the district court abused its discretion or

erred by not ruling on his eligibility, rather just assuming it, because under either

scenario the court would consider whether to grant him a reduction. Furthermore,

it is unnecessary to remand because we already know that the district court would

exercise its discretion to deny a reduction; accordingly, any error in assuming

eligibility is harmless. Cf. United States v. Robles, 

, 1327-28 (11th

Cir. 2005) (recognizing that sentencing errors are harmless when we “know with

certainty beyond a reasonable doubt what the district court would do upon

remand”).

       The district court also explained the reasoning for its denial, i.e., the amount

of cocaine base Royster was responsible for, his career offender status, and “the

facts presented by [his] case and in the [PSI].” The district court was permitted to

consider, in deciding whether to exercise its discretion, Royster’s stipulation to the

30.91 grams of crack cocaine. See 

(“The actual quantity

of crack cocaine involved in a violation is a key factor for a sentence modification

just as it is when a district court imposes a sentence.”). Similarly, the district

court’s consideration of his career offender status and “the facts presented by [his]

case and in the [PSI]” impliedly would align with § 3553(a)(1)’s “nature and

circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.”

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). As we stated in Jones, a district court, “[i]n exercising


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[its] discretion, [] may consider” § 3553(a)’s factors. 

.

Finally, the district court recognized that, assuming he was eligible, whether to

grant Royster a reduction was within its discretion.

      While Royster argues that the district court should have considered revisions

to the Guidelines and it abused its discretion by ignoring current sentencing

policies, § 404 “does not authorize the district court to conduct a plenary or de

novo resentencing.” 

. The district court may reduce a

defendant’s sentence for a covered offense “only ‘as if’ sections 2 and 3 of [FSA

2010] were in effect when he committed the covered offense.”

Here, the district court referenced the facts in the PSI that were adopted at

sentencing and determined that 188 months remained an appropriate sentence. The

court acknowledged the new Guidelines range calculated by Royster and

recognized that Royster’s sentence remained within that range.

      Because the district court explained the reasons for its denial of Royster’s

motion and those reasons do not demonstrate a clear error in judgment, the district

court did not abuse its discretion. See 

.

      AFFIRMED.




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