[DO NOT PUBLISH]




             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________   ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     APRIL 21, 2008
                                                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                            No. 07-13585
                                                       CLERK
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                          BIA No. A95-914-314

FNU SUWARJO,


                                                             Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                             Respondent.

                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________

                             (April 21, 2008)


Before BLACK, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       FNU Suwarjo petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(BIA’s) decision to affirm the Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) order of removal and

denial of Suwarjo’s claims for asylum and withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), and relief under the United Nations

Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (CAT).1 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158, 1231(b)(3), 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.16. Suwarjo contends: (1) we have jurisdiction to review the IJ’s finding

that Suwarjo’s asylum application was untimely and did not qualify for an

exception to the timeliness requirement because the BIA and IJ violated Suwarjo’s

right to due process, and (2) substantial evidence does not support the IJ’s finding

that Suwarjo failed to establish eligibility for withholding of removal. After

review, we deny Suwarjo’s petition.

                                  I. DISCUSSION

       When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, except to the

extent the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 

, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). To the extent the Board adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we

review the IJ’s decision as well. 

the Board followed the

reasoning of the IJ with comment, we review both the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions.

       1
          Although the IJ and the BIA denied relief under the CAT, Suwarjo did not raise the
issue in his petition. Thus, he abandoned that claim. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005).
                                                 2
A. Timeliness

       “We review questions of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo.” Brooks v.

Ashcroft, 

, 1272 (11th Cir. 2002). Pursuant to 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(3), “[n]o court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination of the

Attorney General” regarding the timeliness of an asylum application. In order to

apply for asylum, an alien must “demonstrate[ ] by clear and convincing evidence

that the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival

in the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). An untimely application may be

permitted, however, if the alien “demonstrates . . . either the existence of changed

circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or

extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application.” 8

U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).

       The REAL ID Act of 2005 added a new provision instructing that “[n]othing

in . . . any other provision of this chapter . . . which limits or eliminates judicial

review, shall be construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or

questions of law” raised in a petition for review. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). We

held, however, the changes implemented by the REAL ID Act did not alter the

effect of § 1158(a)(3) as it relates to our jurisdiction to review the timeliness of an

asylum application, and we were without jurisdiction to review “whether an alien

complied with the one-year time limit or established . . . circumstances that would
                                             3
excuse his untimely filing.” Chacon-Botero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 957

(11th Cir.2005) (quotation omitted).

       The BIA and the IJ both explained why Suwarjo did not qualify for the

changed-circumstances exception to the one-year filing requirement, and thus there

was no due process violation. Whether circumstances in Indonesia have changed

is an inquiry this Court lacks jurisdiction to review. See 

dismiss the petition as to Suwarjo’s asylum claim for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction.

B. Withholding of Removal

       When evaluating a petition to review a decision by the BIA to deny an

application for withholding of removal, we review findings of fact under the

“substantial evidence test,” and must affirm the decision “if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005)

(quotation omitted). We review the record evidence in the light most favorable to

the agency’s decision and may not overturn findings of fact unless the record

compels it. 

       An alien seeking withholding of removal under the INA must show his “life

or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”
                                           4
8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To do so, he must demonstrate “he more-likely-than-not

would be persecuted or tortured upon his return to the country in question.”

Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). In addition,

there must be a nexus between the persecution and the protected activity, i.e., the

persecution must because of the victim’s protected characteristic. See Rodriguez

Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 890 (11th Cir. 2007) (discussing “nexus”

in the context of an asylum claim).

      Once an alien establishes past persecution in his country based on a

protected ground,

      it is presumed that his life or freedom would be threatened upon his
      return to his country unless the INS [or DHS] shows by a
      preponderance of the evidence that, among other things, (1) the
      country’s conditions have changed such that the applicant’s life or
      freedom would no longer be threatened upon his removal; or (2) that
      the alien could avoid a future threat to his life or freedom by
      relocating to another part of the country of removal, and it would be
      reasonable to expect him to do so.

. “An alien who has not shown past persecution,

though, may still be entitled to withholding of removal if he can demonstrate a

future threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his country.” 

must present “specific, detailed facts showing a good reason

to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution on account of [a statutory

factor].” Al 

(considering asylum claim) (quotations

                                           5
omitted). An applicant may also sustain his burden of proof without showing that

he would be singled out for persecution in his home country if:

      (i) The applicant establishes that in that country there is a pattern or
      practice of persecution of a group of persons similarly situated to the
      applicant on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
      particular social group, or political opinion; and

      (ii) The applicant establishes his or her own inclusion in and
      identification with such group of persons such that it is more likely
      than not that his or her life or freedom would be threatened upon
      return to that country.

8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2) (withholding of removal). Furthermore, while the INA

does not define persecution, this Court recognizes “persecution is an extreme

concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or

intimidation, and that mere harassment does not amount to persecution.”

(quotations omitted).

      Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s decision that Suwarjo was

not entitled to withholding of removal under the INA. First, the record supports

the conclusion that Suwarjo failed to demonstrate he suffered past persecution.

Suwarjo did not show a nexus between the robbery and assaults and his ethnicity

because they appear to be common criminal acts based upon his vulnerability, not

his ethnicity. Even assuming Suwarjo was able to establish a sufficient nexus

between the robberies and assaults and his ethnicity, the record does not compel a

conclusion the robberies and assaults were extreme acts amounting to persecution.
                                          6
Suwarjo also testified he was afraid and unable to return home during the 1998

riots, and he had to obtain government documents stating he was of Chinese

descent. While unpleasant, the discrimination and harassment of which Suwarjo

complains was not extreme mistreatment. See 

.

      As Suwarjo has not established past persecution, he is not entitled to a

presumption of a well-founded fear of persecution. As suggested above, the

incidents on which Suwarjo relies to sustain his burden of proof do not compel the

conclusion he more likely than not will be persecuted if he returns to Indonesia.

Additionally, Suwarjo’s parents and siblings continue to live in Indonesia, and

beyond the single incident concerning his sister in 1998, the record does not

contain any evidence that his family suffered harm in that country. The fact

Suwarjo’s family has lived unharmed in Indonesia for several years undermines his

claim there is a pattern and practice of persecuting similarly situated individuals in

Indonesia. See Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y. Gen., 

, 1259 (11th Cir. 2006)

(concluding an alien did not establish a well-founded fear where, among other

things, his family continued to live in Colombia without incident). Further,

although various news articles support Suwarjo’s testimony regarding the violence

and prejudice against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, the 2005 Country Report

indicates instances of discrimination and racially motivated harassment against

ethnic Chinese Indonesians declined compared with previous years, which suggests
                                           7
the government is not unwilling or unable to protect Suwarjo. See 

IJ may “rely heavily” upon State Department country reports). In addition, the

assertion the Indonesian government is considering to institute economic policies

that disfavor ethnic Chinese does not amount to an extreme act that could be

considered persecution. See 

.

      The record does not compel us to conclude Suwarjo suffered past

persecution or that it is more likely than not he will suffer persecution if returned to

Indonesia. Accordingly, we deny Suwarjo’s petition as to his claim for

withholding of removal because substantial evidence supports the findings of the

BIA and the IJ.

                                 II. CONCLUSION

      We lack jurisdiction to review whether Suwarjo was eligible to apply for

asylum. Additionally, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s conclusion

that Suwarjo did not qualify for withholding of removal.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




                                           8