MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

KATHRYN H. VRATIL, District Judge.

Under the laws of 26 states (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Virginia), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam, plaintiffs allege various claims based on defendants' practice of selling motor fuel for a specified price per gallon without disclosing or adjusting for temperature, and without disclosing the effect of temperature on motor fuel.1 On February 17, 2016, Magistrate Judge Teresa J. James issued a report and recommendations regarding plaintiffs' request for attorneys' fees under 29 class action settlements.2 See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892). This matter comes before the Court on the Alcon And Frank Objectors' Objection To Report And Recommendation ("Alcon And Frank Objection") (Doc. #4893), Defendant Costco Wholesale Corporation's Objections To Report And Recommendations Of Magistrate On Plaintiffs' Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards ("Costco Objection") (Doc. #4894) and Plaintiffs' Partial Objection To Magistrate's February 17, 2016 Report And Recommendation ("Plaintiffs' Partial Objection") (Doc. #4895), all filed March 2, 2016. For reasons stated below, the Court sustains plaintiffs' objection and overrules the other objections.

I. Legal Standards

A. De Novo Review

In reviewing the magistrate judge report and recommendations, the Court treats plaintiffs' motions for attorneys' fees as dispositive in nature. See Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Bath, Case No. 90-8083, 1992 WL 113746, at *2 (10th Cir. May 27, 1992); Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(2)(D) (court may refer motion for attorneys' fees to magistrate judge as if it were dispositive pretrial matter). Therefore, the Court reviews de novo those portions of the magistrate report and recommendations to which the parties object. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). In conducting a de novo review, the Court must consider relevant evidence of record and not merely review the magistrate judge recommendation. In re Griego, 64 F.3d 580, 584 (10th Cir. 1995). When ruling on objections to magistrate judge findings and recommendations, the Court may receive further evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). Whether to receive additional evidence is committed to the Court's sound discretion. See Henderson v. Echostar Commc'ns Corp., No. 05-1473, 172 F. App'x 892, 895 (10th Cir. 2006).

B. Attorneys' Fees

Under Rule 23(h), Fed. R. Civ. P., in a certified class action the Court may award reasonable attorneys' fees and nontaxable costs which are authorized by law or the parties' agreement. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h).3 The Court has broad authority in awarding attorneys' fees in class actions. See Law v. Nat'l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n, No. 99-3355, 4 F. App'x. 749, 751 (10th Cir. 2001). When a settlement creates a common fund or other common benefit, courts apply one of two methods to determine reasonable attorneys' fees: a percentage of the fund or the lodestar method.4 See Rosenbaum v. MacAllister, 64 F.3d 1439, 1445 (10th Cir. 1995). The Tenth Circuit applies a hybrid approach, which combines the percentage fee method with the specific factors traditionally used to calculate the lodestar, i.e. the factors listed in Johnson v. Ga. Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974).5 See Gottlieb v. Barry, 43 F.3d 474, 483 (10th Cir. 1994). The Court must articulate specific reasons which demonstrate the reasonableness of the fee award. See Brown v. Phillips Petrol. Co., 838 F.2d 451, 454 (10th Cir.1988).

II. Overview Of Class Settlements

The 29 settlement agreements fall into two categories: (1) five so-called "ATC Settlements" under which defendants agree to install automatic temperature compensation ("ATC") at retail motor fuel pumps in certain settlement states, i.e. conversion states; and (2) 24 so-called "Refiner Settlements" under which defendants agree to pay funds which will be allocated to each settlement state to reimburse retailers or wholesalers selling retail motor fuel for expenses incurred in installing ATC and/or for the state's department of weights and measures or other agency responsible for regulating retail motor fuel dispensers to use to defray some state costs of implementing ATC at retail. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To 28 Settlements] (Doc. #4851) at 6-29. The ATC Settlements are with Costco, Casey's, Dansk, Sam's Club and Valero. The Refiner Settlements are with BP, CITGO, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sinclair, B-B Oil, Chevron, Coulson Oil, Diamond State, E-Z Mart, Flash Market, G&M Oil, J&P Flash, Love's, M.M. Fowler, Magness Oil, Port Cities, Sunoco, Tesoro, Thorntons, United El Segundo, W. R. Hess and World Oil.

On April 24, 2012, the Court granted final approval of the Costco Settlement, i.e. the first ATC Settlement. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) filed April 24, 2012. Under the settlement, Costco agreed to pay any attorneys' fees and costs which the Court awards.6 See id. at 13; Memorandum And Order [Granting Preliminary Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #2118) filed September 11, 2011. The Court deferred the issue of attorneys' fees under the Costco Settlement pending finalization of all settlements, so as to fashion a total fee award which comprehensively and equitably addresses the factors articulated in Johnson. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 40.7

On August 21, 2015, the Court granted final approval of the remaining 28 settlements, i.e. four ATC Settlements and 24 Refiner Settlements. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To 28 Settlements] (Doc. #4851). Under the non-Costco ATC Settlements, subject to Court approval, defendants agreed to pay the following amounts for attorneys' fees:

See id. at 18 n.31.8

Under the Refiner Settlements, defendants agreed to not oppose attorneys' fees and litigation costs of up to 30 per cent of the settlement amounts. See id. at 16 n.26, 19-21. The settlement amounts are as follows:

Id. at 15-16, 19-21; see also Second Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards And Memorandum In Support Thereof ("Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements") (Doc. #4827) filed May 29, 2015 at 13-14.9

Under the Costco Settlement, plaintiffs ask the Court to determine reasonable attorneys' fees, litigation expenses and class representative incentive payments. See Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards And Memorandum In Support Thereof ("Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under Costco Settlement") (Doc. #1820) filed March 23, 2011.10 Under the remaining settlements, plaintiffs ask the Court to approve the amounts of attorneys' fees, expenses and class representative incentive payments to which the parties agreed. See Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements (Doc. #4827). To maximize the funds available for ATC conversion, plaintiffs do not seek attorneys' fees or expenses under those Refiner Settlements which involve funds less than $50,000.11 See id. at 4 n.4.

On November 19, 2015, the Court referred the motions for attorneys' fees to Magistrate Judge Teresa J. James for report and recommendation. See Doc. #4884. On the same day, Judge James held a hearing on the motions.

On February 17, 2016, Judge James issued her report and recommendations. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892). Judge James found that under all of the settlements, counsel are entitled to recover attorneys' fees and costs. See id. at 5. As to Costco, Judge James found that $3,800,000 constitutes a reasonable amount for attorneys' fees, expenses and class representative incentive payments. See id. at 25-33. As to the remaining settlements, Judge James found that the amounts to which the parties agreed are reasonable. See id. at 22-24. Specifically, under the non-Costco ATC Settlements, Judge James recommended total attorneys' fees of $7,758,000.12 See id. Under the Refiner Settlements, Judge James recommended total attorneys' fees of $7,189,800, broken down as follows:

See id. at 15, 36 n.113;13 Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements (Doc. #4827) filed May 29, 2015 at 13-14.14 The recommended fee awards include attorneys' fees, litigation expenses and class representative incentive payments. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 14.

On March 2, 2016, three separate parties or groups of parties — (1) the Alkon and Frank Objectors,15 (2) Costco and (3) plaintiffs — filed objections to the magistrate judge report and recommendations. See Alcon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893); Costco Objection (Doc. #4892); Plaintiffs' Partial Objection (Doc. #4895).

III. Analysis

A. Alcon And Frank Objection

The Alcon and Frank Objectors jointly object to the magistrate judge report and recommendations. See Alkon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893). Specifically, they assert that Judge James erred because (1) she did not focus on lack of benefit to the class, see id. at 6-10; (2) as to ATC Settlements, she should have placed a value of zero on the injunctive relief and calculated attorneys' fees based on the cash portion of the settlements, i.e. the amounts which defendants agreed to pay for attorneys' fees, see id. at 10-15; (3) as to Refiner Settlements, she should have calculated attorneys' fees based on a smaller percentage of gross settlement funds, see id. at 15-19; and (4) the Johnson factors do not justify the recommended fee amounts, see id. at 19-22.16

1. No Benefit To Class

The Alkon and Frank Objectors assert that Judge James erred because she did not account for the fact that the settlements provide little or no benefit to class members. See Alkon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893) at 6-10. This Court has found, however, and Judge James agreed, that the settlements provide real and substantial value to class members. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 21-22, 35. Specifically, by acquiring an option to purchase ATC fuel in conversion states, class members can achieve accuracy and consistency of fuel measurement for their fuel dollar, regardless of fuel temperature at the time of pumping. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 32-33. Without an ATC option, class members do not know whether they receive warm or cool fuel, i.e. whether they are receiving less or more energy per gallon. See id. at 33. On the same day at the same retail gas station, the temperature of dispensed fuel can vary throughout the day while the price per gallon remains the same. See id. (citation omitted). Thus, fuel purchasers at the same station on the same day can pay the same price per gallon and receive different amounts of energy content per gallon. See id. (citation omitted). Without ATC, fuel purchasers have no way to determine the temperature of the fuel which they purchase and therefore do not know whether they are receiving more or less energy content for their fuel dollar. See id. By gaining an option to purchase ATC fuel in conversion states, class members receive a material benefit — price transparency and fairness at the pump in knowing that they can get accuracy and consistency of fuel measurement for their fuel dollar, regardless of fuel temperature at the time of pumping. See id. Similarly, the Refiner Settlements benefit the class by providing funds to facilitate the implementation of ATC at motor fuel stations to help initiate a market transition to ATC. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Preliminary Approval To BP And Other Settlements] (Doc. #4464) filed November 20, 2012 at 9-10. The Court flatly rejects the assertion that the settlements provide little or no benefit to class members.

2. ATC Settlements

The Alkon and Frank Objectors assert that under the ATC Settlements, Judge James should have placed a value of zero on injunctive relief and calculated attorneys' fees based on the amounts which defendants agreed to pay for attorneys' fees. See Alkon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893) at 10-15. Specifically, they assert that the Court should consider the amounts which defendants agreed to pay for attorneys' fees as a "constructive common fund" and from that amount, award 25 per cent as attorneys' fees. Id. The Alcon and Frank Objectors do not explain how they came up with the proposed allocation.17 More importantly, the Alkon and Frank Objectors ignore the fact that the ATC Settlements provide class members material benefit, i.e. price transparency and fairness at the pump in knowing that they can get accuracy and consistency of fuel measurement for their fuel dollar, regardless of fuel temperature at the time of pumping. Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 33. Although the Court cannot quantify the benefit of ATC in dollars and cents, the settlements provide real and substantial value to the class.18 As discussed below, the Court finds that under the Johnson factors the recommended fees are reasonable.

3. Refiner Settlements

The Alkon and Frank Objectors assert that because the Refiner Settlements provide no money to class members, a fee of 30 per cent of gross settlement funds is excessive. See Alkon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893) at 15-19. They assert that Judge James should have recommended a fee award of no more than ten per cent of gross settlement amounts. See id. at 19. The Alcon and Frank Objectors do not explain how they came up with the proposed ten per cent allocation. Again, they ignore the fact that the Court has found that the Refiner Settlements provide class members substantial benefit. Specifically, combined with the ATC Settlements, the Refiner Settlements are designed to help facilitate a market transition to ATC — the ultimate goal of this lawsuit and a material benefit to class members. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Preliminary Approval To BP And Other Settlements] (Doc. #4464) at 10. Moreover, because the recommended fee awards include litigation costs and class representative incentive payments, the effective percentage for attorneys' fees is closer to 23 per cent of gross settlement funds.19 As discussed below, the Court finds that under the Johnson factors the recommended fees are reasonable.

4. Johnson Factors

The Alkon and Frank Objectors assert that the factors set forth in Johnson do not justify the recommended fee awards. See Alkon And Frank Objection (Doc. #4893) at 19-22.20 As discussed below, the Court agrees with Judge James that under Johnson, the recommended attorneys' fees are reasonable. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 18-29.21

a. Refiner Settlements

Judge James recommended that under the Refiner Settlements, the Court award attorneys' fees of $7,189,800, including $1,556,640 in litigation expenses and class representative payments.22 After subtracting litigation expenses and class representative payments, the recommended amount for attorneys' fees equals $5,633,160,23 or approximately 23 per cent of the gross settlement fund.24 See id. As discussed below, the Court finds that under Johnson, the recommended fees under the Refiner Settlements are reasonable.

As to the first factor, i.e. time and labor required, counsel have devoted more than nine years to this litigation. Counsel assert that in total they have spent over 150,000 hours on the MDL — time which they value at more than $55 million.25 See Declaration Of Robert Horn ¶¶ 1, 4, Exhibit 2 to Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements (Doc. #4827). In addition, after appeals are resolved, counsel will spend up to seven additional years to monitor and/or administer settlement funds. See, e.g., Memorandum And Order [Granting Preliminary Approval To Dansk Settlement] (Doc. #4424) at 9. Under the Refiner Settlements, after paying litigation expenses and class representative fees, counsel will receive $5,633,160 — close to 10 per cent of their estimated value of time spent on the case.26 See, e.g., Kay Co. v. Equitable Prod. Co., 749 F.Supp.2d 455, 469-70 (S.D. W. Va. 2010) (in performing lodestar cross check court may use counsel's estimate of hours working on case). On these facts, the Court concludes that the time and labor required support a finding that the recommended fee award is reasonable.

As to the second factor, i.e. novelty and difficulty of questions presented, this case involved novel questions that were difficult and complex. Plaintiffs asserted class claims which involved the law of 29 jurisdictions and complex liability and class certification issues. At every juncture, defendants raised procedural, jurisdictional, constitutional and substantive arguments and defenses such as the Perlman doctrine, equitable abstention, First Amendment concerns, Burford abstention, remand issues under Lexecon, the political question doctrine, the Cohen doctrine, primary jurisdiction, the Noerr-Pennington defense and preemption. See, e.g., Suggestion Of Remand And Final MDL Pretrial Order For Remanded Cases (Doc. #4671) filed November 15, 2013. Defendants initiated multiple proceedings before the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court and filed more than 250 dispositive motions which required a massive, coordinated effort by plaintiffs' counsel to respond. The novelty and difficulty of questions presented support that the recommended fee award is reasonable.

As to the third factor, i.e. skill requisite to perform the legal service properly, these proceedings required counsel to perform skills ranging from complex MDL case management and civil discovery to highly specialized appellate advocacy and class-action trial expertise. Plaintiffs' counsel performed these skills with utmost quality and professional expertise. The Court is confident that the class has benefitted from counsel's extraordinary efforts. The skill requisite to perform the legal service properly certainly compels a conclusion that the recommended fee award is reasonable.

As to the fourth factor, i.e. preclusion of other employment by the attorneys due to acceptance of the case, counsel assert that their commitment to this litigation severely limited their ability to pursue other cases. See Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements (Doc. #4827) at 11-12. The Court has no reason to doubt counsel's assertion.

As to the fifth factor, i.e. customary fee, courts routinely award attorneys' fees ranging from 20 to 30 per cent of settlement funds. See, e.g., Torres v. Pet Extreme, No. 1:13-cv-01778-LJO-SAB, 2015 WL 224752, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 15, 2015) (usual range for common fund attorneys' fees range from 20 to 30 per cent); In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig., 218 F.R.D. 508, 532-33 (E.D. Mich. 2003) (range of 20 to 30 per cent generally awarded in Sixth Circuit); Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 863 F.Supp. 1357, 1364 (D. Col. 1993) (accepted range between 20 to 30 per cent). Here, the effective percentage for attorneys' fees is 23 per cent, well within the customary range. See, e.g., Consumers Gas, 863 F. Supp. at 1364 (approving 24 per cent fee).

As to the sixth factor, i.e. whether the fee is fixed or contingent, counsel took the case on a contingency basis. In so doing, counsel performed an enormous task over the course of many years, some working almost full-time, with the expectation of receiving their fee solely upon obtaining an award for the class. Counsel spent millions of dollars out-of-pocket to pay litigation expenses and assumed a real risk of complete nonpayment.

As to the seventh factor, i.e time limitations imposed by the client or circumstances, this factor does not apply.

As to the eighth factor, i.e. the amount involved and results obtained, counsel negotiated the Refiner Settlements at a time when plaintiffs faced dim prospects of prevailing on their claims; they had lost at trial in the Kansas cases and on summary judgment in the California cases. See, e.g., Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To 28 Settlements] (Doc. #4851) at 41-42. Under the circumstances, counsel negotiated creative settlements designed to achieve the ultimate purpose of the lawsuit, i.e. to facilitate a market change to ATC. Under the circumstances, the amount involved and results obtained are significant. This factor supports a finding that the recommended fee award is reasonable.

As to the ninth factor, the Court is familiar with the experience, reputation and ability of plaintiffs' counsel and has no doubt that plaintiffs have immensely benefitted therefrom.

As to the tenth and eleventh factors, i.e. "undesirability" of the case and nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, these factors do not apply.

As to the twelfth factor, i.e. awards in similar cases, as discussed, a fee award of 23 per cent is similar to those routinely granted in cases involving class settlement funds. See, e.g., Kay, 749 F. Supp.2d at 466-67 (25 per cent benchmark common).

Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court finds that under Johnson, the recommended fee award for the Refiner Settlements is reasonable.

b. Non-Costco ATC Settlements

Judge James recommended that under the non-Costco ATC Settlements, the Court award attorneys' fees of $7,758,000, including $1,686,360 in litigation expenses and class representative payments. As discussed below, the Court finds that under Johnson, the recommended fees for the non-Costco ATC Settlements are reasonable.27

As to the first factor, i.e. time and labor required, counsel have devoted more than nine years to this litigation. Counsel estimate that they have spent over 150,000 hours working on the MDL, time which they value at more than $55 million. See Declaration Of Robert Horn ¶¶ 1, 4, Exhibit 2 to Motion For Attorneys' Fees Under 28 Settlements (Doc. #4827). In addition, after appeals are resolved, counsel will spend up to five additional years monitoring the installation of ATC under the settlements. See, e.g., Memorandum And Order [Granting Preliminary Approval To Dansk Settlement] (Doc. #4424) at 16-23. Under the non-Costco ATC Settlements, after paying litigation expenses and class representative fees, counsel will receive $6,071,640 — or about 11 per cent of their estimated value of time spent on the case.28 See, e.g., Kay, 749 F. Supp.2d at 469-70 (in performing lodestar cross check court may use counsel's estimate of hours working on case). On these facts, the Court finds that the time and labor required support a finding that the recommended fee award is reasonable.

As to the second, third and fourth factors, i.e. novelty and difficulty of questions presented, skill required to perform the legal service properly and preclusion of other employment, these factors support the recommended fee award for reasons stated with respect to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the fifth factor, i.e. customary fee, because the ATC Settlements provide injunctive relief which is difficult to quantify, the Court cannot determine whether the recommended fee awards are customary. The Court therefore does not apply this factor with regard to the non-Costco ATC Settlements.

As to the sixth factor, i.e. whether the fee is fixed or contingent, this factor supports the recommended fee award for reasons stated with respect to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the seventh factor, i.e any time limitations imposed by the client or circumstances, this factor does not apply.

As to the eighth factor, i.e. the amount involved and results obtained, counsel negotiated the non-Costco ATC Settlements at a time when plaintiffs faced dim prospects of prevailing on their claims; they had lost at trial in the Kansas cases and on summary judgment in the California cases. See, e.g., Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To 28 Settlements] (Doc. #4851) at 41-42. Under the circumstances, counsel achieved remarkable results: They convinced four defendants to install ATC motor fuel dispensers — the very relief which plaintiffs sought to achieve in these MDL proceedings. See id. at 30 (non-Costco ATC Settlements provide same relief which plaintiffs might obtain if they ultimately prevailed at trial). As noted, the ATC Settlements provide more value to the class than the Refiner Settlements. On these facts, the amount involved and results obtained support the recommended fee award.

As to the ninth factor, i.e. experience, reputation and ability of the attorneys, this factor supports the recommended fee award for reasons stated with regard to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the tenth and eleventh factors, i.e. "undesirability" of the case and nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, these factors do not apply.

As to the twelfth factor, the Court is not aware of any awards in similar cases. The Court notes, however, that it is making multiple fee awards in this case. As noted, compared to the Refiner Settlements, the ATC Settlements provide far more value to the class: the ATC Settlements provide the actual relief sought in the litigation, i.e. installation of ATC, whereas the Refiner Settlements provide funds to help facilitate a market transition to ATC. See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To 28 Settlements] (Doc. #4851) at 31-32. Indeed, the fact that some retailers have already agreed to install ATC greatly enhances the value of the Refiner Settlements and chances of success thereunder. See id. at 32 (considered together with ATC Settlements, Refiner Settlements reasonably calculated to initiate market transition to ATC). The total fees for the non-Costco ATC settlements are close to the same amount as the total fees for the Refiner Settlements, which are in line with customary fees for class action settlements. Under the circumstances, the Court finds that the recommended fees under the non-Costco ATC Settlements are reasonable.

Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court finds that under Johnson, the recommended fees for the non-Costco ATC Settlements are reasonable.

B. Costco Settlement

Under the Costco Settlement, Judge James recommended an attorneys' fee award of $3.8 million, including litigation expenses and class representative incentive payments. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 25-33. Costco objects to the magistrate judge recommendation on grounds that in determining the recommended fee award, Judge James (1) erroneously applied the common benefit exception to the American Rule, see Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 8-12; (2) erroneously applied a percentage-of-fund approach, see id. at 12-20; and (3) failed to perform a full lodestar analysis, see id. at 15-20. Costco also asserts that under Johnson, the recommended fee award of 3.8 million is unreasonably high. See id. at 18-20. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, object that the recommended fee is unreasonably low. See Plaintiffs' Partial Objection (Doc. #4895) at 1. Plaintiffs assert that a fee of $4 million is reasonable. See id.

1. Common Benefit Exception

Costco asserts that in determining reasonable attorneys' fees, Judge James erroneously applied the common benefit exception to the American Rule.29 The common benefit exception constitutes an equitable exception to the American Rule that absent a statute or enforceable contract, a prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled to collect attorneys' fees from the losing party. See Schell v. OXY USA Inc., 814 F.3d 1107, 1124-25 (10th Cir. 2016); Aguinaga v. United Food & Commercial Workers Int'l Union, 993 F.2d 1480, 1481-82 (10th Cir. 1993). Courts typically employ the exception to deduct attorneys' fees from a common fund, or to assess attorneys' fees from a defendant corporation in a shareholder derivative suit, to ensure that all fund recipients or shareholders contribute to the cost of litigation from which they benefitted. See Schell, 814 F.3d at 1126.

As noted, under the settlement agreement, Costco agreed to pay any attorneys' fees and costs which the Court awards.30 See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 13. In light of the parties' agreement, the Court need not find a common law exception to the American Rule in order to award attorneys' fees. Cf. Schell, 814 F.3d at 1125-26 (where no independent statutory or contractual basis for attorneys' fee award, determining whether common benefit exception applied). Rather, the Court need only determine a fee which is reasonable. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h); Wing v. Asarco Inc., 114 F.3d 986, 988 (9th Cir. 1997). The Court overrules Costco's objection on this ground.

2. Percentage-Of-Fund

Costco asserts that Judge James erroneously determined the amount of attorneys' fees based on a percentage-of-settlement fund method. See Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 12-15. The Court agrees that because no settlement fund exists and the Court cannot easily quantify the value of injunctive relief, the Court cannot determine attorneys' fees based on a percentage-of-settlement fund method. See Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 12-15. The Court disagrees, however, that Judge James determined her fee recommendation based on a percentage of any fund or other settlement value.31

Judge James found that the Costco Settlement confers substantial benefit to class members and that it is not possible to determine the value of that benefit. See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 12, 16. Noting that the Court had indicated that it would consider the Costco attorneys' fees in conjunction with attorneys' fees under the other settlements, Judge James looked to the non-Costco ATC Settlements to determine a reasonable amount. See id. at 26-29. Specifically, Judge James performed a "relative fee analysis." Id. at 28. She noted that the Costco Settlement is comparable to the settlements with Sam's Club and Valero, under which defendants agreed to pay $4 million and $3 million, respectively. See id. at 28. Based on this comparison, Judge James concluded that an award of $3.8 million is reasonable under the Costco Settlement. See id. at 29. Judge James also performed a lodestar cross-check to confirm that the recommended fee award of $3.8 million is reasonable. See id. at 30-33.

The approach which Judge James applied to determine a reasonable attorneys' fee is precisely the type of determination which the Court contemplated when it deferred considering the Costco fees until all settlements were finalized.32 See Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 39 (deferring Costco Settlement attorneys' fee award to fashion total fee award which comprehensively and equitably addresses Johnson factors). The Court overrules Costco's objection on this ground.

3. Lodestar

Costco asserts that Judge James erred because she did not engage in a full lodestar analysis. See Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 15-18. The Court disagrees. The Costco Settlement does not address how the Court should determine a reasonable fee. Under the circumstances, the Court has discretion to fashion a fee award under any method which is reasonable. See, e.g., Wing, 114 F.3d at 988. In so doing, the Court need not conduct a full-blown lodestar analysis. See, e.g., Rosenbaum, 64 F.3d at 1447 (in determining reasonable fees under settlement which provides common benefit to class, court need not follow approach of statutory fee cases); Brown, 838 F.2d at 456 (in determining reasonable fees under settlement which provides common fund which benefits class, court need not use lodestar formulation when reasonable fee is derived by giving greater weight to other Johnson factors).

In determining reasonable attorneys' fees, the essential goal "is to do rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection." Fox. v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011) (fee award under 42 U.S.C. § 1988). In this case, a complete lodestar analysis would require huge and burdensome satellite litigation.33 In light of the Court's nine-year history and understanding of the litigation, the Court believes that it can fairly and equitably determine a reasonable fee for the Costco Settlement by comparing it to reasonable attorneys' fees awarded under similar settlements and applying the Johnson factors. This approach is consistent with the Supreme Court's admonishment that a request for attorneys' fees "should not result in a second major litigation." Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (regarding fees to prevailing plaintiff under 42 U.S.C. § 1988). Under the circumstances, the Court declines to conduct a full-blown lodestar analysis.34 The Court overrules Costco's objection on this ground.

4. Johnson Factors

As noted, under the Costco Settlement, Judge James recommended a fee award of $3,800,000, including litigation expenses and $42,000 in class representative payments.35 See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 18-29. Costco asserts that under the Johnson factors and totality of circumstances, the recommended fee award is unreasonably high. See Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 18-20. Plaintiffs assert that the recommended fee is unreasonably low and urge the Court to increase it to $4,000,000. See Plaintiffs' Partial Objection (Doc. #4895) at 1. For reasons stated below, the Court agrees with plaintiffs that under Johnson, $4,000,000 is a reasonable fee.36

As to the first factor, i.e. time and labor required, because plaintiffs reached a settlement with Costco three years before the other settlements, counsel spent less time and labor litigating their claims against Costco compared to the other defendants. As noted, plaintiffs and Costco agreed to settle their claims in April of 2009 and obtained final approval in April of 2012. The other defendants agreed to settle in April of 2012 and obtained final approval in August of 2015. In April of 2011, plaintiffs claimed that they had spent 2,200 hours on Costco-specific time, which they valued at over $1,000,000.37 In addition, plaintiffs asserted that they had spent 65,000 hours of common joint time in the MDL proceedings which they valued at over $23,000,000.38 See Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, (Doc. #1820) at 19. The Court notes that at least some of the common time should be attributed to Costco, but it has no way to determine how much. After April of 2011, plaintiffs continued to spend a significant amount of time on Costco-related matters. See Letter From Class Counsel (Doc. #4888) filed November 24, 2015 (outlining Costco-related tasks including obtaining settlement approval, litigating attorneys' fees and responding to Costco's attempts to undo settlement in this Court and on appeal). On this record, the Court finds that counsel have spent a significant amount of time and labor on their claims against Costco. This factor supports a fee award of $4 million.

As to the second, third and fourth factors, i.e. novelty and difficulty of questions presented, skill required to perform the legal service properly and preclusion of other employment, these factors support the fee award for reasons stated with respect to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the fifth factor, i.e. customary fee, because the Costco Settlement provide injunctive relief which is difficult to quantify, the Court cannot determine whether the recommended fee award is customary. The Court therefore does not apply this factor with regard to the Costco Settlement.

As to the sixth factor, i.e. whether the fee is fixed or contingent, this factor supports the recommended fee award for reasons stated with regard to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the seventh factor, i.e any time limitations imposed by the client or circumstances, this factor does not apply.

As to the eighth factor, i.e. the amount involved and results obtained, counsel achieved unprecedented results in negotiating the Costco Settlement. Although plaintiffs faced real uncertainty as to whether they could prove liability on their claims, see Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) at 29, they had not yet suffered defeat in the Kansas trial and on the California summary judgment motions. At a time when all other defendants were fighting plaintiffs' claims tooth and nail, plaintiffs convinced Costco to provide the very relief which they sought in the litigation, i.e. to install ATC at retail motor fuel pumps. At that time, to convince a motor fuel retailer to install ATC constituted an unprecedented paradigm shift in a market which had strenuously resisted any attempts to allow ATC at retail. Furthermore, to effectuate the Costco Settlement, plaintiffs expended tremendous resources to work through various wrinkles regarding structure of the settlement and class notice — efforts which later became a template for other settlements. See, e.g., Memorandum And Order (Doc. #1273) filed August 13, 2009 (preliminarily approving original Costco settlement); Memorandum And Order (Doc. #1707) filed August 13, 2010 (overruling final approval of original Costco settlement due to structure of settlement); Order (Doc. #1841) filed April 5, 2011 (requiring renewed class notice for amended Costco settlement); Memorandum And Order (Doc. #1952) filed June 8, 2011 (overruling plaintiffs' request to find notice requirement satisfied); Memorandum And Order (Doc. #2118) filed September 22, 2011 (granting preliminary approval of amended Costco settlement, requiring parties to submit revised class notice). Under the circumstances, the amount involved and results obtained support a fee award of $4,000,000.

As to the ninth factor, i.e. experience, reputation and ability of the attorneys, this factor supports the fee award for reasons stated with regard to the Refiner Settlements.

As to the tenth and eleventh factors, i.e. "undesirability" of the case and nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, these factors do not apply.

As to the twelfth factor, i.e. awards in similar cases, the Court agrees with Judge James that the Costco Settlement is similar to the settlements with Sam's Club and Valero.39 See Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) at 28. Under those settlements, the Court has approved reasonable attorneys' fees of $3 million and $4 million, respectively. Costco asserts that based on number of stations, it should pay less in fees than Sam's Club. See Costco Objection (Doc. #4894) at 15. The number of stations, however, is not necessarily a relevant comparison.40 Even though Costco may have fewer stations, the Court finds that a fee at the top of the range is reasonable. Specifically, the Court finds that with regard to the Costco Settlement, counsel should be rewarded for devoting significant resources as follows: (1) achieving a ground-breaking results under which the first major retailer agreed to install ATC; (2) exerting extraordinary efforts to structure a settlement which created a template for other settlements; (3) litigating the amount of attorneys' fees under the settlement; and (4) responding to Costco's attempts to undo the settlement before this Court and on appeal to the Tenth Circuit. In addition, plaintiffs still face the possibility that Costco will appeal this or other rulings. On the other hand, the Sam's Club and Valero Settlements have required significantly fewer resources from plaintiffs. With those settlements, plaintiffs had the benefit of the Costco template and were able to combine resources to obtain court approval and provide class notice for 28 settlements at one time. Also, those defendants did not engage in hard-fought litigation regarding attorneys' fees or attempts to undo their settlements. In light of the resources which plaintiffs devoted to the Costco Settlement and the results achieved thereunder, the Court finds that attorneys' fees of $4 million are reasonable as compared to similar fee awards under the Sam's Club and Valero Settlement.

Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court finds that under Johnson, a fee award of $4 million for the Costco Settlement is reasonable.41

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the Alcon And Frank Objectors' Objection To Report And Recommendation (Doc. #4893) and Defendant Costco Wholesale Corporation's Objections To Report And Recommendations Of Magistrate On Plaintiffs' Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards (Doc. #4894), both filed March 2, 2016, be and hereby are OVERRULED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Partial Objection To Magistrate's February 17, 2016 Report And Recommendation (Doc. #4895) filed March 2, 2016 be and hereby is SUSTAINED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that for reasons stated above, with regard to the Refiner Settlements and non-Costco ATC Settlements, the Court adopts the magistrate judge Report And Recommendations (Doc. #4892) filed February 17, 2016. With regard to the Costco Settlement the Court awards reasonable attorneys' fees in the amount of $4,000,000, inclusive of attorneys' fees, litigation expenses and class representative incentive payments.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards And Memorandum In Support Thereof (Doc. #1820) filed March 23, 2011 be and hereby is SUSTAINED in part. Under the Costco settlement, the Court awards reasonable attorneys' fees in the amount of $4,000,000, inclusive of attorneys' fees, litigation expenses and incentive payments of $2,000 to each subclass representative listed in the Memorandum And Order [Granting Final Approval To Amended Costco Settlement] (Doc. #4248) filed April 24, 2012 at 9-12 n.9.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Second Motion For Award Of Attorneys' Fees, Expenses, And Class Representative Incentive Awards And Memorandum In Support Thereof (Doc. #4827) filed May 29, 2015 be and hereby is SUSTAINED.

Under the ATC Settlements, the Court awards reasonable attorneys' fees in the following amounts, including litigation costs and class representative incentive payments:

Under the Refiner Settlements of $50,000 or more, the Court awards reasonable attorneys' fees in the following amounts, including litigation costs and class representative incentive payments: