WILLIAM H. STEELE, Chief Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on defendant's Motion to Dismiss (doc. 8). The Motion has been briefed and is now ripe for disposition.
On October 15, 2009, plaintiff, Wade Smith, by and through counsel, filed suit in the Circuit Court of Dallas County, Alabama, against Norfolk Southern Railway Company, Inc., concerning a vehicle/train collision that had occurred on October 15, 2007. Smith maintains that Norfolk Southern's employee or servant had negligently or wantonly operated its locomotive by failing to sound the horn or brake as the train approached an intersection. As a result, the Complaint alleges, the Norfolk Southern locomotive collided with Smith's vehicle, injuring Smith. Plaintiff filed the Complaint in state court on the last day of the applicable limitations period.
After service of process, Norfolk Southern removed this action to this District Court and now seeks dismissal of the Complaint.
All was quiet for the next eight months, with Smith's counsel stating that he simply did not know whether Norfolk Southern had not been served with process or whether it had elected not to respond to the Summons. (Doc. 12, at 2.) On June 25, 2010, the state court entered an Order providing Smith with 60 days to perfect service or else face dismissal of the action. (Doc. 8, Exh. 2.) Plaintiffs evidence is that, upon receiving such notice, he immediately mailed a copy of the Complaint and Summons to defendant's service agent via certified mail. (Marshall Aff., ¶ 5; Doc. 8, Exh. 3, ¶ 3.) For whatever reason, that certified mailing was neither received by defendant nor returned to plaintiff. On that basis, Smith requested and received a further enlargement of the service deadline from the state court in August 2010. (Doc. 8, Exh. 3.) Defendant was finally, properly served with process on October 26, 2010.
Defendant now moves to dismiss the Complaint as untimely, reasoning that the filing of the Complaint on the last day of the limitations period did not toll such period because Smith tarried for too long thereafter before serving process on Norfolk Southern.
Under well-settled Alabama law, Smith's negligence claims against Norfolk Southern are subject to a two-year limitations period. See Ala.Code § 6-2-38(l) ("All actions for any injury to the person or rights of another not arising from contract and not specifically enumerated in this section must be brought within two years."); Abrams v. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., 666 F.Supp.2d 1267, 1271 (S.D.Ala.2009) (applying Alabama law and determining that "[t]he applicable limitations period for the negligence ... claims is two years").
First, as a threshold matter, defendant's attempt to defeat this action on limitations grounds is premature. After all, it is well settled in this Circuit that "[a] Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal on statute of limitations grounds is appropriate only if it is apparent from the face of the complaint that the claim is time-barred." Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen General Committee of Adjustment CSX Transp. Northern Lines v. CSX Transp., Inc., 522 F.3d 1190, 1194 (11th Cir.2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Second, even if defendant's timeliness argument were properly presented as a Rule 12(b)(6) Motion, the Court finds unpersuasive Norfolk Southern's contention that Smith did not commence this action within the applicable limitations period. In that regard, the Alabama Supreme Court has explained that "[t]he filing of a complaint is ... a significant factor in commencing an action and suspending the operation of the applicable statute of limitations; however, it is not the sole factor." Ex parte East Alabama Mental Health-Mental Retardation Bd., Inc., 939 So.2d 1, 3 (Ala.2006). To commence an action for statute-of-limitations purposes, Alabama law requires that the filing of the Complaint "must be made with the intention of serving process upon the opposing party or parties." Id. (citations omitted); see also Precise v. Edwards, 60 So.3d 228, 231, 2010 WL 3724755, *2 (Ala. 2010) ("For statute-of-limitations purposes, the complaint must be filed and there must also exist a bona fide intent to have it immediately served.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Ward v. Saben Appliance Co., 391 So.2d 1030, 1035 (Ala.1980) ("We hold that in the present case the action was not `commenced' when it was filed with the circuit clerk because it was not filed with the bona fide intention of having it immediately served."). Alabama authorities "indicate that a delay in serving the defendant can show the lack of intent to have the defendant served." Precise, 60 So.3d at 233, 2010 WL 3724755, at *5. By contrast, "a bona fide intent to have an action immediately served can be found when the plaintiff, at the time of filing, performs all the tasks required to serve process." Id. (internal marks omitted).
So the appropriate legal standard is whether, when Smith filed his Complaint on October 15, 2009, he possessed a bona fide intent to have that Complaint served on defendant immediately. If he did, then this action was properly commenced on October 15, 2009, within the applicable two-year limitations period. If he did not
To apply this test, the Court finds useful the Alabama Supreme Court's 2006 opinion in Ex parte East Alabama Mental Health-Mental. In that case, the plaintiff provided the clerk of court "with the necessary documents or information" for service of process via certified mail, and the clerk completed summonses and certified return-receipt cards and gave them to the plaintiff for mailing. The plaintiff neglected to mail them. Nonetheless, the Ex parte East Alabama Mental Health-Mental Court deemed the action commenced, reasoning that "the evidence suggests that [plaintiff] intended to serve process upon the defendants when he filed the complaint; he did all that was required by the Rules of Alabama Civil Procedure to facilitate service, short of placing the summonses and complaints in the mail." 939 So.2d at 5. Although the plaintiff did not actually mail the summonses and complaints for several months, the Alabama Supreme Court deemed that fact insufficient to establish lack of intent, and pointed out that the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure "contemplate[] that the clerk will mail the summonses and complaints," not the plaintiff. Id.; see also Eufaula Drugs, Inc. v. Tmesys, Inc., 432 F.Supp.2d 1240, 1247 (M.D.Ala.2006) (explaining that in Alabama courts, "primary responsibility to prepare a summons, to prepare a certified mail card, and to pay the postage rests with the clerk of the court"); Rule 4(i)(2)(B)(i), Ala. R.Civ.P. (outlining procedure by which clerk performs service by certified mail).
Smith's position in this case appears even stronger than that of the plaintiff in Ex parte East Alabama Mental Health-Mental Upon filing the Complaint,
Also telling is plaintiff's reaction to learning that defendant had not been served. Upon being notified by the state court in June 2010 that service of process had not been perfected on defendant, plaintiffs evidence is that plaintiffs counsel's office manager mailed a copy of the
Finally, when plaintiff requested and received an enlargement of time for service of process in August 2010, the attendant delays appear to be the product of confusion rather than dilatoriness. At that time, plaintiffs counsel knew that defendant had not been served with process, despite its efforts to do so in June 2010 by sending a mailing to the properly identified registered agent. Plaintiffs counsel must have known at that time that this mailing had neither been returned as undeliverable nor yielded a signed receipt confirming its delivery. The status was simply unknown. It is understandable that counsel faced with such a dilemma would question the veracity of his registered agent information or the defendant's willingness to accept service, and that he would request additional time to undertake to conduct further research to locate the defendant. This is exactly what plaintiffs counsel did and exactly why he requested and received an extension in August 2010. To be sure, it turned out that plaintiff had the correct registered agent identification and mailing information all along and that the agent was perfectly willing to accept service. But counsel did not know that at the time of requesting the extension. Again, this course of conduct may evince less-than-exemplary internal procedures, communications, and follow-up by plaintiff's counsel, but it does not establish a lack of bona fide intent to serve process on defendant.
The cases on which Norfolk Southern relies are readily distinguishable. For example, in Ward v. Saben Appliance Co., the plaintiff was found to lack the requisite intent to have the complaint served immediately where his attorney "directed the
Undoubtedly, mistakes were made in serving process on Norfolk Southern. Had plaintiff's counsel been more attentive or thorough, these delays could have been greatly reduced. Under applicable law, though, whether counsel performed commendably is not the proper question for purposes of ascertaining when an action commences for limitation purposes. The commencement inquiry is not an exercise in grading plaintiffs counsel's communication and follow-up practices, but is instead an examination of whether the plaintiff harbored a bona fide intent to have the action immediately served at the time he filed his complaint. The weight of the evidence and argument strongly supports the existence of such intent here. Indeed, the record shows that Smith did everything required by the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure for service of process at the time of filing the Complaint. This fact is important. The Alabama Supreme Court has explained that "a bona fide intent to have an action immediately served can be found when the plaintiff, at the time of filing, performs all the tasks required to serve process." Precise, 60 So.3d at 233, 2010 WL 3724755, at *5 (internal brackets and quotation marks omitted). That is just what Smith did.
To be sure, service of process was delayed for a prolonged period of time because of a series of miscommunications, errors, and omissions, many of which appear to rest on plaintiffs counsel's shoulders. Notwithstanding that fact, the circumstances as a whole are consistent with a bona fide intent to serve the Complaint
For all of these reasons, the Motion to Dismiss (doc. 8) is