KATHERINE P. NELSON, Magistrate Judge.
Petitioner Alfred Maurice Blakely,
A three-count indictment was returned against Blakely in June 2010. The indictment contained one count of possession with intent to distribute approximately 29 grams of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Count 1); one count of possession with intent to distribute 15 grams of crack cocaine, in violation of § 841(a)(1) (Count 2); and one count of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of § 924(c)(1). (See Doc. 1.) In July 2010, Blakely was arrested, arraigned, and detained (see Docs. 3, 4, 7-10), and Andrew Jones, a member of the Court's Criminal Justice Act (CJA) Panel was appointed to represent Blakely in this Court (see Doc. 6). Mr. Jones filed a motion to suppress (Doc. 13; see also Doc. 19 (amended motion)), which was argued before— and denied by—the Court on August 10, 2010 (see Doc. 21).
In October 2010, following a brief jury trial presided over by United States Judge Callie V. S. Granade, Blakely was convicted on all counts. (See Docs. 41, 43, 66, and 68.) On January 13, 2011, Blakely was sentenced to 120 months (60 months each as to the first two counts, to be served concurrently; and 60 months as to Count 3, to be served consecutively to the terms imposed as to Counts 1 and 2). (See Doc. 53.) Blakely appealed to the Eleventh Circuit, which affirmed his sentence.
Through his § 2255 petition, Blakely alleges he was deprived of "the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 706 (1984) (Brennan, J., concurring).
To establish his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, Blakely is required to show
To succeed on the performance prong, Blakely "must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the `counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. "When analyzing ineffective-assistance claims, reviewing courts must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct fell within the wide range of reasonably professional assistance." Smith v. Singletary, 170 F.3d 1051, 1053 (11th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted); accord Michael v. Crosby, 430 F.3d 1310, 1320 (11th Cir. 2005). That "presumption of reasonableness is even stronger when we are reviewing the performance of an experienced trial counsel." Callahan v. Campbell, 427 F.3d 897, 933 (11th Cir. 2005). As the Supreme Court has more recently explained,
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 131 S.Ct. 770, 788 (2011) (some internal citations modified or omitted); see also Pair v. Cummins, 373 Fed. App'x 979, 981-82 (11th Cir. Apr. 20, 2010) (per curiam) ("The performance prong[`s] . . . standard is that of a reasonable attorney, not a `paragon of the bar' or an `Aristotle' or a `Clarence Darrow.'" (quoting Dill v. Allen, 488 F.3d 1344, 1354 (11th Cir. 2007); Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 11 (2003))); Gonzalez v. United States, Nos. 09-22386-Cv-JORDAN; 07-20759-Cr-JORDAN, 2010 WL 2367356, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 21, 2010) ("The court's role in reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims is not to `grade a lawyer's performance; instead, [the court] determine[s] only whether a lawyer's performance was within `wide range of professionally competent assistance.'" (quoting Van Poyck v. Florida Dep't of Corr., 290 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 2002))), report and recommendation adopted, 2010 WL 2366531 (S.D. Fla. June 14, 2010).
The test for deficiency, moreover, "is not whether counsel could have done more; perfection is not required. Nor is the test whether the best criminal defense attorneys might have done more." Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506, 1518 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc). Rather, the inquiry under Strickland is limited to "whether some reasonable lawyer could have acted, in the circumstances, as defense counsel acted.. . ." Conklin v. Schoefield, 366 F.3d 1191, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Waters, 46 F.3d at 1518); see also Moreno v. United States, Criminal No. 1:06-CR-461-CC-GGB; Civil Action No. 1:10-CV-0164-CC-GGB, 2012 WL 7829200, at *4 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 13, 2012) ("The test [for deficiency] has nothing to do with what the best lawyers would have done. Nor is the test even what most good lawyers would have done. We ask only whether some reasonable lawyer . . . could have acted, in the circumstances, as defense counsel acted. . . ." (quoting White v. Singletary, 972 F.2d 1218, 1220 (11th Cir. 1992))), report and recommendation adopted, 2013 WL 1339718 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 1, 2013); id. ("[P]etitioner must demonstrate that `no competent counsel would have taken the action that his counsel did take.'" (quoting United States v. Freixas, 332 F.3d 1314, 1319-20 (11th Cir. 2003))).
And, in order to avoid "the distorting effects of hindsight,"
In addition, to succeed on an ineffective assistance claim, Blakely "must affirmatively prove prejudice[.]" Butcher v. United States, 368 F.3d 1290, 1294 (11th Cir. 2004). And "that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding" is not sufficient proof of prejudice. Gilreath v. Head, 234 F.3d 547, 551 (11th Cir. 2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693); see also Evans v. Secretary, Fla. Dep't of Corr., 699 F.3d 1249, 1270 (11th Cir. 2012) (under Strickland, "a court making the prejudice inquiry must ask if the defendant has met the burden of showing that the decision reached would reasonably likely have been different absent the errors," and that "[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable" (citations omitted)).
Finally, when applying the Strickland standard, it is clear that courts "are free to dispose of ineffectiveness claims on either of its two grounds." Oats v. Singletary, 141 F.3d 1018, 1023 (11th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted), cert. denied sub nom. Oats v. Moore, 527 U.S. 1008 (1999); see also Butcher, 368 F.3d at 1293 ("[O]nce a court decides that one of the requisite showings has not been made it need not decide whether the other one has been.").
The undersigned will address Blakely's four grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel in turn:
Blakely first asserts that
(Id. (further asserting that additional argument by Attorney Jones "compounded his error").)
Related to this argument, Jones stated the following at the suppression hearing:
(Doc. 33, suppression hearing tr., at 24:25-25:11.)
Contrary to Blakley's and his counsel's theories, however, this Court (and subsequently the Eleventh Circuit) found that there was reasonable suspicion to initially detain Blakely for investigatory purposes and that the resulting initial pat-down was justified under Terry. As the District Judge stated, from the bench, at the conclusion of the suppression hearing,
(Doc. 33 at 27:12-22 (emphasis added).
As further explained by Eleventh Circuit, in Blakely's direct appeal, "the officers had at least reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot at the moment when one officer, Sgt. Molyneaux, saw what he believed to be crack cocaine and plastic bags on the floor of the driver's side of the vehicle next to which Blakely had been standing." Id. at 805-06 (citing Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 371-72 (2003) (an officer has probable cause to arrest all occupants of a vehicle based on drugs and cash found in the vehicle)).
Id. at 806 (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968); United States v. Floyd, 281 F.3d 1346, 1348 (11th Cir. 2002)) (emphasis added).
Accordingly, even if Mr. Jones had not "conceded . . . that [Blakely's] arrest resulted after a consensual encounter" (Doc. 76 at 21), Blakely has not affirmatively proven Strickland prejudice, by showing that the result of the suppression hearing would have been different absent any alleged error caused by how Mr. Jones characterized the officers' initial encounter with Blakely. See Evans, 699 F.3d at 1270; see also United States v. Smith, 415 Fed. App'x 826, 827-28 (9th Cir. Feb. 24, 2011) (per curiam) ("The district court did not err in rejecting Smith's ineffective assistance of counsel claim premised on failure to argue that the police lacked consent to search his entire car, or in denying Smith's motion for an evidentiary hearing on this claim, because Smith failed to allege specific facts which, if true, would entitle him to relief . . . . Because the district court correctly denied Smith's suppression motion on [an] alternate ground, any error by Smith's counsel in raising Smith's lack of consent claim would not have affected the outcome of the suppression motion. Therefore, Smith's ineffective assistance of counsel claim cannot prevail." (citations omitted)); cf. Garza v. United States, Civil Action No. 12-00033-CG; Criminal No. 07-00349-CG-C, 2013 WL 5529600, at *12 (S.D. Ala. Oct. 4, 2013) ("[H]ad trial counsel successfully moved to suppress the same evidence suppressed by the New York state court, Garza still cannot make the requisite Strickland showing that the result of the underlying proceeding would have been different in light of [other trial evidence]." (citations omitted)).
Blakely next argues that his second trial counsel, Art Powell, was constitutionally ineffective by failing to renew the motion to suppress. (See Doc. 76 at 24-27.) This ground is also without merit.
First, Mr. Powell presented Blakely's intent to renew the suppression motion at the start of Blakely's trial, outside the presence of the jury, and the Court responded that it would not "redecide [the] issue." (See Doc. 68, trial tr., at 5:10-9:7.) District Judge Granade explained in part,
(Id. at 7:7-16.)
True, as Blakely complains, during the trial, Mr. Powell elected not to renew the motion to suppress based on testimony elicited. (See Doc. 68 at 26 ("[O]nce new testimony was offered which was not available during the initial suppression hearing, [] Powell had the opportunity to renew the motion to suppress. . . . In fact, Powell does a masterful job of eliciting precisely the testimony which[, in Blakley's opinion,] would be necessary to win a renewed motion. Yet, when it seems that Powell is just about to do the right thing, he moves on and seemingly forgets this line of reasoning. As such, the Court must now consider whether a reasonable attorney would fail to renew a motion to suppress once new evidence was available which would support said motion. . . .").) But, based principally on the Eleventh Circuit's consideration of—and its decision affirming District Judge Granade's ruling regarding—the suppression motion, Blakely has not
In this third ground for relief, under a theory that Mr. Powell was ineffective because he failed to conduct an independent investigation (or one satisfactory to Blakely), Blakely contends that the testimony of his mother and sister, who he states "witnessed much of what occurred" the night Blakely was arrested, "would have provided valuable insight into the manner of the officer's arrival, the officer's conduct at the scene, the location of [Blakely] and the [vehicle], proof of residency concerning [Blakely], and the lack of consent to search the private property." (Doc. 76 at 29.) Blakely also insists that Mr. Powell should have visited the scene. (See id.)
Just as "[n]o absolute rules dictate what is reasonable performance for lawyers[,] . . . no absolute duty exists to investigate particular facts or a certain line of defense. Under Strickland, counsel's conducting or not conducting an investigation need only be reasonable to fall within the wide range of competent assistance." Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89, 691) (other citations omitted). Counsel, moreover, "need not always investigate before pursuing or not pursuing a line of defense. Investigation (even a nonexhaustive, preliminary investigation) is not required for counsel reasonably to decline to investigate a line of defense thoroughly." Id. at 1318 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91) (footnote and other citations omitted); accord Hittson v. GDCP Warden, ___ F.3d ___, 2014 WL 3513033, at *48 (11th Cir. July 9, 2014) (further explaining, "In assessing the reasonableness of an attorney's investigation . . . a court must consider not only the quantum of evidence already known to counsel,
Although what Blakely identifies in this petition appears to be a particular line of defense, with identified sources of evidence, he has failed to explain how any evidence from this further investigation would have either exculpated him or, moreover, explain with particularity how it would have been helpful to him. Merely stating that a defendant's family members, even if present at the time of arrest, "would have provided valuable insight" had they been interviewed and/or testified does not equate to specifying how missing evidence could have changed the outcome of the trial. Blakely fails, for example, to provide the Court—through an affidavit or declaration from his mother and/or sister—the specific testimony his mother and/or sister would have provided (and explain how that testimony would have benefited Blakely at trial). Thus, Blakely has not shown that any failure to investigate by Mr. Powell prejudiced Blakely, and this ground for relief also fails. See, e.g., Candelario v. United States, No. 6:10-cv-1666-Orl-22DAB; Criminal Case No. 6:07-cr-211-Orl-22DAB, 2012 WL 4466484, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 27, 2012) ("As to the pretrial investigation, Petitioner has not identified any exculpatory evidence that counsel failed to locate, and his bald assertions are inadequate to overcome the presumption that counsel acted reasonably. As to the uncalled witnesses, Petitioner has not submitted an affidavit from the uncalled witness stating the testimony he or she would have given had they been called at trial. To show prejudice, the petitioner must show not only that the uncalled witness's testimony would have been favorable, but also that the witness would have testified at trial. Here, Petitioner fails to meet either prong of Strickland since he has not demonstrated that the testimony of these witnesses would have been favorable or that these witnesses would have actually testified at trial." (citations omitted)).
The "vital issue[]" Blakely contends Mr. Shields failed to raise on appeal again concerns Blakely's Fourth Amendment claim; again, specifically whether the initial encounter with police was consensual. (See Doc. 76 at 31-32.) As is obvious from the discussion above, Mr. Shields raised a Fourth Amendment claim to the Eleventh Circuit; that claim was rejected. While Blakely contends the appellate brief Mr. Shields drafted "gave mere lip service to the Fourth Amendment issues" (Doc. 76 at 31), Mr. Shields explained to Blakley on two occasions that a Fourth Amendment argument would be presented on appeal, but that that "issue ha[d] little chance of prevailing." (See Doc. 76 at 41, 46).
While Blakely cites Green v. Johnson, 160 F.3d 1029 (5th Cir. 1998) for the proposition that Mr. Shields "was obligated to present such issues as his client [] requested so long as those issue[s] were not frivolous" (Doc. 76 at 31 (citing 160 F.3d at 1043), this statement misconstrues the standard for effective assistance of appellate counsel. As stated in the very case he cites, "On appeal, effective assistance of counsel
Mr. Shields representation of Blakley on direct appeal was reasonable. And Blakely clearly has not shown that Mr. Shields was constitutionally ineffective for not framing the Fourth Amendment issue precisely as Blakely contends it should have been framed.
This Court "`shall' hold an evidentiary hearing on a habeas petition `[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.'" Scott v. United States, 325 Fed. App'x 822, 824 (11th Cir. Apr. 29, 2009) (per curiam) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b)).
Id.; accord Lopez v. United States, 522 Fed. App'x 684 (11th Cir. June 26, 2013) (per curiam) (in which the Eleventh Circuit recently vacated an order denying habeas relief—on the ground that counsel violated a defendant's constitutional right to testify—and remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing); see also Williams v. United States, Civil No. 08-00513-CG-N; Crim. No. 04-00197-CG, 2010 WL 1382762, at *5 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 3, 2010) (setting forth two additional grounds for not conducting an evidentiary hearing: (1) where the petitioner's version of the facts has already been accepted as true (citing Turner v. Crosby, 339 F.3d 1247, 1274-75 (11th Cir. 2003)); and (2) where the "the district court can determine the merits of the ineffectiveness claim based on the existing record" (quoting Schultz v. Wainwright, 701 F.2d 900, 901 (11th Cir. 1983))), report and recommendation adopted, 2010 WL 1382761 (S.D. Ala. Apr. 1, 2010).
On the existing record, Blakely has not presented non-conclusory facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief. Accordingly, the undersigned finds there is no need for an evidentiary hearing.
Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings, the undersigned recommends that a certificate of appealability in this case be denied. 18 U.S.C. foll. § 2255, Rule 11(a) ("The district court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse to the applicant."). The habeas corpus statute makes clear that an applicant is entitled to appeal a district court's denial of his habeas corpus petition only where a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). A certificate of appealability may only issue where "the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2243(c)(2).
Blakely is not entitled to a certificate of appealability on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims. Where a habeas petition is being denied entirely on the merits of an underlying constitutional claim, as is the case for Blakely's IAC claims here, a COA should issue only when a petitioner demonstrates "that reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong[.]" Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000); see also id. at 483-84 ("To obtain a COA under § 2253(c), a habeas prisoner must make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right, a demonstration that, under Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983), includes a showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.") (quotation modified). With respect to Blakely's ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, the undersigned recommends that the Court find that reasonable jurists could not debate whether his § 2255 motion to vacate should be resolved in a different manner or that any of the remaining issues presented is adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further. Accordingly, Blakley is not entitled to a certificate of appealability as to these claims.
Rule 11(a) further provides: "Before entering the final order, the court may direct the parties to submit arguments on whether a certificate should issue." If there is an objection to this recommendation, the objecting party may bring this argument to the attention of the district judge in the objections permitted to this report and recommendation. See, e.g., Brightwell v. Patterson, No. CA 11-0165-WS-C, 2011 WL 1930676, at *6 (S.D. Ala. Apr. 11, 2011), report & recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 1930662 (S.D. Ala. May 19, 2011)
Because the undersigned is of the opinion that, as to his ineffective-assistance-of counsel claims, Blakely has not shown that his rights were violated, it is
A copy of this report and recommendation shall be served on all parties in the manner provided by law. Any party who objects to this recommendation or anything in it must, within fourteen (14) days of the date of service of this document, file specific written objections with the Clerk of this Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); FED. R. CIV. P. 72(b); S.D. ALA. L.R. 72.4. In order to be specific, an objection must identify the specific finding or recommendation to which objection is made, state the basis for the objection, and specify the place in the Magistrate Judge's report and recommendation where the disputed determination is found. An objection that merely incorporates by reference or refers to the briefing before the Magistrate Judge is not specific.
(Id. at 9:18-23.)
(Doc. 76 at 41 (further discussing the Fair Sentencing Act issue raised in the brief).) On May 17, 2011, in response to a May 9, 2011 letter from Blakely, concerning the specifics of the Fourth Amendment claim on appeal and responding to Mr. Shields's last letter, Shields wrote that while he "appreciate[d Blakely's] observations" concerning the same, he "believe[s] that the brief adequately covers the issues related to the Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure." (Id. at 46.)
