WILLIAM H. STEELE, Chief Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on defendant's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint (doc. 24). The Motion has been briefed and is now ripe for disposition.
Plaintiff, Erica Mahan, brought this action against defendant, Retrieval-Masters Credit Bureau, Inc. ("Retrieval-Masters"), alleging violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692 et seq. ("FDCPA"). According to the well-pleaded allegations of the First Amended Complaint, Retrieval-Masters "initially contacted" her on or about April 5, 2010, "using the pseudonym American Medical Collection Agency," to collect an account in the amount of $145.72 for laboratory testing services performed by non-party Dianon Systems. (Doc. 21, ¶¶ 8-9.)
On the strength of these allegations, the First Amended Complaint reels off a half dozen FDCPA provisions that Mahan contends were violated. (Doc. 21, ¶ 19.) In particular, plaintiff's pleading alleges that (i) Retrieval-Masters violated 15 U.S.C. § 1692e through "use of a false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect a debt"; (ii) defendant violated § 1692e(2) by falsely representing "the character, amount, or legal status of a debt"; (iii) defendant violated § 1692e(10) by "[u]sing unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect a debt"; (iv) defendant violated § 1692e(11) by failing to make proper disclosures that it was attempting to collect a debt, that information gained would be used for that purpose, or that the communication was from a debt collector; (v) defendant violated § 1692e(14) by "[u]sing a business or company name other than its true name"; and (vi) defendant violated § 1692g by failing to give disclosures required by that section. (Doc. 21, ¶ 19.) Plaintiff requests a declaratory judgment that defendant violated the FDCPA, as well as statutory damages, costs and attorney's fees, and also seeks class certification.
Defendant has filed a Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Fed.R.Civ.P., seeking dismissal of all of Mahan's claims save her FDCPA claim invoking 15 U.S.C. § 1692g. Defendant's principal arguments
Because this matter comes before it on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, "the court construes the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and accepts all well-pled facts alleged . . . in the complaint as true." Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co., 578 F.3d 1252, 1260 (11th Cir.2009); see also Speaker v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 623 F.3d 1371, 1379 (11th Cir. 2010) ("In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, the Court accepts the factual allegations in the complaint as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.").
To withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, plaintiffs must plead "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face," so as to "nudge[ ] their claims across the line from conceivable to plausible." Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citation omitted). Thus, minimum pleading standards "require[ ] more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. As the Eleventh Circuit recently explained, Twombly/Iqbal principles simply require that a plaintiff plead "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face," whose allegations are "enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Speaker, 623 F.3d at 1380 (11th Cir.2010) (citations omitted). The factual content of the complaint must "allow[ ] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (citations omitted).
As an initial matter, Retrieval-Masters argues that the First Amended Complaint fails to comport with these baseline pleading requirements. Defendant's position is that Mahan's pleading does not specify which conduct violated which subsections of the FDCPA and that it is devoid of factual content but instead merely lists the elements of the causes of action. The Court disagrees. The First Amended Complaint specifically identifies a series of facts on which Mahan's FDCPA causes of action are predicated, to-wit: (i) defendant initially contacted her via letter dated April 5, 2010; (ii) defendant's April 5 letter identified it by the name "American Medical Collection Agency" rather than by its real name; (iii) defendant's April 5 letter stated that defendant had written to
As shown by the foregoing, this is not a case in which the pleading merely lists conclusory claims devoid of underlying factual allegations. Here, Mahan has identified the specific facts on which her claims rest, and the specific FDCPA subsections that she contends were violated by that enumerated course of conduct. Simply put, her "allegations are not barren recitals of the statutory elements, shorn of factual specificity." Speaker, 623 F.3d at 1384. Retrieval-Masters may well desire elaboration of plaintiff's theory undergirding each alleged statutory violation, but Rule 8 does not mandate an exhaustive recitation of plaintiff's reasoning. That is a purpose of discovery. Stated differently, Mahan "need not prove [her] case on the pleadings," but "must merely provide enough factual material to raise a reasonable inference, and thus a plausible claim." Id. at 1386.
It is undisputed that all of Mahan's FDCPA claims implicated by the Motion to Dismiss rest, in whole or in part, on the theory that Retrieval-Masters attempted to collect Mahan's debt using a false name.
In seeking dismissal of these claims, Retrieval-Masters urges the Court to take judicial notice of a public record from the New York Department of State dated March 31, 2010, and certifying "that RETRIEVAL-MASTERS CREDITORS BUREAU, INC., a NEW YORK corporation, filed a Certificate of Assumed Name, to conduct business under the assumed name of AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLECTION AGENCY, in this Department on 03/02/1987." (Doc. 25, Exh. A.) Plaintiff asserts no argument opposing judicial notice of this fact; therefore, the Court will grant defendant's request and take judicial notice of the public document showing that "American Medical Collection Agency" is defendant's duly registered trade name under New York law.
The narrow legal issue presented in the Motion to Dismiss, then, is whether Retrieval-Masters violated the FDCPA by contacting Mahan for debt collection purposes using the registered name under which it does business (American Medical Collection Agency), rather than its actual corporate name (Retrieval-Masters Credit Bureau, Inc.).
An appropriate starting point for the analysis is the statutory text. According to the FDCPA, "[t]he use of any business, company, or organization name other than the true name of the debt collector's business, company, or organization" is a false, deceptive or misleading practice that violates the statute. 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(14); see also Hartman v. Meridian Financial Services, Inc., 191 F.Supp.2d 1031, 1045 (W.D.Wis.2002) ("Under the FDCPA, a debt collector is obligated to use its own name when corresponding with a consumer."). The term "true name" is not defined in the FDCPA. However, courts have opined that this provision is intended to prohibit use of names that are false, deceptive or misleading. See, e.g., Weinstein v. Fink, 2001 WL 185194, *5 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 26, 2001) ("The aim of § 1692e(14) is to prevent debt collectors from using a
Against this backdrop of statutory language and intent, the Federal Trade Commission's position is that a debt collector's "true name" encompasses not only its formal corporate name, but also the name under which it usually transacts business.
By contrast, the cases in which a violation of § 1692e(14) have been found typically involve a debt collector misrepresenting its identity, such as by purporting to be the creditor when it is not, purporting to be a government agency when it is not, or purporting to be distinct from the creditor when it is not. See, e.g., Lester E. Cox Medical Center, Springfield, Mo. v. Huntsman, 408 F.3d 989, 992-93 (8th Cir. 2005) (debt collector violated § 1692e(14) where plaintiff received medical treatment at Lester E. Cox Medical Center, which then referred account to "Ozark Professional Collections," a fictitious registrant of Cox, for collection, which was deceptive because debtor would not know that debt remained with creditor and had not been turned over to a third-party collection agency).
The fundamental point is that, as one district court recognized, "§ 1692e(14) at its core clearly prohibits the use of a name that is neither the collector's actual corporate name nor its trade name, licensed or otherwise." Boyko, 2009 WL 5194431, at *6. This case does not fit that paradigm. Plaintiff concedes that Retrieval-Masters communicated with her using its duly licensed trade name. There was nothing deceptive or manipulative about Retrieval-Masters contacting Mahan using the name "American Medical Collection Agency." After all, Retrieval-Masters had been conducting business under that name for more than two decades. There are no facts alleged, and no circumstances to suggest, that defendant's use of its registered trade name was intended to, or had the effect of, confusing, misleading or deceiving Mahan. Given these undisputed factual parameters, the Court finds as a matter of law that plaintiff has not pleaded a cognizable claim for violation of § 1692e(14). Accordingly, the Motion to Dismiss is
Two other matters are properly addressed at this time. First, in the interest of clarity, It bears emphasis that plaintiff's claims under §§ 1692e, 1692e(2), 1692e(10), and 1692e(11) are not dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) insofar as they rest on well-pleaded allegations that (i) defendant falsely represented in its initial contact with plaintiff that "[w]e have written to you repeatedly concerning your debt," and (ii) defendant failed to make required disclosures in initial and subsequent contacts with plaintiff.
Second, movant requests an award of attorney's fees and costs pursuant to § 1692k(a)(3), without elaborating on the legal or factual basis for that request. The cited statute provides as follows: "On a finding by the court that an action under this section was brought in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, the court may award to the defendant attorney's fees reasonable in relation to the work expended and costs." 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3). On this record, the Court cannot find that Mahan brought her "true name" claims against defendant in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment. As noted above, there is no published binding authority foreclosing those claims, and the term "true name" can reasonably be subject to differing interpretations. The Court's finding that plaintiff does not prevail on this issue does not equate to a finding that she proceeded in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment by raising it. There are no facts before the Court that might impute a lack of good faith to plaintiff as to her "true name" theory of relief. Accordingly, defendant's request for an award of attorney's fees and costs in relation to the dismissed FDCPA claims is
For all of the foregoing reasons, it is