KATHERINE P. NELSON, Magistrate Judge.
Over the course of several orders, the Court has disposed of most of the federal claims in this action. (See Docs. 31, 50, 55). Currently, the only pending federal claims are the pre-deprivation procedural due process claims asserted under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendant Mayor Sandy Stimpson in his official and individual capacities in Counts I and III of the complaint (Doc. 1). (See Doc. 55 at 14-15). Stimpson has filed a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 as to those remaining federal claims, as well as the state law claims asserted against him (Doc. 59). Plaintiff Michael Smith has timely filed a response (Doc. 62) in opposition to the motion, and Stimpson has timely filed a reply (Doc. 64) to the response. The motion is now under submission (see Doc. 60) and is ripe for disposition.
The Court assumes the parties' familiarity with the record and procedural history of this case and will therefore state only what is necessary to resolve the remaining claims in this action.
It is axiomatic that, in general, the Constitution requires that the state provide fair procedures and an impartial decisionmaker before infringing on a person's interest in life, liberty, or property. More specifically, the Supreme Court has explained that a "tenured employee is entitled to oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer's evidence, and an opportunity to present his side of the story" before a state or state agency may terminate an employee. [Cleveland Bd. Of Educ. v.] Loudermill, 470 U.S. [532,] 546, 105 S. Ct. [1478,] 1495[ (1985)]. In other words, the employee is entitled to "some kind" of pre-termination hearing. Id. at 542, 105 S. Ct. at 1493. That hearing is not a mini-trial and "need not definitely resolve the propriety of the discharge. It should be an initial check against mistaken decisions—essentially, a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed action." Id. at 545-46, 105 S. Ct. at 1495.
McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550, 1561 (11th Cir. 1994) (en banc).
As the record evidence shows, Stimpson terminated Smith from his position as a police officer with the City of Mobile by notice dated September 9, 2014, and served on Smith three days later, after "concur[ring] with the recommendation" for same made by "a non-adversary Trial Board." (See Doc. 41-6). Prior to Smith's termination, on August 29, 2014, Smith was served with a "Disciplinary Trial Board Notice" advising him that a "non-adversary Administrative Trial Board Hearing" would be held at Mobile Police Headquarters on September 3, 2014, beginning at 9:00 a.m. (Doc. 41-5 at 1)). Included with the Notice was a "Charge Sheet" advising Smith of the five disciplinary charges against him and providing the specific factual details underlying each charge. (Id. at 2-5). The trial board hearing convened as scheduled, at which Smith, assisted by retained counsel, was able to testify on his own behalf and present witnesses to testify on his behalf. (See Doc. 59-1 at 4; Doc. 41-9 at 153-154). "He thus received a pre-termination hearing and, with it, all the process due under Loudermill." McKinney, 20 F.3d at 1561-62 (finding ex-employee received sufficient pre-termination process where he "received written notice of the charges against him; at the Board hearing, he also heard an explanation of the Board's evidence; finally, with the assistance of counsel, he had the opportunity to present his side of the story through witnesses, evidence, and argument").
Smith's primary complaint is that he "was not afforded an opportunity to tell his side of the story to" Stimpson, the final decision-maker, because Stimpson was not present at the trial board hearing. (Doc. 62 at 3). However, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has rejected the contention that, "as a matter of law, a pre-termination hearing must be held before the `ultimate decision-maker' in order to satisfy procedural due process." Laskar v. Peterson, 771 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2014). See also Martin v. Guillot, 875 F.2d 839, 844 (11th Cir. 1989) (finding the "minimum constitutional standards for procedural due process" were met where, inter alia, employee "received a hearing before a due process committee which recommended that his employment be terminated[, and, a]fter a review, the president accepted the committee's recommendation").
In addition to his not attending the hearing, Smith also appears to claim that Stimpson did not review any of the evidence presented at the trial board hearing prior to adopting the trial board's recommendation, asserting that Stimpson "could not have read a transcript of the pre-disciplinary hearing before making his final decision . . . — as it was not transcribed for weeks thereafter." (Doc. 62 at 3). Smith cites no record evidence supporting this assertion. Regardless, even if the assertion is true, Smith has failed to persuade the undersigned that it is of any legal significance in this context.
It is true that the Laskar panel noted the ultimate decision-maker was provided "a copy of the [pre-termination] hearing record" prior to adopting the recommendation of the committee that held the hearing. See 771 F.3d at 1298. However, nothing in Laskar indicated that this detail was dispositive of, or even material to, the holding in that case, and Smith has cited no authority indicating otherwise. Given that Smith was "indisputably afforded a pre-termination opportunity to be heard by
Smith's other claims of deficient pre-termination process are also without merit. While he complains that his counsel could "only operate as an observer" who was "not allowed to speak or participate in the pre-disciplinary hearing" (Doc. 62 at 2), Smith has failed to show that this unconstitutionally hindered him from "present[ing] his side of the story" to the trial board. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546. Moreover, Smith has cited no authority indicating that constitutional due process even entitled him to be represented by counsel at the pre-termination hearing. But see Panozzo v. Rhoads, 905 F.2d 135, 140 (7th Cir. 1990) ("[A]n employee has no constitutional right to counsel at a pre-termination hearing." (citing Buschi v. Kirven, 775 F.2d 1240, 1254-1256 (4th Cir. 1985)). While Smith complains that he was only allowed to respond "`verbally' and not in written form" (Doc. 62 at 2), procedural due process does not require that both of those options be provided. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546 ("The opportunity to present reasons, either in person
Smith also complains that, while he was not permitted to cross-examine adverse trial board witnesses, Smith himself was cross-examined by the trial board members and their counsel (Doc. 62 at 2). Though Smith concedes that "due process does not require a right to confront and cross-examine witnesses at the pre-disciplinary hearing stage[,]" he argues that "[i]t is equally true that Loudermill does not grant or authorize the City with a right to confront and cross-examine Smith at the pre-disciplinary hearing stage, whether by supervisors or the legal Counsel for the City of Mobile." (Doc. 62 at 13-14 (quotation and emphasis omitted)). The undersigned disagrees that the trial board's cross-examination of Smith rendered his pre-termination due process deficient. The essential function of a pre-termination hearing is to give an employee the "opportunity to present reasons . . . why proposed action should not be taken . . ." Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546. So long as an employee has "an opportunity to present his side of the story[,]" Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546, nothing in Loudermill forbids the hearing officers from questioning that story. Simply because a full evidentiary hearing is not
Finally, while Smith complains the trial board failed to follow various Mobile County Personnel Board rules and regulations, "the procedural component of the Due Process Clause does not require the States to comply with state-created procedural rules. Instead, it requires them to adhere to a certain minimal level of process when seeking to deprive an individual of a substantive interest protected by the Clause—namely, `life, liberty, or property.'" Gissendaner v. Comm'r, Ga. Dep't of Corr., 794 F.3d 1327, 1330 (11th Cir.) (quoting U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 1), cert. denied, 136 S.Ct. 25 (2015). Accord, e.g., Longmire v. City of Mobile, Ala., No. CV 16-0025-WS-M, 2017 WL 1352226, at *8 & nn. 14-15 (S.D. Ala. Apr. 10, 2017) (citing similar holdings). See also Panozzo, 905 F.2d at 140 ("States and municipalities are of course free to provide greater procedural protections than those offered by the federal constitution, but it does not follow that these enhanced protections enlarge federal rights. The district judge correctly noted that local rules do not act as a ratchet tightening the Due Process Clause." (quotations omitted)). Moreover, as the Court previously determined, any violations of the Personnel Board rules and regulations are "the kind of `random, unauthorized acts' for which `pre-deprivation process is impractical.'"
Accordingly, the Court finds that Stimpson's motion for summary judgment (Doc. 59) is due to be
After granting summary judgment to Stimpson on the remaining federal claims against him, only state law claims will remain pending in this action. The Defendants have also moved for summary judgment on those claims. However, at present, the Court exercises only supplemental jurisdiction over those claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a).
The Eleventh Circuit has "encouraged district courts to dismiss any remaining state claims when, as here, the federal claims have been dismissed prior to trial." Id. at 1089 (citing L.A. Draper & Son v. Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., 735 F.2d 414, 428 (11th Cir. 1984)). Moreover, Smith requests, "[i]n the event this Federal Court dismisses all of Smith's Federal Claims, . . . that this Court will decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over" his state law claims. (Doc. 62 at 17). Upon consideration, the Court declines to continue exercising supplemental jurisdiction over all remaining state law claims
In accordance with the foregoing analysis, it is
Final judgment shall issue separately in accordance with this order, the Court's previous orders dismissing various claims, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58.
As best the Court can decipher, Smith, or at least his counsel, claims the Mobile Police Department and Mayor Stimpson long ago chose to abandon any pretense of complying with the Personnel Board's rules for pre-termination hearings in favor of holding "non-adversary trial boards" that are essentially "kangaroo courts" subject to the whims of those conducting them. Even if this is true, it does not render those actions any less "random" and "unauthorized." In the context of procedural due process, "randomness" is not judged from the standpoint of the state employee, who may indeed be acting intentionally, but rather from that of the state under the "color of [whose] law" the employee is acting. See Nat'l Ass'n of Boards of Pharmacy v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Georgia, 633 F.3d 1297, 1317 (11th Cir. 2011) ("So long as the State provides adequate post-deprivation remedies, `due process d[oes] not require pre-deprivation hearings where the holding of such a hearing would be impracticable, that is, where the deprivation is the result of either a negligent or an intentional deprivation of property.' McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550, 1562-63 (11th Cir. 1994) (en banc). []Pre-deprivation process is impractical `where a loss of property is occasioned by a random, unauthorized act by a state employee, rather than by an established state procedure,' because `the state cannot know when such deprivations will occur.' Hudson, 468 U.S. at 532, 533, 104 S. Ct. at 3203.").
The state of Alabama provides an "established state procedure" to terminate Mobile public employees, in the form of Local Act 470 and the Personnel Board rules carrying the force of law. By deliberately disregarding those rules, as Smith claims, Stimpson and the trial board members commit "random, unauthorized acts" that contravene this "established state procedure," acts that the state cannot anticipate regardless of how frequently they may occur. Because the state provides adequate post-deprivation remedies to correct "random, unauthorized" violations of the Personnel Board rules, in the form of review by both the Mobile County Personnel Board and the Mobile County Circuit Court, procedural due process is satisfied.