Slip Op. 20–143

              UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
____________________________________
                                     :
BOURGAULT INDUSTRIES, LTD.,          :
                                     :
                  Plaintiff,         :
                                     : Before: Richard K. Eaton, Judge
      v.                             :
                                     : Court No. 19-00111
UNITED STATES,                       :
                                     :
                  Defendant.         :
____________________________________ :

                                          OPINION
[United States Department of Commerce’s final scope ruling sustained.]

                                                                         Dated: October 13, 2020

        George W. Thompson, Thompson & Associates, PLLC, of Washington, DC, argued for
Plaintiff.

       Kelly A. Krystyniak, Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for Defendant. With her on the brief were
Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and L. Misha Preheim,
Assistant Director. Of Counsel on the brief was James Henry Ahrens II, Office of the Chief
Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington,
DC.

       Eaton, Judge: This case involves a challenge to the United States Department of

Commerce’s (“Commerce” or the “Department”) ruling that the coulter disc hubs imported by

Bourgault Industries, Ltd. (“Bourgault” or “Plaintiff”) are “tapered roller housings” within the

scope of the antidumping duty order on tapered roller bearings from the People’s Republic of

China (“Order”).1 See Antidumping Duty Order on Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof,



       1
              See Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, From the
People’s Rep. of China, 52 Fed. Reg. 22,667 (Dep’t Commerce June 15, 1987) (original final
antidumping duty order) amended by Tapered Roller Bearings From the People’s Rep. of China,
Court No. 19-00111                                                                           Page 2


Finished and Unfinished, from the People’s Rep. of China: Final Scope Ruling on Bourgault

Industries Ltd.’s Coulter Disc Hubs (June 3, 2019), P.R. 18 (“Final Scope Ruling”).

       Bourgault, a U.S. manufacturer of agricultural equipment, imports coulter disc hubs to

make plows. A coulter disc hub “consists of a specialty casted [sic] flange, a specialty designed

indexed stub-axle, generic [tapered roller bearings], a crown nut, and a flattened end-cap.” Letter

from Junker & Nakachi to Sec’y Wilbur Ross (Feb. 19, 2019), P.R. 1 (“Scope Ruling Request”)

at 2 (emphasis added). Together with a blade, called a coulter disc, the hub is incorporated into an

“opener” assembly that is mounted to a plow. The coulter disc is mounted ahead and somewhat

above the plow blades. It cuts on an even edge to the furrow, and buries organic material (such as

the remains of cut corn stalks) to aid in their decomposition. The hub facilitates the functioning of

the disc by resisting the twisting and lateral forces caused when the disc encounters rocks, roots,

and other material as it is pulled through the earth. See Scope Ruling Request at 3.

       The tapered roller bearings inside the coulter disc hub are highly compressed, i.e., they are

tightened with what Plaintiff calls “excess preload.”2 See Final Scope Ruling at 2. Because of this

preload, “coulter disc hubs turn only when sufficient lateral and twisting forces are applied against

the coulter blade when engaged with soil.” Scope Ruling Request at 4.

       Bourgault disputes Commerce’s finding that its coulter disc hubs are within the scope of

the Order. It argues that (1) prior agency determinations interpreting the Order have identified

friction reduction as an “essential function” of in-scope merchandise; and that (2) substantial

record evidence shows that its preloaded tapered roller bearings inside the coulter disc hub prevent




55 Fed. Reg. 6669 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 26, 1990) (correcting errors in calculated dumping
margins).
       2
               As shall be seen, “excess preload” has had two meanings in this proceeding.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                               Page 3


the hub from reducing friction; rather, the load increases friction. That is, the hub’s design ensures

that the coulter disc does not rotate, unless it is acted upon by sufficient force. See Pl.’s Mem.

Supp. Mot. J. Admin. R., ECF No. 14 (“Pl.’s Br.”); Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 18. In this way, Plaintiff

claims, its coulter disc hubs are different from the “wheel hub units” that Commerce has found to

be within the scope of the Order, in previous scope rulings. See Pl.’s Br. 20. Plaintiff further argues

that if there were any question about the functionality of the coulter disc hubs, Commerce should

have commenced a scope inquiry. See Pl.’s Br. 27; 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(e), (k)(2) (2019). Plaintiff

thus asks the court to remand the Final Scope Ruling to Commerce “for reconsideration and

redetermination.” Pl.’s Br. 28.

       Defendant the United States (“Defendant”), on behalf of Commerce, argues that, like in-

scope wheel hub units, coulter disc hubs are “tapered roller housings” (1) under the plain meaning

of the Order, and (2) because when sufficient pressure is applied, they do reduce friction. See

Def.’s Mem. Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. J. Admin. R., ECF No. 16 (“Def.’s Br.”). Defendant urges the court

to sustain the Final Scope Ruling as supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.

       Jurisdiction is found under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(vi)

(2012). The Final Scope Ruling is sustained.



                                         BACKGROUND

I.     The Order

       The cornerstone in a scope determination is the language of the order itself. Walgreen Co.

v. United States, 

, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). On June 15, 1987,

Commerce issued the subject Order, which covered:

       tapered roller bearings and parts thereof . . . ; flange, take up cartridge, and hanger
       units incorporating tapered roller bearings . . . ; and tapered roller housings (except
Court No. 19-00111                                                                             Page 4


       pillow blocks) incorporating tapered rollers, with or without spindles, whether or
       not [for] automotive use . . . .

Order, 52 Fed. Reg. at 22,667 (references to Tariff Schedules of the United States omitted). The

Order does not mention functionality or use, except to say that it covered products “whether or

not” they were for “automotive use.” For more than thirty years, the Order’s language has remained

the same, except for updated references to the tariff schedule. See Tapered Roller Bearings and

Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From the People’s Rep. of China, 84 Fed. Reg. 6132

(Dep’t Commerce Feb. 26, 2019) (final results of thirtieth admin. rev.) (citing the Order). Over the

years, however, Commerce has had occasion to review the scope of the Order, by way of “scope

rulings,” which are provided for in its regulations.



II.    Regulatory Background on Scope Rulings

       In a scope determination, “Commerce must first examine the language of the final order.”

Mid Continent Nail Corp. v. United States, 

, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citations

omitted). If the language is clear, the plain meaning of the order controls. If the order is ambiguous,

the Department may issue scope rulings “that clarify the scope of an order . . . with respect to

particular products.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(a). The regulations set out rules regarding scope rulings,

including standards used in determining whether a product is within the scope of an order.

is ambiguous is a question of law. See Meridian Prods., LLC v. United States,

, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

        “[I]n considering whether a particular product is included within the scope of an order . . . ,

[Commerce] will take into account . . . [t]he descriptions of the merchandise contained in the

petition, the initial investigation, and the determinations of [Commerce] (including prior scope
Court No. 19-00111                                                                            Page 5


determinations) and the [U.S. International Trade] Commission.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1).3 If

the sources listed in § 351.225(k)(1) are dispositive, Commerce will look no further.

       If the (k)(1) sources are not dispositive, Commerce may commence a formal scope inquiry,

in which it will consider additional factors, listed in § 351.225(k)(2): (1) the physical

characteristics of the product, (2) the expectations of the ultimate purchasers, (3) the ultimate use

of the product, (4) the channels of trade in which the product is sold, and (5) the manner in which

the product is advertised and displayed. 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2), (e).



III.   The Petition

       On August 25, 1986, The Timken Company (“Timken”)4 filed a petition, on behalf of the

U.S. tapered roller bearing industry, alleging that imports of tapered roller bearings from China

were being, or were likely to be, sold at less than fair value in the United States, and were causing,

or threatened to cause, material injury to the U.S. industry. The petition stated that it covered “the

full range of [tapered roller bearings]”:

           The scope of the petition includes the full range of TRBs[5], including single-
           row bearings made with various angles and roller lengths and multiple-row
           bearing assemblies. These bearings are available in two-row and four-row
           assemblies and used where greater bearing rating is needed. Thrust bearings and
           self-contained bearing packages (sometimes referred to as “unitized” bearings)
           are also included.




       3
               The regulations set out different scope determination procedures for “products
completed or assembled” in the United States or foreign countries other than a country to which
an order applies, products with minor alterations, and later-developed products, none of which
apply here. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(g)-(j).
       4
              Timken is not a party to this lawsuit, but it participated in the scope ruling
proceeding before Commerce.
       5
               “TRBs” means tapered roller bearings.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                                Page 6


Letter from Stewart and Stewart to Sec’y Wilbur Ross (Mar. 25, 2019), P.R. 7-9 (“Timken

Opp’n”), Attach. 2 at 9 (excerpts from petition). Unlike the eventual Order itself, the petition

identified different purposes for which tapered roller bearings could be used, including agricultural

and industrial applications. See Timken Opp’n, Attach. 2.

       Products identified in the petition included tapered roller bearings with different “settings,”

i.e., “a specific amount of play or preload.” Letter from Junker & Nakachi to Sec’y Wilbur Ross

(May 19, 2019), P.R. 15 (“Bourgault Rebuttal”), Ex. C at 2. For example, a Timken brochure

attached to the petition described, inter alia, two types of preloaded tapered roller bearings—the

“Hydra-Rib” and the “Spring-Rib”:

       [The Hydra-Rib] is a self-contained tapered roller bearing that has a floating outer
       race (or cup) rib which contacts the rollers. The floating rib is controlled by
       hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in the sealed chamber behind the rib. Variable
       pressure capabilities provide the unique capability of changing the preload in the
       system to handle variable load or speed situations. This bearing is designed for
       applications where bearing adjustment is critical over [a] wide range of speeds or
       loads.

       [The Spring-Rib] is a self-contained tapered roller bearing that has a floating outer
       race (or cup) rib which contacts the rollers. The floating rib is controlled by springs.
       This bearing is available in three grades of preload. They are light[,] medium and
       heavy preload. The amount of preload is determined by the number of springs used
       in the assembly. Use this bearing only where load and speed conditions are
       relatively constant.

Timken Opp’n at 8-9 (quoting Timken brochure in Collective Ex. 3). In other words, Timken

sought investigation of tapered roller bearings with different grades of preload. As explained by a

Timken engineer in a declaration attached to the petition:

       All tapered roller bearings use settings to optimize bearing performance which are
       either specific amounts of axial end play or axial preload adjusted at assembly to
       control the internal clearances between the rolling elements and the inner and outer
       rings’ contacting races. . . . Preload is an axial interference or light compression
       between rollers and races such that there is no measurable axial shaft movement
       when a small force is applied. A preloaded [tapered roller bearing] has no internal
Court No. 19-00111                                                                                Page 7


        clearance (measured either axially or radially) between the bearing’s rolling
        elements and its inner and out[er] races.

Timken Opp’n, Attach. 4 ¶ 7 (emphasis added). Thus, preload is a common feature of tapered

roller bearings.

        Bourgault notes that the petition addressed “excessive preload” in the context of how a

bearing’s setting impacts its useful life:

        Some applications are set with preload to increase rigidity and positioning of highly
        stressed parts that would otherwise be dramatically affected by excessive deflection
        and misalignment.

        Excessive preload must be avoided as bearing fatigue life can be drastically
        reduced. Also, excessive preload can lead to lubrication problems and premature
        bearing damage due to high operating temperature.

Bourgault Rebuttal, Ex. C at 2 (Timken’s Bearing Setting Techniques Manual) (emphasis added).

        It is worth noting that the word excessive in this context is used in the sense of “too

much”—not in the sense of a “large amount.” That is, the Timken manual quoted by Bourgault

was warning that too much preload would cause the bearings to wear out.



IV.     The Initial Investigation

        In response to Timken’s petition, Commerce initiated a dumping investigation. See

Tapered Roller Bearings, Rollers and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, From the People’s

Rep. of China, 51 Fed. Reg. 33,283 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 19, 1986) (notice of initiation). In its

preliminary determination, Commerce defined the scope of the investigation, which would later

be reflected in the Order:

        tapered roller bearings and parts thereof . . . ; flange, take up cartridge, and hanger
        units incorporating tapered roller bearings . . . ; and tapered roller housings (except
        pillow blocks) incorporating tapered rollers, with or without spindles, whether or
        not for automotive use . . . .
Court No. 19-00111                                                                              Page 8


Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, From the People’s Rep. of

China, 52 Fed. Reg. 3833 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 6, 1987) (preliminary determination of sales at

less than fair value) (references to Tariff Schedules of the United States omitted). The scope of the

investigation did not include an inquiry into preload, excessive or otherwise. Commerce made a

preliminary determination that dumping was occurring.

       Following Commerce’s affirmative preliminary determination, the United States

International Trade Commission (“Commission”) commenced a material injury investigation. The

Commission applied Commerce’s scope definition.

       In its report, the Commission pointed out some differences between ball bearings and

tapered roller bearings:

       Tapered roller bearings are a part of the larger product category of antifriction
       bearings. Antifriction bearings are machine components that permit free motion
       between moving and fixed parts by holding or guiding the moving parts to minimize
       friction and wear. In a bearing, a series of rollers or balls are usually mounted in a
       separation or cage and enclosed between two rings called races. The rolling
       elements are very important, since they transmit the physical load or force from the
       moving parts to the stationary support. The two principal types of antifriction
       bearings are ball bearings and roller bearings, depending on which type of rolling
       elements [is] employed. Tapered roller bearings are preferred instead of ball
       bearings for many applications because they are able to absorb both radial and
       thrust loads, unlike ball bearings, which typically withstand only radial force.

Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, and Certain Housings Incorporating Tapered Rollers

from Hungary, Italy, Japan, the People’s Rep. of China, Romania and Yugoslavia, Inv. Nos. 731-

TA-341-346, USITC Pub. 1899 (Oct. 1986) (Prelim.) (“ITC Investigation Preliminary

Determination”) at A-2 to A-3 & A-3 n.1 (emphasis added) (describing radial loads as “those

perpendicular to the axis rotation,” and thrust loads as “normally parallel to the level of rotation”).

As a result of its investigation, the Commission preliminarily determined that imports of the

subject merchandise were causing material injury to the U.S. industry.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                            Page 9


       Commerce and the Commission confirmed their respective preliminary findings in their

final affirmative determinations. See Tapered Roller Bearings From the People’s Rep. of China,

52 Fed. Reg. 19,748 (Dep’t Commerce May 27, 1987) (final determination of sales at less than

fair value); see also Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, and Certain Housings

Incorporating Tapered Rollers from Hungary, the People’s Rep. of China, and Romania, Inv. Nos.

731-TA-341, -344, -345, USITC Pub. 1983 (June 1987) (Final) (“ITC Investigation Final

Determination”).



V.     Prior Scope Determinations

       In the Final Scope Ruling, Commerce considered prior scope determinations under the

Order, and found that “Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs . . . are not substantially different from other

hub units Commerce has found to be in-scope merchandise.” Final Scope Ruling at 7. In particular,

Commerce cited several prior rulings on wheel hub units (also called wheel hub “assemblies”),

including a 2011 ruling requested by New Trend Engineering Ltd.6 See Mem. from Wendy J.

Frankel, Director, Office 8, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations to Gary Taverman,

Acting Deputy Assistant Sec’y for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations (Apr. 18,

2011) (“New Trend Scope Ruling”).



       6
               The New Trend Scope Ruling pertained to splined and non-splined wheel hub units
(assemblies) with and without antilock braking sensors. See Mem. from Wendy J. Frankel,
Director, Office 8, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations to Gary Taverman, Acting
Deputy Assistant Sec’y for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations (Apr. 18, 2011).

        In addition to the New Trend Scope Ruling, Commerce cited other rulings on “hub units”
consisting of housed tapered roller bearings which it found to be covered by the Order. See Final
Scope Ruling at 7 (citing Tapered Roller Bearings from the People’s Rep. of China: Final Scope
Determination on Blackstone OTR’s Wheel Hub Assemblies (Feb. 7, 2011) and Tapered Roller
Bearings from the People’s Rep. of China: Final Scope Determination on Bosda’s Wheel Hub
Assemblies (June 14, 2011)).
Court No. 19-00111                                                                         Page 10


       In the New Trend Scope Ruling, the merchandise at issue was wheel hub units with and

without antilock braking sensors. Commerce undertook an analysis of the § 351.225(k)(2) factors

with respect to wheel hub units with the sensors, and a § 351.225(k)(1) analysis of those without

the sensors. Ultimately, Commerce found that wheel hub units, both with and without antilock

braking sensors, were “tapered roller housings” because they had flanges that incorporated tapered

roller bearings. See New Trend Scope Ruling at 5, 10.

       Additionally, in the New Trend Scope Ruling, after having considered the (k)(2) factors

with respect to wheel hub assemblies with antilock braking sensors, Commerce observed that the

wheel hub units’ “essential function” was “reducing friction.” Specifically, it stated that although

the wheel hubs had other features, those features, while adding functionality, “[did] not alter the

wheel hub assemblies’ essential function of reducing friction.” New Trend Scope Ruling at 11.

Because it reached this conclusion using a (k)(2) analysis, Commerce necessarily examined the

“ultimate use” factor. See New Trend Scope Ruling at 8; see also Mem. from Wendy J. Frankel,

Director, Office 8, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations to Christian Marsh, Deputy

Assistant Sec’y for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Operations (Dec. 8, 2010) at 10

(“Preliminary New Trend Scope Ruling”).

       This Court sustained Commerce’s New Trend Scope Ruling as supported by substantial

evidence and in accordance with law in Power Train Components, Inc. v. United States, 

, 791, 

, 1345, 1348 (2013). In its discussion, the Court recited

Commerce’s finding that the wheel hub assemblies’ additional features did not alter their “essential

function,” i.e., friction reduction.

CIT at 

. The Court

found no error with respect to that finding.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                             Page 11


       Finally, in addition to its own prior scope rulings, Commerce took into account a

Commission report from the investigation that led to the Order. See Final Scope Ruling at 7 & n.44

(citing ITC Investigation Preliminary Determination); see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1)

(“[Commerce] will take into account . . . [t]he descriptions of the merchandise contained in . . . the

determinations of [Commerce] (including prior scope determinations) and the Commission.”).

Bourgault had cited the Commission report in its brief before the agency to support the argument

that the Order only covers tapered roller bearings whose primary purpose is the reduction of

friction—an argument that Commerce rejected because there was nothing in the Order that

supported it: “The scope language itself does not contemplate that [tapered roller bearings] must

be entirely free-turning; to the contrary, the documents in the underlying Petition (as supplemented

by a Timken engineer’s statement on this scope record) note that [tapered roller bearings] may

have different pre-load settings, depending upon their end-use.” See Final Scope Ruling at 8.7




       7
               In full text, Commerce stated:

       [W]e disagree with Bourgault that the scope requires [tapered roller bearings] to
       function solely to minimize friction and that only [tapered roller bearings] that
       operate solely to minimize friction are covered by the Order. The scope language
       itself does not contemplate that [tapered roller bearings] must be entirely free-
       turning; to the contrary, the documents in the underlying Petition (as supplemented
       by a Timken engineer’s statement on this scope record) note that [tapered roller
       bearings] may have different pre-load settings, depending upon their end-use. In
       this case, the [tapered roller bearings] are free-turning under the proper load, and,
       like all [tapered roller bearings], they are optimized to resist lateral and shear forces
       with even and minimal wear [of the bearings, the hub unit, and coulter disc].

Final Scope Ruling at 8.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                           Page 12


VI.    The Subject Merchandise: Coulter Disc Hubs

       As noted, Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs “consist[] of a specialty casted [sic] flange, a

specialty designed indexed stub-axle, generic [tapered roller bearings], a crown nut, and a flattened

end-cap.” Scope Ruling Request at 2. Together with a blade (a coulter disc), the hub is incorporated

into an “opener” assembly that is mounted to a plow. The disc cuts a crisp line on the furrow and

buries organic material. The hub facilitates the functioning of the disc by resisting the twisting and

lateral forces caused when the disc encounters rocks, roots, and other material as it is pulled

through the earth. When sufficient pressure is applied, however, supposedly by more immoveable

objects, the bearing permits the disc to rotate. See Scope Ruling Request at 3.

       The tapered roller bearings in the coulter disc hub are highly compressed, i.e., according

to Plaintiff, they are tightened with “excess preload.” See Final Scope Ruling at 2. Because of this

preload, “coulter disc hubs turn only when sufficient lateral and twisting forces are applied against

the coulter blade when engaged with soil.” Scope Ruling Request at 4.



VII.   The Final Scope Ruling Now Before the Court

       On February 19, 2019, Bourgault filed its Scope Ruling Request, seeking a determination

by Commerce that its coulter disc hubs were outside the scope of the Order. In other words,

Bourgault maintained that its products were not:

       tapered roller bearings and parts thereof . . . ; flange, take up cartridge, and hanger
       units incorporating tapered roller bearings . . . ; and tapered roller housings (except
       pillow blocks) incorporating tapered rollers, with or without spindles, whether or
       not [for] automotive use . . . .

Order, 52 Fed. Reg. at 22,667.

       In the Final Scope Ruling, Commerce considered the product’s description provided by

Bourgault in its Scope Ruling Request, i.e.:
Court No. 19-00111                                                                             Page 13


       an indexed spindle (i.e., indexed stub-axle), cotter pin, triple lip seal, tapered roller
       bearings, hub casting (i.e., casted [sic] flange), a second set of tapered roller
       bearings, washer, crown nut, and a flattened end-cap.

Final Scope Ruling at 2. It concluded that the product was within the plain language of the Order:

       We find that Bourgault’s imported coulter disc hubs meet the physical
       characteristics of [tapered roller bearings] covered by the scope of the Order,
       because they are tapered roller housings incorporating tapered rollers, including
       a spindle. Further, there are no exclusions from the order for merchandise which is
       subject to a different end use, and, in fact, the scope of the Order specifically covers
       all [tapered roller bearings] and tapered roller housing (except pillow blocks),
       “whether or not for automotive use.” Thus, we find that Bourgault’s coulter disc
       hub units meet the plain language of the scope.

Final Scope Ruling at 6 (emphasis added). In other words, coulter disc hubs fell within the plain

meaning of the language of the Order because it was a “tapered roller housing.” Commerce

specifically found that the end use of the “tapered roller housing” was immaterial to the

determination of whether it was covered by the Order.

       Commerce reached its determination after conducting a (k)(1) analysis. And although

Bourgault argues to the contrary, it is apparent that when reaching its conclusion, Commerce

considered the sources of information listed in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1).8 See Final Scope Ruling



       8
               Subsection 351.225(k) provides:

       [I]n considering whether a particular product is included within the scope of an
       order . . . , [Commerce] will take into account the following:

       (1) The descriptions of the merchandise contained in the petition, the initial
           investigation, and the determinations of [Commerce] (including prior scope
           determinations) and the Commission.

       (2) When the above criteria are not dispositive, [Commerce] will further consider:

           (i) The physical characteristics of the product;
           (ii) The expectations of the ultimate purchasers;
           (iii) The ultimate use of the product;
           (iv) The channels of trade in which the product is sold; and
           (v) The manner in which the product is advertised and displayed.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                            Page 14


at 6 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1)). For instance, Commerce cited its prior scope rulings, in

particular the New Trend Scope Ruling, regarding wheel hub units. It found that Bourgault’s

coulter disc hubs were like New Trend’s wheel hub units, in that they both housed tapered roller

bearings:

       In [the New Trend Scope Ruling], Commerce found that hub units were covered by
       the Order; this was upheld by the Court in Power Train Components. Similarly,
       Commerce also found both automotive and non-automotive hub units, consisting
       of housed [tapered roller bearings], to be covered by the Order in prior scope
       rulings. Thus, we find that there is precedent in our prior consideration of various
       tapered roller housings similar to Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs (also consisting of
       [tapered roller bearings]) to support a finding that Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs are
       within the scope of the Order.

Final Scope Ruling at 7 (first citing Power Train 

, 911 F. Supp. 2d at

1345; then citing Tapered Roller Bearings from the People’s Rep. of China: Final Scope

Determination on Blackstone OTR’s Wheel Hub Assemblies (Feb. 7, 2011) and Tapered Roller

Bearings from the People’s Rep. of China: Final Scope Determination on Bosda’s Wheel Hub

Assemblies (June 14, 2011)).

       The Department acknowledged some differences between Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs

and the wheel hub units: “Unlike typical wheel hub assemblies, which principally function as anti-

friction devices, the purpose of the coulter disc hub is to resist the extreme twisting lateral forces,

and jarring impact forces, caused by plowing the soil in a spiral twisting fashion.” Final Scope

Ruling at 2. Commerce also recognized that the tapered roller bearings housed within Bourgault’s

coulter disc hubs “are tightened with excess preload,9 which reduces the ability of the hub to spin

freely.” Final Scope Ruling at 2 (emphasis added). It did not, however, find that the differences



19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1)-(2).
       9
               Here, Commerce adopts Plaintiff’s use of “excess preload” as “a lot of preload,”
rather than “too much preload.”
Court No. 19-00111                                                                           Page 15


were material because this preload did not alter the fact that Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs

contained tapered roller bearings within the plain meaning of the Order.

        Commerce also rejected Bourgault’s argument that its coulter disc hubs were not in-scope,

because their “essential function” was to reduce friction:

        Bourgault attempts to differentiate its coulter disc hub units from automotive hub
        units, citing to the Commission’s report and other scope rulings, which state that
        the primary purpose of [tapered roller bearings] is to minimize friction and allow
        for the free rotation of the hub unit. As an initial matter, we disagree that
        Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs do not also fulfill these same criteria. Contrary to
        Bourgault’s assertions, the [tapered roller bearings] in Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs
        allow free rotation of the coulter disc, under the correct load, and they facilitate
        even wear of the bearings, the hub unit, and coulter disc.

Final Scope Ruling at 7. Commerce found that “Bourgault’s coulter disc hub . . . allows the coulter

disc, which is attached to the plow frame, to turn freely through 360 degrees of motion, while

guiding the disc at the prescribed angle.” Final Scope Ruling at 7 n.44. It stated: “In this case, the

[tapered roller bearings] are free-turning under the proper load, and, like all [tapered roller

bearings], they are optimized to resist lateral and shear forces with even and minimal wear.” Final

Scope Ruling at 8. In other words, although sufficient force is required to overcome the “excess”

preload compressing the tapered roller bearings inside the coulter disc hub, the bearings permitted

the coulter disc to rotate.

        Finding the language of the Order and the (k)(1) sources of information on the record

dispositive, Commerce did not consider the factors listed in § 351.225(k)(2). See Final Scope

Ruling at 6 (“We find that these sources are, together, dispositive as to whether the product at issue

is subject merchandise, in accordance with 19 CFR 351.225(k)(1). Therefore, we find it

unnecessary to consider the additional factors under 19 CFR 351.225(k)(2).”). This action

followed.
Court No. 19-00111                                                                          Page 16


                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling will be upheld unless it is “unsupported by substantial

evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).



                                    LEGAL FRAMEWORK

       If the language of the Order clearly and unambiguously covers the subject merchandise,

the language controls. “The relevant scope terms are unambiguous if they have a single clearly

defined or stated meaning.” Meridian 

n.7 (citation omitted). “[T]he

question of whether the unambiguous terms of [the] scope [of an order] control the inquiry, or

whether some ambiguity exists, is a question of law” that the court reviews de novo.

       If the order’s language is ambiguous, then Commerce “must turn to available [§ 351.225

(k)(1)] sources, including the petition, the initial investigation, and any earlier determinations by

Commerce and the [Commission].” Sunpreme Inc. v. United States, 

, 1309 (Fed.

Cir. 2020) (citations omitted); see also Atkore Steel Components, Inc. v. United States, 42 CIT __,

__, 

, 1380 (2018) (citations omitted) (“If . . . the language of the scope order

is ambiguous, Commerce more fully analyzes the sources listed in § 351.225(k)(1). Where those

sources are dispositive, in other words, the history of the original investigation is clear, Commerce

will close the scope ruling proceedings with a ‘final scope ruling.’”).

       Where § 351.225(k)(1) sources are not dispositive, Commerce commences a formal scope

inquiry. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(e). In that case, “Commerce must turn to available

[§ 351.225(k)(2)] sources, including the product’s physical characteristics, ultimate purchasers’

expectations, the product’s ultimate use, the channels of trade in which the product is sold, and the
Court No. 19-00111                                                                           Page 17


way the product is marketed.” 

(citing Mid 

; 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2)).



                                          DISCUSSION

       Plaintiff argues that the Final Scope Ruling is legally flawed because Commerce failed to

“take into account” prior agency determinations as required by its regulations. See 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.225(k)(1). In particular, Plaintiff claims that Commerce previously interpreted the Order to

include only merchandise that had as its “essential function” the reduction of friction, and that

Commerce failed to apply that “requirement” here. See Pl.’s Br. 24. For Plaintiff,

       in-scope [tapered roller bearings] have been defined as products intended to reduce
       friction from the outset of the antidumping duty investigation. That capability is the
       sine qua non of the Order’s coverage. Merchandise that does not reduce friction
       fails to meet that criterion and is excluded.

Pl.’s Br. 18. Plaintiff relies on excerpts from the New Trend Scope Ruling and Commission reports

to support its claims that in-scope tapered roller bearings’ “essential function” is reducing or

minimizing friction. See Pl.’s Br. 18-19 (citing New Trend Scope Ruling; ITC Investigation Final

Determination; Tapered Roller Bearings from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-344, USITC Pub. 4824

(Sept. 2018) (Fourth Rev.)).

       For its part, Defendant maintains that Commerce correctly found that coulter disc hubs are

in-scope based on the plain meaning of the Order:

       Commerce began its analysis with the language of the order, which includes
       “tapered roller housings . . . [and] incorporating tapered rollers.” Commerce
       explained that “Bourgault’s imported coulter disc hubs meet the physical
       characteristics of [tapered roller bearings] covered by the scope of the order,
       because they are tapered roller housings incorporating tapered rollers, including a
       spindle.” Commerce further explained that “there are no exclusions from the
       {order} for merchandise which is subject to a different end use, and, in fact, the
       scope of the order specifically covers all [tapered roller bearings] and tapered roller
       housing[s] (except pillow blocks), ‘whether or not for automotive use.’” Commerce
Court No. 19-00111                                                                         Page 18


       thus determined that Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs units “meet the plain language
       of the scope.”

Def.’s Br. 9-10 (internal citations omitted) (quoting Final Scope Ruling at 7-8).

       In addition, Commerce found that coulter disc hubs did, in fact, reduce friction, “under the

correct load.” Final Scope Ruling at 7; see also Def.’s Br. 12 (“As Commerce explained, contrary

to its assertions, Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs do serve the purpose of reducing friction and

allowing free movement under the correct load, facilitating even wear of the bearings, the hub unit,

and coulter disc.”).

       Moreover, Defendant maintains that Commerce satisfied the regulatory requirement to

“take into account” its prior rulings and those of the Commission, including the New Trend Scope

Ruling:

       [In the New Trend Scope Ruling,] Commerce determined that New Trend’s wheel
       hub units, which include “two non[-]removable tapered roller bearings in an inner
       race and c[u]p that is machined into the unit’s flange, an outer [r]ace machined into
       the assembly forging, and mounting studs for attachment of the assembly to an
       automobile,” are “tapered roller housings” within the meaning of the order. . . .
       Commerce reviewed that determination and found that “there is precedent in its
       prior consideration of various tapered roller housing similar to Bourgault’s coulter
       disc hubs (also consisting of [tapered roller bearings]) to support a finding that
       Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs are within the scope of the Order.”

Def.’s Br. 10 (first quoting Power Train Components, 37 CIT at 

;

then quoting Final Scope Ruling at 7).

       The court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s argument that Commerce committed legal or

factual error here. First, starting, as it must, with the language of the Order, Commerce found that

the subject coulter disc hubs fell within the plain meaning of the Order, i.e., as they are “tapered

roller housings.” 

. Plaintiff does not dispute that “a coulter disc hub’s

bearings are imported in a housing.” Pl.’s Br. 23. It insists, rather, that the Order’s language was
Court No. 19-00111                                                                            Page 19


not the “final word” on what it includes. For Bourgault, use of the (k)(1) factors demonstrates that

there is an exception in the Order for its bearings.

       Specifically, Plaintiff maintains that Commerce violated its regulations by failing to

adequately consider prior agency rulings that, in Plaintiff’s view, established friction reduction as

a requirement of the Order. For example, Plaintiff relies on the New Trend Scope Ruling, which

pertained to wheel hub assemblies used in the front wheels of automobiles, both with and without

antilock braking sensors. All of the wheel hub assemblies subject to the scope request incorporated

       two non-removable [tapered roller bearings] in an inner race and cup that are
       machined into the unit’s flange, an outer race machined into the assembly forging,
       wheel and brake “pilots” for aligning the wheels and brake rotors, and mounting
       wheel studs. The majority of the assemblies consist of a flanged outer hub with two
       [tapered roller bearings], into which has been pressed a flanged spindle having a
       splined inner surface and mounting studs. The wheel hub assemblies are “sealed
       for life,” “greased at factory,” and “the bearing preload is set at factory.” Certain of
       the products do not have a splined spindle and certain of the products include
       [antilock braking sensor] capability. New Trend’s wheel hub assemblies may be
       categorized into the following types of merchandise: (1) splined without [antilock
       braking sensor] elements; (2) non-splined without [antilock braking sensor]
       elements; and (3) with [antilock braking sensor] elements.10

Preliminary New Trend Scope Ruling at 4.

       Before Commerce, New Trend argued that its wheel hub assemblies were outside the scope

of the Order because of additional features and functions, e.g., flanges with wheel and brake pilots,

to align wheel and brake rotors, that went “beyond the antifriction and load bearing capabilities”




       10
                Commerce analyzed wheel hub assemblies without antilock braking sensors under
19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1) because it found that (1) the plain language of the Order covered them:
“tapered roller housings . . . with or without spindles” (and whether or not the spindles had grooves,
i.e., were splined or non-splined); and (2) they were discussed in the ITC Investigation Final
Determination. See Preliminary New Trend Scope Ruling at 7-8. Although wheel hub assemblies
with antilock braking sensors were also “tapered roller housings,” they were not discussed in the
ITC Investigation Final Determination. Thus, Commerce found that it was less clear whether wheel
hub assemblies with antilock braking sensors were covered by the Order, and so conducted an
analysis of the factors in § 351.225(k)(2).
Court No. 19-00111                                                                            Page 20


of covered products. See Preliminary New Trend Scope Ruling at 7. Commerce disagreed with

that argument, and found that the additions were not sufficient to take the product outside the

Order.

         In the New Trend case, Commerce found that the Order was ambiguous because there,

some of the subject hubs had the additional elements of an antilock braking system—a feature that

was not expressly covered by the Order. Importantly, this ambiguity had nothing to do with the

load of the tapered roller bearings that were part of the hub, excessive or otherwise.

         Finding itself unable to resolve this ambiguity using the (k)(1) factors, Commerce went to

the (k)(2) factors. Among the factual findings Commerce made using these factors was that the

ultimate use of the bearings under review was to reduce friction. Thus, while the New Trend Scope

Ruling does observe that: “wheel hub units with additional features and functions retain the

essential function of wheel hub units covered by the Order; that is, they continue to reduce friction[,

and] thus, the additional features found on wheel hub units are engineering and design variations

. . . do not alter the fundamental nature of the subject [tapered roller bearing],” this observation is

in the context of the factual finding that the subject bearings did not differ from other bearings

covered by the Order. See Preliminary New Trend Scope Ruling at 7; see also New Trend Scope

Ruling at 11 (finding that added functionality did “not alter the wheel hub assemblies’ essential

function of reducing friction.”).

         Here, because the “essential function” language was found in a scope determination using

the factor in (k)(2) based on the “ultimate use of the product,” the Department found the New

Trend Scope Ruling irrelevant to its (k)(1) examination. See Def.’s Br. 14 (internal citations

omitted) (“Bourgault omits that Commerce determined – and the Court sustained – that ‘wheel

hub assemblies with [antilock braking sensor] elements’ were within the scope of the order based
Court No. 19-00111                                                                          Page 21


on an analysis under the (k)(2) factors. Indeed, the language quoted by Bourgault comes from

Commerce’s analysis of the ‘ultimate use of the product.’”).

       Although Bourgault cites New Trend as adding the requirement that, to be within the scope

of the Order, a tapered roller bearing must have the “essential function” of reducing friction, that

is not the case. For this kind of requirement to be added, the Order would have to be found to be

ambiguous. Ambiguity is a question of law. See Meridian 

(“[T]he

question of whether the unambiguous terms of [the] scope [of an order] control the inquiry, or

whether some ambiguity exists, is a question of law.”). While a scope ruling can resolve an

ambiguity, it cannot create one. Thus, the New Trend factual finding that two bearings are similar

because they reduce friction cannot serve to introduce an ambiguity into the language of the Order

as a matter of law.

       As to the Commission’s report, the report does indeed describe tapered roller bearings as

being “a part of the larger product category of antifriction bearings.” See ITC Investigation

Preliminary Determination at A-2. It is included in order to draw a distinction between ball

bearings and tapered roller bearings on the basis of tapered roller bearings’ ability to “absorb both

radial and thrust loads.” See ITC Investigation Preliminary Determination at A-3. There is no

indication that this explanation of the differences in bearings was meant to limit the kinds of

tapered roller bearings included in the Order or to add a requirement that to be included in the

Order a bearing must have as its essential function the reduction of friction.

       As noted, when interpreting the scope of an order, Commerce must start with the plain

language of the order itself. See Mid 

. Commerce did not identify an

ambiguity in the Order, and there is little to convince the court that Commerce was wrong. Indeed,

although Commerce undertook a (k)(1) analysis, it is not clear that Commerce was required to do
Court No. 19-00111                                                                              Page 22


so because Bourgault has not shown the Order’s language to be ambiguous. Thus, the plain

language of the Order controls, and covers Plaintiff’s merchandise as “tapered roller housings.”

        Moreover, even if it could be said that the reduction of friction is an essential function of a

tapered roller bearing for it to be found within the scope of the Order, the outcome would be the

same. Here, Plaintiff’s tapered roller bearings perform two tasks. First, because of their load, they

keep the coulter disc rigid and at the proper angle for turning the soil as it is dragged across a field.

Second, when sufficient force is applied (when, it can be assumed, the disc hits on an immovable

object) the pressure applied by the load is relieved and the bearings turn allowing rotation of the

coulter disc. See Def.’s Br. 12 (quoting Final Scope Ruling at 5) (“[E]ven though the coulter

[tapered roller bearings] do not allow for rotation as fast or reduce friction at the same level as

[tapered roller bearings] with different preload settings, they still allow rotation . . . .”); see also

Final Scope Ruling at 7 (“Contrary to Bourgault’s assertions, the [tapered roller bearings] in

Bourgault’s coulter disc hubs allow free rotation of the coulter disc, under the correct load, and

they facilitate even wear of the bearings, the hub unit, and coulter disc.”). Commerce reached these

conclusions as a matter of fact, and Bourgault does not dispute that fact. There being nothing

unreasonable about these conclusions, the court finds that substantial evidence supports

Commerce’s finding that coulter disc hubs reduce friction. See 

(citations omitted) (“A decision is supported by substantial evidence if the evidence amounts to

more than a mere scintilla and a reasonable mind might accept it as adequate to support a

conclusion.”).

        Finally, the court is not convinced that Commerce failed in its duty to “take into account”

the information required by its regulations. Subsection 351.225(k)(1) requires that “in considering

whether a particular product is included within the scope of an order . . . , [Commerce] will take
Court No. 19-00111                                                                        Page 23


into account . . . [t]he descriptions of the merchandise contained in the petition, the initial

investigation, and the determinations of [Commerce] (including prior scope determinations) and

the Commission.” Although it may have been unnecessary, it is apparent from the Final Scope

Ruling that Commerce met that standard. Indeed, it is clear that Commerce did take this

information into account, but reached different conclusions in doing so than Bourgault wished. See

(“If . . . the language of the scope order is ambiguous, Commerce

more fully analyzes the sources listed in § 351.225(k)(1).”).



                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the agency record is

denied, and the Final Scope Ruling is sustained. Judgment shall be entered accordingly.




                                                                       /s/ Richard K. Eaton
                                                                      Richard K. Eaton, Judge

Dated: October 13, 2020
      New York, New York