NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                                       No. 19-3433
                                       __________

                               FREDERICK NAHAS, M.D.,
                                          Appellant

                                             v.

                SHORE MEDICAL CENTER; STEVEN P. NACHTIGALL;
              JEFFREY GOSIN; PEYTON DEARBORN; PETER JUNGBLUT;
               MEDICAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE; LEONARD GALLER
                                       __________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                               (D.C. No. 1-13-cv-06537)
                     Honorable Robert B. Kugler, U.S. District Judge
                                      __________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                on September 17, 2020

               Before: KRAUSE, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges


                           (Opinion filed: September 18, 2020)


                                       __________

                                        OPINION *
                                       __________

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

       Frederick Nahas appeals the District Court’s summary judgment in favor of his

employer, Shore Medical Center, its Medical Executive Committee, and various medical

officers (collectively Shore Medical), on his claims under Section 1 of the Sherman

Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as well as the dismissal of his breach

of contract claim under state law. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

A.     Discussion 1

       On appeal, Nahas contends first, that the District Court erred in rejecting his

antitrust claim for lack of standing; second, that the denial of his privileges by Shore

Medical constituted race discrimination; and third, that the District Court erred in

dismissing his breach of contract claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We address

each argument below. 2

       1. Nahas’s Sherman Act Claim

       Where a private plaintiff asserts an antitrust claim, we require that, in addition to

Article III standing, he demonstrate “antitrust standing” to sue. While not jurisdictional,

that inquiry “focus[es] on the nature of the plaintiff’s alleged injury” and asks “whether it


       1
         Because we write only for the parties, who are familiar with the background of this
case, we need not reiterate the factual or procedural history. The District Court had
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We
review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment under Rule 56. See Faush v.
Tuesday Morning, Inc., 

, 215 (3d Cir. 2015); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
       2
        The Healthcare Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) does not immunize officials
from civil rights claims, 42 U.S.C. § 11111(a)(1)(D), or actions seeking injunctive relief,
Gordon v. Lewistown Hosp., 

, 191 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005). We therefore address
Nahas’s federal antitrust and race discrimination claims on the merits.
                                             2
is of the type that the antitrust statute was intended to forestall.” Hartig Drug Co. v. Senju

Pharm. Co., 

, 269 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting Associated Gen. Contractors of

Cal. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 

, 538, 540 (1983)) (internal quotation

marks omitted); see Ethypharm S.A. Fr. v. Abbott Labs., 

, 232 (3d Cir. 2013)

(citing City of Pittsburgh v. W. Penn. Power Co., 

, 264 (3d Cir. 1998)).

       To establish antitrust injury a plaintiff must show that the injury “reflect[s] the

anticompetitive effect either of the violation or of anticompetitive acts made possible by

the violation,” Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 

, 489 (1977), or,

put differently, that the “challenged conduct affected the prices, quantity or quality of

goods or services” available or had a competition-reducing effect beyond the plaintiff’s

“own welfare.” Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 

, 641 (3d Cir. 1996)

(quoting Tunis Bros. Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 728 (3d Cir. 1991)). In the

context of a denial of physician privileges, in particular, we have held that unless the

restriction significantly reduces the services available to patients in the area or “completely

extinguish[es] [the practitioner’s] ability to provide . . . services,” it does not constitute an

antitrust injury.

here, it is clear that Nahas failed to make the requisite

showing. Nahas argues that Shore Medical’s denial of his application prevented him from

participating in the relevant market, thereby placing him at a competitive disadvantage.

Specifically, he asserts that he was unable to provide certain services to his hospitalized

patients and that seeking privileges elsewhere would disrupt his patient referral patterns,

and he points us to expert reports finding that the economic reality of the market makes

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pursuing any alternatives potentially harmful to his practice. From this he suggests he

suffered “the type [of injury] that the antitrust statute was intended to forestall.” Hartig

Drug 

.

       We are not persuaded. Though he complains about the limitation placed by Shore

Medical on his ability to practice, that is not an injury that “affected the prices, quantity or

quality of goods or services” available to consumers or that had an anticompetitive effect

beyond Nahas’s “own welfare.” 

. Not only does Nahas retain

general and vascular surgery privileges at Shore Medical, but he also has unrestricted

endovascular privileges at a nearby facility and is capable of applying for similar privileges

elsewhere. The restriction of Nahas’s endovascular privileges thus does not “completely

extinguish [his] ability to provide . . . services” and bar him from the relevant market, nor

does it deny patients access to services as consumers.

reasonable inferences . . . in favor of the nonmoving party,” as

we must on summary judgment, there was insufficient evidence of an antitrust injury.

Goldenstein v. Repossessors Inc., 

, 146 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation

marks omitted); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The District Court therefore did not err in

concluding Shore Medical was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

       2. Nahas’s § 1981 Claim

       We analyze Nahas’s § 1981 claim for race discrimination under the familiar burden-

shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

, 802 (1973): first,

the plaintiff must establish “a prima facie case of . . . discrimination,” id.; if he succeeds,

“[t]he burden then must shift to the employer to articulate some legitimate,

                                               4
nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection,” id.; and if the employer meets its

burden, the plaintiff must show that the “stated reason[s] for [his] rejection [were] in fact

pretext” for discrimination

       The dispute here centers on this third step.3 To establish pretext at summary

judgment, a plaintiff must provide evidence that “1) casts sufficient doubt upon . . . [the]

reasons proffered . . . so that a factfinder could reasonably conclude that each reason was

a fabrication” or “2) allows the factfinder to infer that discrimination was more likely than

not a motivating or determinative cause of the adverse employment action.” Fuentes v.

Perskie, 

, 762 (3d Cir. 1994). Such evidence may include preferential treatment

of other employees who are similarly situated. See McDonnell 

.

       As evidence that Shore Medical’s proffered reasons satisfy these conditions, Nahas

asserts that the application criteria were applied unequally and that he was “objectively

more qualified” than the candidate conditionally approved. Appellant’s Br. 52. He

focuses, in particular, on the supervision requirement as “a classic post hoc fabrication”

applied strictly to him and not others, Appellant’s Br. 54, and while he does not dispute his

own failure to satisfy it, he takes issue with Shore Medical’s grant of privileges to a non-

Arab candidate who had not yet completed that requirement and who allegedly possessed



       3
         The District Court held that Nahas established a prima facie case and that certain
application criteria were contrived. Because Nahas does not dispute that Shore Medical
came forward with legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons and we can resolve this case at
step three of McDonnell Douglas, we need not address Shore Medical’s argument that
Nahas failed to establish a prima facie case at step one. See In re Tribune Media Co.,

, 402-03 (3d Cir. 2018) (resolving the employment discrimination claim at
step three despite the parties’ disagreement over the establishment of a prima facie case).
                                             5
far less medical experience than Nahas. According to Nahas, that disparate treatment, in

“relax[ing] [the] qualifications for one candidate” by accepting that candidate prior to his

fulfillment of the supervision requirement, reveals pretext. Appellant’s Br. 53.

       Disparate treatment is evidence of pretext, however, only if the candidates are also

similarly situated, McDonnell 

; 

, and here

they are not. For one thing, the other applicant was only approved on the condition that he

complete his vascular fellowship with an endovascular component and meet the remaining

criteria. Nahas, on the other hand, had neither completed all the application criteria nor

demonstrated that he would be able to do so before beginning practice. To the contrary,

the surgeries he would have Shore Medical credit towards his completion of these criteria

were improperly performed without privileges or any supervision during a disciplinary

suspension, and therefore cannot be counted toward the requisite number of supervised

procedures. JA765-68, 778. In addition, the record reflects that the unsatisfied criteria

Nahas characterizes as “post hoc fabrication[s]” that “came late in the peer review

process,” Appellant’s Br. 54, were in fact well-established, “state court-ordered . . .

[c]riteria,” JA8, that were applied consistently to other applicants. In short, Nahas offered

nothing more than “conclusory, self-serving” speculation that Shore Medical’s reasons for

declining to grant him approval were pretextual. Gonzalez v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Homeland

Sec., 

, 263 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting Kirleis v. Dickie, McCamey & Chilcote,

P.C., 

, 161 (3d Cir. 2009)).

       Because Nahas failed to “cast[] sufficient doubt upon” Shore Medical’s proffered

justifications or provide evidence that would “allow[] the factfinder to infer that

                                             6
discrimination was more likely than not a motivating or determinative cause” for the denial

of his privileges, 

, the District Court correctly determined his § 1981

claim could not survive summary judgment.

       3. Nahas’s Breach of Contract Claim

       Having reviewed Nahas’s federal claims, the District Court opted to decline

supplemental jurisdiction and dismissed Nahas’s state law claim for breach of contract.

We review that decision for abuse of discretion, see Maher Terminals, LLC v. Port Auth.

of N.Y. & N.J., 

, 104 (3d Cir. 2015), and against the backdrop of our case law

holding that where all federal claims are dismissed before trial, a district court “must

decline to decide the pendent state claims” unless “considerations of judicial economy,

convenience, and fairness to the parties provide an affirmative justification for” ruling on

them, North Sound Capital LLC v. Merck & Co., 

, 494 n.11 (3d Cir. 2019)

(quoting Hedges v. Musco, 

, 123 (3d Cir. 2000)); 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).

       Nahas does not dispute the Court’s consideration of judicial economy and

convenience. Instead, he reasserts the illegitimacy of the application criteria and contends

that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law in light of the District Court’s finding at

step one of McDonnell Douglas that the supervision requirement was contrived.

       Even if the application criteria and supervision requirement were contrived,

however, whether Nahas satisfied the written criteria under Section Two of the Bylaws is

only relevant to the alleged impairment of his contractual rights, see Frederico v. Home

Depot, 

, 203 (3d Cir. 2007)—not to the question of whether the District Court

abused its discretion in declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. On that score, the

                                              7
District Court reasonably concluded, based on the parties’ extensive litigation experience

and familiarity with the state court system, that “state court presents a more appropriate

place for [Nahas] to bring these claims,” JA39. That determination was well within its

discretion, and we perceive no reason to disturb it. See 

.

B.    Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




                                            8