JAMES A. TEILBORG, Senior District Judge.
Pending before the Court is Defendant's Motion to Dismiss certain claims made by Plaintiffs. (Doc. 47). Plaintiffs filed a Response (Doc. 52), and Defendant filed a Reply (Doc. 56). The Court rules on the Motion.
From November 5, 2009 to November 8, 2009, Filbert Kinlichee ("Mr. Kinlichee") went several times to the Emergency Department ("ED") at Chinle Comprehensive Health Care Facility ("CCHCF").
Mr. Kinlichee is survived by five biological children. (Doc. 1 at 2-3). Additionally, in 1992, when Plaintiff Priscilla Davis ("Ms. Davis") was approximately age six, Mr. Kinlichee became Ms. Davis's stepfather because her natural mother, Sartreva Blacksheep, married Mr. Kinlichee. (Id.). In 2003, Mr. Kinlichee obtained guardianship of Ms. Davis after his marriage to Ms. Blacksheep ended. (Id.).
In May 2010, Scott E. Borg ("Mr. Borg"), Plaintiffs' attorney, prepared a Standard Form 95 "Claim for Damage, Injury, or Death" for each of Mr. Kinlichee's biological children, and for Ms. Davis (the "Forms"). (Doc. 45-1 at 1-30). Mr. Borg addressed and sent the Forms to the United States Department of Health & Human Services ("HHS"). (Id. at 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30). Mr. Borg signed each of the Forms, "Scott E. Borg for...." (Id.). On one of the Forms, the word "Attorneys" was included next to Mr. Borg's law firm name. (Id. at 8). The "Amount of Claim" for "Wrongful Death" was listed on each Form as "$10,000,000.00." (Id.). The Forms described the medical care that Mr. Kinlichee received in the CCHCF ED, the events at the time of Mr. Kinlichee's death, and the allegation that negligent care led to his death. (Id. at 3-4, 8-9, 13-14, 18-19, 23-24, 28-29). On May 24, 2010, HHS stamped the Forms as "Received." (Id.).
From May through December of 2010, HHS sent three letters to Mr. Borg, as well as a fourth letter on March 7, 2011. (Doc. 45-1 at 32-33, 35-36, 39, 42-43). The first letter requested additional information from Mr. Borg, including a letter of representation. (Id. at 32-33). The next three letters reminded Mr. Borg to send HHS the requested information. (Id. at 35-36, 39, 42-43). Each of the four letters contained a warning that under 45 C.F.R. § 35.4(d), HHS could deem Mr. Borg's clients' claims abandoned if the requested information was not received within three months. (Id. at 32-33, 35-36, 39, 42-43). Each of the four letters was addressed to "Scott Borg, Esq.," and referred to "your clients' claims" in the first sentence. (Id. at 32, 35, 39, 42).
On March 14, 2011, approximately ten months after HHS marked the Forms as
On May 26, 2011, HHS sent Mr. Borg a fifth letter. (Doc. 59 at 1). HHS addressed the letter to "Scott E. Borg, Esquire." (Id.). The letter stated that it was a "notice of final determination on the claim," and informed Mr. Borg that because his clients filed a lawsuit, their claims made to HHS were denied. (Id.).
On June 22, 2012, the Family Court of the Navajo Nation in Chinle, Arizona entered its "Order Validating Navajo Common Law Adoption." (Doc. 52-1 at 1-10). That Navajo Nation court order established Mr. Kinlichee as Ms. Davis's adoptive father. (Id. at 10). The order was posthumous (as to Mr. Kinlichee) and retroactive to 2003. (Id.).
On June 11, 2012, Defendant filed the pending Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' wrongful death claims. (Doc. 47). On June 28, 2012, Mr. Borg filed a Response on behalf of Plaintiffs. (Doc. 52). On July 9, 2012, Defendant filed a Reply. (Doc. 56).
In its Motion to Dismiss, Defendant makes two arguments for why the Court should dismiss Plaintiffs' claims. (Doc. 47 at 2-3). First, Defendant argues that all of Plaintiffs' wrongful death claims should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). (Id. at 2). Second, Defendant argues that Ms. Davis's wrongful death claim should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because she lacks standing to be a plaintiff. (Id. at 2-3).
Rule 12(b) (1) "allows litigants to seek the dismissal of an action from federal court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction." Tosco Corp. v. Comtys. for a Better Env't, 236 F.3d 495, 499 (9th Cir.2001). Allegations raised under Rule 12(b)(1) should be addressed before other reasons for dismissal because if the complaint is dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, other defenses raised become moot. See Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 1350, 209-10 (1990).
"The party asserting jurisdiction [i.e., Plaintiff] has the burden of proving all jurisdictional facts." Indus. Tectonics, Inc. v. Aero Alloy, 912 F.2d 1090, 1092 (9th Cir.1990) (citing McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189, 56 S.Ct. 780, 80 L.Ed. 1135 (1936)). In effect, the court presumes lack of jurisdiction until the plaintiff proves otherwise. Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir.1989).
An allegation of lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time by the parties or the court. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss "for lack of subject matter jurisdiction may either attack the allegations of the complaint or may be made as a `speaking motion' attacking the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in fact." Thornhill Publ'g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elecs., 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir.1979).
In resolving a "speaking motion" or "factual attack" under Rule 12(b)(1), the court is not limited to the allegations in the pleadings if the jurisdictional issue is separable from the merits of the case. Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir. 1987). Instead, the court may view evidence outside the record, and no presumptive truthfulness is due to the complaint's allegations that bear on the subject matter jurisdiction of the court. Augustine
Defendant argues that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over all of Plaintiffs' claims because Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies with HHS before filing their wrongful death claims in Federal court. (Doc. 47 at 2).
Generally, the United States is immune from suit unless it expressly consents to be sued. See United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 608, 110 S.Ct. 1361, 108 L.Ed.2d 548 (1990). The Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA") constitutes a limited waiver of this sovereign immunity and it must be strictly construed. McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 111, 113 S.Ct. 1980, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993). The FTCA,
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) (2012). The purpose of the FTCA is for a government agency (potentially liable to an injured party) to evaluate and/or settle the injured party's claim at an early stage and before a lawsuit is filed in Federal court. 73 A.L.R. Fed. 338 (West 2012) (quoting 1966 U.S.Code Congressional and Administrative News 2516). This enables evaluation of the claim by the agency possessing the best information about the incident, eases court congestion, and prevents unnecessary litigation. Id.
The FTCA provides for this waiver of sovereign immunity and allows a tort claimant to sue the United States in Federal court only after the claimant exhausts his administrative remedies with the Federal agency that is responsible for the injury. Johnson v. United States, 704 F.2d 1431, 1442 (9th Cir.1983) (citations omitted); Caton v. United States, 495 F.2d 635, 638 (9th Cir.1974). The Congressional prerequisite that a claimant exhaust his administrative remedies before suing the United States is found in 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). This statute provides,
28 U.S.C. § 2675(a) (2012) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has said that § 2675(a) means that Congress intended to require complete exhaustion of other remedies before allowing an injured party to invoke the judicial process. McNeil, 508 U.S. at 112, 113 S.Ct. 1980.
In § 2675(a), Congress prescribed two requirements for a claimant to exhaust
This case is a tort claim against the United States because it involves wrongful death medical malpractice allegations against a hospital operated by HHS, a Federal agency. (Doc. 1 at 1); § 2675(a). Thus, under the FTCA, this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' claims only if they exhausted their administrative remedies before filing the Complaint in this Court. § 2675(a). Plaintiffs exhausted their administrative remedies only if they fulfilled the requirements of (1) presentment (to HHS), and (2) final denial (from HHS). Id. Therefore, this Court must dismiss the Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction unless Plaintiffs properly presented their claims to, and received a final denial from, HHS. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1).
Accordingly, the Court considers whether Plaintiffs fulfilled the requirements of presentment and final denial.
Defendant argues that this Court should dismiss all of Plaintiffs claims for a failure to properly present their claims to HHS. (Doc. 47 at 1-2, 10-13). Defendant alleges that the claims were not properly presented because Mr. Borg did not provide HHS with the "evidence of [his] authority" to represent Plaintiffs that HHS requested. (Id. at 2, 10). The parties disagree whether "evidence of authority" is an element necessary for proper presentment. (Doc. 47 at 9-19; Doc. 52 at 2-14). Thus, the Court must decide if "evidence of authority" is a necessary element.
A tort claimant must properly present his injury claim to the responsible Federal agency in order to exhaust his administrative remedies and become entitled to the jurisdiction of a Federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). Congress has the power to create such a jurisdictional requirement. U.S. Const. art 3, § 1. Congress mandated only two elements necessary for proper presentment of a claim: (1) notice (to the agency) and (2) a sum certain (as to damages). § 2675(a). Congress did not include "evidence of authority" as an element necessary for presentment. See Id. "Evidence of authority" is an additional element for presentment promulgated by the Department of Justice ("DOJ"), including the Attorney General. See infra, 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(a) (2012). The Constitution did not grant the DOJ, including the Attorney General, the same power to create a jurisdictional requirement that it granted to Congress. See U.S. Const. art. 3, § 1.
However, Defendant contends that Congress gave the Attorney General power to create a jurisdictional element for presentment. (Doc. 47 at 11-12). Defendant argues that Congress gave the Attorney General this power when Congress said that a Federal agency has authority to settle tort claims presented against it "
28 C.F.R. § 14.2(a) (emphasis added).
Therefore, Defendant relies on a combination of Congressional and DOJ requirements to argue that more than notice and a sum certain — in particular, "evidence of authority" — is required for properly presenting a tort claim to a Federal agency. (Doc. 47 at 10-12). Defendant combines 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a) (properly presenting a claim requires notice to the agency and a sum certain as to damages), 28 U.S.C. § 2672 (an agency has authority to settle claims against it "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Attorney General"), and 28 C.F.R. § 14.2(a) (properly presenting a claim requires notice, a sum certain, title or legal capacity of the person signing, and "evidence of [signer's] authority" to represent the claimant). Therefore, Defendant alleges that under this combination of Congressional and DOJ requirements, Plaintiffs' claims to HHS were inadequately presented because Mr. Borg did not provide the "evidence of authority" that HHS requested. (Doc. 47 at 10).
Contrary to Defendant's combined use of § 2672, § 2675, and § 14.2(a), Plaintiffs argue that Congress did not delegate authority to the Attorney General to create jurisdictional hurdles under the FTCA. (Doc. 52 at 8). Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Borg properly presented their claims to HHS because only Congress can create a jurisdictional requirement, Congress requires only notice and a sum certain, and Mr. Borg provided notice and a sum certain to HHS. (Doc. 52 at 2-3, 5); § 2675(a). Therefore, Plaintiffs maintain that they exhausted their administrative remedies, and are entitled to this Court's jurisdiction over their claims. Id.
Defendant argues that a 1987 DOJ revision to the Attorney General's regulations confirms that more than notice and a sum certain are required for presentment, exhaustion, and jurisdiction. (Doc 47 at 11-14). In 1987, the DOJ revised former 28 C.F.R. § 14.3(e) and converted it to § 14.2(a). 52 Fed. Reg. 7411 (Mar. 11, 1987). The 1987 DOJ amendment added the words, "
The Court resolves the parties' dispute over the elements necessary for presentment by looking to the Circuit Courts of Appeals.
For decades, the Circuit Courts of Appeals have disagreed about the elements necessary for proper presentment and thus, exhaustion of administrative remedies and Federal court jurisdiction. See generally Swift v. United States, 614 F.2d 812 (1st Cir.1980) cf. Adams v. United States, 615 F.2d 284 (5th Cir.1980) and Blair v. IRS, 304 F.3d 861 (9th Cir.2002)
Before 1987, the Circuit Courts of Appeals disagreed about whether the Attorney General's presentment requirements in then § 14.3(e) (now § 14.2(a)) are jurisdictional. See Swift, 614 F.2d at 814 cf. Adams, 615 F.2d at 287-88. In Swift, the First Circuit Court of Appeals held that when an attorney failed to provide an agency with additional information that the agency requested, the attorney interfered with the claim's review process, failed to exhaust his client's administrative remedies, and was properly denied Federal court jurisdiction. 614 F.2d at 814. Conversely, in Adams, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held that failure to provide information required by the Attorney General in § 14.3(e) — e.g., "evidence of authority" — did not preclude Federal court jurisdiction because the Attorney General cannot promulgate a jurisdictional requirement.
In 1982, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals took a position in the split by directly addressing the conflict between Swift and Adams. Avery v. United States, 680 F.2d 608, 609-10 (9th Cir.1982). In Avery, the Court of Appeals expressly adopted Adams, the majority view among the Circuit Courts of Appeals, that only the notice and a sum certain required by § 2675(a) are jurisdictional. Id. at 610. In Avery, two injured plaintiffs made administrative claims and then failed to provide the supporting information that was requested by the agency (medical records, bills, etc.). Id. at 609-10. Both plaintiffs filed lawsuits without providing the information. Id. The lower courts dismissed the plaintiffs' cases for lack of jurisdiction due to a failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Id. In Avery, and relying upon the legislative history for § 2675(a) — which is unquestionably jurisdictional — the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals chose the Adams interpretation that the Attorney General's additional requirements in § 14.3(e) (now § 14.2(a)) are not jurisdictional. Id.
However, before 1987, there was a split within the Ninth Circuit as well. In Warren v. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, 724 F.2d 776 (9th Cir.1984) (en banc), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals resolved the disagreement between House v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 573 F.2d 609 (9th Cir.1978) and Graves v. United States Coast Guard, 692 F.2d 71 (9th Cir.1982). Warren, 724 F.2d at 776.
The House court upheld dismissal of multiple complaints after a mine fire because claimants' representatives did not provide "evidence of authority." 573 F.2d at 609, 617. The court found that failure to provide "evidence of authority" precluded administrative remedies exhaustion and, thus, Federal court jurisdiction. Id. The court deemed "evidence of authority" to be a jurisdictional requirement. Id.
Conversely, the Graves court found that the holding in House was dicta only and that failure to provide "evidence of authority" precluded neither exhaustion nor jurisdiction. 692 F.2d at 74, 75. The Graves court also noted that the attorney in that case wrote "Attorney for ..." on his client's claim. Id. at 74. The court said this was significant because an attorney's appearance on behalf of his client "raises a presumption that the attorney has the authority to act on that [client's] behalf." Id. (citations omitted).
Some of the Circuit Courts of Appeals agree with Defendant that the DOJ's 1987 change to § 14.3(e) made the additional elements in the new § 14.2(a) — including "evidence of authority" — jurisdictional requirements for presentment and exhaustion. See e.g., Mader v. United States, 654 F.3d 794 (8th Cir.2011). Defendant points to the Mader opinion to support its view that the additional § 14.2(a) elements — including "evidence of authority" — are jurisdictional requirements for presentment. Id. at 804; (Doc. 47 at 13-14). Defendant uses Mader to support its view that "evidence of authority" is jurisdictional because § 2672 says that an agency has power to settle a § 2675(a) claim "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Attorney General." (Id.); 654 F.3d at 84. Mader also contains a lengthy dissent, which is in line with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals majority opinion in Warren. Id. at 808-19.
Defendant argues that Warren is distinguishable from Mader because Warren was decided before the 1987 DOJ change to the Code of Federal Regulations and because significant cases that disagree with Warren were decided after 1987. (Doc. 47 at 11-13); See e.g., Mader, 654 F.3d 794. Defendant further relies on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals opinion in Kanar v. United States, 118 F.3d 527, 528, 529-30 (7th Cir.1997) (holding that an administrative claim has four elements for presentment (notice, a sum certain, title/capacity of person signing, and "evidence of authority") rather than the two elements found in Warren (minimal notice and a sum certain)). (Doc. 47 at 11-12).
Without question, after 1987, the Circuit Courts of Appeals remain in disagreement as to whether the Attorney General's requirements in § 14.2(a) are jurisdictional. See e.g., Blair v. IRS, 304 F.3d 861, 865 (9th Cir.2002) cf. Mader v. United States, 654 F.3d 794 (8th Cir.2011). Defendant asks the Court to compare Vacek v. United States Postal Service, 447 F.3d 1248 (9th Cir.2006) with Warren in an attempt to show that after 1987, there continues to be disagreement within the Ninth Circuit over whether the § 14.2(a) elements (e.g., "evidence of authority") are jurisdictional. (Doc. 47 at 12); Warren, 724 F.2d 776.
Unlike this case, Vacek addressed whether the mailbox rule applies to FTCA claim presentment, i.e. whether notice sent, but not received, was adequately presented. 447 F.3d at 1251. Vacek did not address whether the additional § 14.2(a) elements were necessary for presentment. Id. Defendant's use of Vacek is not persuasive in this case. Additionally, of note, is the fact that Vacek states,
Vacek, 447 F.3d at 1251 (quoting Jerves v. United States, 966 F.2d 517, 521 (9th Cir. 1992)) (emphasis added).
The problem with Defendant's reliance on the minority Circuits and the Warren dissent, is that even after 1987, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has continued to affirm the holding in Warren. See e.g., Blair v. IRS, 304 F.3d 861, 865 (9th Cir. 2002) (confirming Warren and holding that per § 2675(a) only notice and a sum certain are jurisdictional elements of presentment, and that the additional elements found in § 14.2(a) are instructional only); and Goodman v. United States, 298 F.3d 1048, 1055 (9th Cir.2002) (relying upon Warren and Avery and holding that only notice and a sum certain are jurisdictional elements for presentment). Likewise, the Arizona District Courts have continually followed Warren and Avery after 1987. See e.g., Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Cmty. v. United States, 266 F.R.D. 375 (D.Ariz.2010); White v. United States, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 92822, 25-27 (D.Ariz.2012).
Defendant argues that the lower courts within the Ninth Circuit have struggled to apply the § 14.2(a) requirements as being non jurisdictional, and says that therefore, the Warren court's reasoning is irreconcilable with the practical effect of its decision. (Doc. 47 at 14-15). This is not persuasive for two reasons. First, the cases that Defendant cited in this regard occurred before Warren was decided. (Id.). Second, in one of the cases Defendant cited, Triplett v. United States, 501 F.Supp. 118 (D.Nev.1980), the court relied upon House, which Warren expressly overruled. (Id.); Warren, 724 F.2d at 780.
This wrongful death case lies in the Ninth Circuit. (Doc. 1). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has made clear, both before and after 1987, its position that only the elements for presentment in § 2675(a) (notice and a sum certain) are jurisdictional and that the additional elements in § 14.2(a) (e.g., "evidence of authority") are instructional only. See Warren, 724 F.2d 776; Avery, 680 F.2d 608; Graves, 692 F.2d 71; Blair, 304 F.3d 861; and Goodman, 298 F.3d 1048.
Mr. Borg met the § 2675(a) elements of notice and a sum certain because he completed the Standard Forms 95 for notice, included information sufficient for HHS to investigate, and furnished on each Form a sum certain of $10,000,000 as to damages. (Doc. 52 at 3-4, 8-9, 13-14, 18-19, 23-24, 28-29). Thus, Plaintiffs' claims presentment to HHS was consistent with the jurisdictional elements for presentment recognized by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Additionally, even if the Court of Appeals considered "evidence of authority" jurisdictional, Mr. Borg provided such evidence for two reasons. First, like Graves, Mr. Borg appeared on behalf of his clients in several ways. 692 F.2d at 74 (citations omitted). Mr. Borg provided an address on the claim Forms, which contained the name of his law firm. (Doc. 45 at 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28). Also, much like Graves, Mr. Borg wrote "attorneys" next to the name of his law firm on one of the Standard Forms 95 and he signed each Form, "Scott E. Borg for ...." (Id.); 692 F.2d at 74. Second, HHS acknowledged Mr. Borg's authority to represent the Plaintiffs. HHS acknowledged Mr. Borg's authority when it addressed several letters to "Scott E. Borg, Esq.," included Mr. Borg's law firm name in the address, and referenced "your
For these reasons, the Court finds that Mr. Borg satisfied the elements for presentment required by § 2675(a) and thus, exhausted Plaintiffs' administrative remedies. Therefore, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction and denies Defendant's Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1).
In addition to presentment, in § 2675(a), Congress also required final denial. § 2675(a). That is, a claimant must properly present his claim to the responsible Federal agency and receive a final denial of that claim in order to exhaust his administrative remedies and receive Federal court jurisdiction over the claim. Id. Defendant did not allege that Plaintiffs failed to obtain a final denial of the claim. (Doc. 47). However, because § 2675(a) makes final denial a jurisdictional requirement, the Court briefly raises it sua sponte.
A claimant may opt to consider a claim denied if the federal agency to which the claim was presented does not provide a final disposition in writing within six months after presentment. § 2675(a). Also, an agency may deem an administrative claim abandoned, and "thereupon disallowed," if within three months after requesting additional information from a claimant, the information is not provided. § 35.4(d). In several letters, HHS provided Mr. Borg with this § 35.4(d) warning. (Doc. 45-1 at 33, 35, 39, 43). Yet, there is no evidence that HHS ever disallowed Plaintiffs' claims for a failure to provide additional information. Thus, the Court finds that HHS did not deem the claims abandoned.
Additionally, although Plaintiffs did not receive a final denial from HHS before filing the Complaint, Plaintiffs waited more than six months (and in fact, waited approximately ten months) after presentment before filing the Complaint. (Doc. 45-1 at 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28; Doc. 1). Although Plaintiffs did not send the additional information requested by HHS during that ten month wait, the jurisdictional requirements of § 2675(a) were met. Therefore, six months after providing the notice and a sum certain required by § 2675(a), Plaintiffs were entitled to deem their claims denied. § 2675(a). That the jurisdictional requirements were met is additionally supported by the fifth letter that HHS sent to Mr. Borg after the Complaint was filed. (Doc. 59). The letter acknowledged that because the Complaint was filed, the claim was denied. (Id.).
The Court finds that because Plaintiffs waited more than six months after presentment and before filing the Complaint in this Court, Plaintiffs satisfied the final denial requirement of § 2675(a). Consequently, Plaintiffs have met both the presentment and the final denial requirements of § 2675(a) and have exhausted their administrative remedies before filing the Complaint. The Court denies Defendant United States' Motion to Dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1).
Defendant makes a second and alternative argument that this Court lacks jurisdiction over Ms. Davis's claims because she does not have standing to be a party. (Doc. 47 at 2-3). Defendant alleges that Ms. Davis does not have standing because she was neither the biological nor the legally adopted daughter of Mr. Kinlichee. (Id. at 1, 19). Defendant states that the Native American common law adoption order obtained by Ms. Davis in Navajo Family Court fails to provide her with a legal
Standing is an "irreducible constitutional minimum" for bringing a case into court. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). Standing pertains to a Federal court's subject matter jurisdiction under Article III of the U.S. Constitution, and it is properly raised in a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1). White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir.2000) (citations omitted).
It is undisputed that Ms. Davis is a Navajo and that Mr. Kinlichee was as well. (Doc. 52-1 at 1-2). It is undisputed that the alleged negligence in this case occurred within the Navajo Nation. (Doc. 1 at 1-2). It is undisputed that Ms. Davis obtained an order in the Family Court of the Navajo Nation validating her Navajo common law adoption by Mr. Kinlichee. (Doc. 52-1 at 1-10). Although the adoption was posthumous as to Mr. Kinlichee and retroactive to 2003, the Navajo court granted the adoption. See (Doc. 52-1 at 1, 10).
Additionally, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that a state must give full faith and credit to adoption decrees issued by the tribal court of a Native American sovereign. Venetie I.R.A. Council v. Alaska, 944 F.2d 548, 562 (9th Cir. 1991). There is no issue known to the Court, or raised here, suggesting that the Navajo Nation lacks the status of a Native American sovereign, and its tribal court granted Ms. Davis an adoption order. If Ms. Davis had been legally adopted by Mr. Kinlichee in another state, and then became a tort plaintiff in the District of Arizona, that adoption likely would not be questioned, or legally analyzed for its merits, before Ms. Davis would be granted standing. Accordingly, this Court must recognize the order of the Navajo court validating Mr. Kinlichee's adoption of Ms. Davis.
Therefore, as to Ms. Davis, the Court denies Defendant's Motion to Dismiss for lack of standing.
Based on the foregoing,
