MAASSEN, Justice.
Graham and Jane were both married to others when their daughter Gabby was born in May 2003. According to Graham, Jane had agreed to carry a child to be adopted by him and his wife; according to Jane, Graham coerced her into it. In any event, Jane signed a document purporting to give Gabby to Graham and his wife a few days after the child was born. But Jane revoked that document less than a year later, and a dispute over Gabby's custody began.
Graham and Jane reached a custody and visitation agreement that was approved by court order in March 2006. The order granted sole legal and primary physical custody of Gabby to Graham but allowed Jane visitation on alternate weekends, with additional visitation in the summer. Graham was allowed to take extended winter vacations with Gabby, so long as Jane was given make-up visits; the order also specifically authorized travel to the Philippines, where both parents have family. But travel required 30 days' advance notice to the other parent, a copy of the itinerary, contact information, and a copy of the return tickets.
On March 13, 2012, Graham suffered a heart attack and was transported from Cordova to Anchorage for emergency treatment. Graham's wife went to Anchorage as well, taking Gabby along with her. Jane, according to the schedule, was supposed to have Gabby on the weekend; but Graham's wife called the Cordova Family Resource Center, the usual location of the parents' custody exchanges, and, as she later testified, told someone there "we can't have the exchange for [Jane's] visitation because of emergencies [that] happen[ed] in our family." Nicole Songer, the executive director of the Family Resource Center, testified about this message as well; she described its substance as only "that there would not be a visitation today due to ... [Graham] being in Anchorage," with no information about how to call Graham back or how to get in touch with Gabby. Jane also testified that she had no contact number for Graham and did not know where Gabby had gone.
On March 28, Graham left Anchorage for Los Angeles, California, accompanied by his wife and Gabby. He underwent heart surgery in Los Angeles, was discharged from the hospital in stable condition on April 10, but remained in California.
Gabby continued to miss her scheduled weekend visits with Jane; according to Jane, she still did not know her daughter was in California.
On May 24, Graham called the Cordova Family Resource Center. According to Songer, Graham said "that if [Jane] wanted visitation, then he would send [Gabby] back but [Jane] needed to pay for the ticket[,] and he needed to know immediately because he was going to send her the very next day." Songer testified that she passed this message on to Jane; when Graham called again the next day, Songer told him "that if he would send the receipt along with [Gabby], I would make sure that [Jane] got that receipt." But Graham demanded assurance that Jane would pay for the ticket, and when Songer failed to give it he hung up on her.
Fearing Gabby would never return, Jane sought a protective order to end Graham's interference with her visitation rights. The court issued an ex parte 20-day protective order on May 25, granting Jane temporary custody and granting visitation rights to Graham "[o]nce a week telephonically arranged and supervised by [the Cordova Family Resource Center]." But the order had no immediate effect, as neither Graham nor Gabby could be found.
A few days later, Songer received another faxed letter from Graham's California attorney. The letter stated that Graham had returned to Anchorage "for his rehabilitation and visitation by his cardiologist" but that his wife and Gabby "will be back in Cordova within this week." The letter enclosed a proposed summer visitation schedule and invited Songer to email the attorney with any questions.
On June 1, Graham's wife brought Gabby to the Cordova Family Resource Center for the start of summer visitation with Jane. During a July 16 hearing, the parents stipulated to a long-term protective order that prohibited either of them from taking Gabby away from Alaska. The magistrate judge heard no evidence about Graham's interference with Jane's visitation and, with the parties' concurrence, expressly declined to make any findings of domestic violence, child support, custody, or visitation. Through her attorney, Jane noted that she would be seeking custody modification in superior court.
Jane filed a motion to modify the existing custody order in October 2012, seeking sole legal and primary physical custody. The superior court held a hearing on the motion in April 2013. The court rejected Graham's arguments that the earlier domestic violence proceeding barred Jane's modification motion under principles of res judicata or collateral estoppel, then granted sole legal and primary physical custody to Jane. Graham received alternating weekend visits as well as six consecutive weeks of summer visitation; essentially, the previous custody arrangement was reversed.
The modification order was based in part on the court's finding that Graham committed the crime of custodial interference when he traveled to California with Gabby in the spring of 2012. The court found that this constituted a crime of domestic violence and therefore a change in circumstances under AS 25.20.110(c). The court then assessed the statutory best interest factors and concluded it was in Gabby's best interests that Jane have primary physical and sole legal custody.
Graham appeals the modification order, challenging (1) the superior court's refusal to
"A determination that a claim or issue is precluded is a question of law which we review de novo."
In appeals of custody determinations and modifications, we allow broad discretion to the superior court, reversing only if the superior court's findings of fact are clearly erroneous or if it abused its discretion.
The superior court's admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Graham contends that because Jane based her petition for a domestic violence restraining order on her allegations of custodial interference, and because the parties resolved the petition by stipulating to the entry of a long-term order, Jane should have been barred from later relying on the same allegations of custodial interference when she moved to modify custody. But the parties clearly and explicitly declined to litigate the issues of domestic violence and custody in the earlier proceeding, and neither res judicata nor collateral estoppel applies.
Res judicata bars relitigation of a claim when there was "(1) a final judgment of the merits, (2) from a court of competent jurisdiction,[ ] (3) in a dispute between the same parties ... about the same cause of action."
We further held in McAlpine that although res judicata does not apply to modification motions, "the principle of finality does — parties should not be allowed to relitigate `in the hope of gaining a more favorable position.'"
The differences were made explicit in this case. At the hearing on the long-term protective order, Jane's counsel repeatedly asserted that the hearing was not about custody but only about protecting Jane's visitation rights; Graham's counsel countered that the relief Jane requested was a de facto custody modification, which would keep Gabby with Jane in Cordova. But the parties agreed on the record to the essential relief Jane was seeking: that "[n]either party shall remove the child[ ] from Alaska" during the pendency of the order. The parties also expressly agreed that this relief could be, and should be, ordered without a finding that domestic violence had occurred, and the magistrate judge therefore intentionally left blank the spaces on the form order that called for findings about past domestic violence and threats. And again with the parties' express concurrence, the magistrate judge stated repeatedly that she was "not going to address anything with child support, custody, or visitation": "I am not changing the custody order that is in effect by the superior court in this particular case. That's not what this hearing was about." In short, the parties repeatedly and expressly declined to litigate issues of domestic violence or custody at the long-term domestic violence hearing, and there is no good argument that Jane, in her motion to modify custody, was attempting to relitigate issues that had already been decided.
We acknowledged in McAlpine that collateral estoppel could apply in the custody modification context, to prevent the relitigation of domestic violence allegations that had already been "actually raised and adjudicated."
The core of Graham's argument is that the superior court should not have modified the 2006 order granting him Gabby's primary physical custody and sole legal custody. A court may modify a custody award if it determines that (1) "a change in circumstances requires the modification of the award" and (2) "the modification is in the best interests of the child."
The superior court found a change in circumstances justifying a modification of custody because Graham committed custodial interference, a crime of domestic violence.
The 2006 custody order granted sole legal custody and primary physical custody to Graham. Jane was not the custodial parent (although she had visitation rights), and the "custodial interference" statute, by its terms, does not apply.
However, "[w]e may affirm a judgment on any grounds that the record supports, even grounds not relied on by the superior court."
In this case, Graham's interference with Jane's visitation rights was obvious and significant. He took Gabby from Cordova to Anchorage, then from Anchorage to California, without informing Jane beforehand. By so doing he caused Jane to miss six every-other-weekend visitations in a row.
Graham relies heavily on his critical medical condition as excusing his failure to inform Jane of Gabby's whereabouts. But he did manage to communicate with the Cordova Family Resource Center shortly before the next scheduled visitation, albeit through his wife and cryptically. Even after his release from the hospital in early April he continued to ignore Jane's visitation rights for two more weeks, and when he did communicate with her, through his attorney, he still failed to provide any means of contact between Gabby and Jane. Another month went by before he called the Family Resource Center himself, only to demand that Jane pay Gabby's way back to Cordova if she wanted her visitation to resume.
The superior court considered this evidence and found that Graham kept Gabby away from Jane with an intent to continue doing so "for a protracted period." The court's factual finding amply supports the conclusion that Graham substantially interfered with Jane's visitation rights. This was a substantial change in circumstances justifying a modification of the existing custody arrangement.
Once a court determines there has been a change in circumstances, it must assess the factors of AS 25.24.150(c) to determine whether a custody modification is in the best interests of the child.
Graham challenges this award, reasoning that he had legal custody under the prior order; that it was therefore up to him to decide whether moving to California was in Gabby's best interests; and that his stay in California was temporary, and a temporary departure from the visitation schedule cannot amount to a change in circumstances
Having found a change in circumstances, the superior court made a number of other findings in support of its decision that modifying custody was in Gabby's best interests. It found that there was love and affection between Gabby and both parents, "so this factor does not change the balance of the other factors." It found that while the parents had been equally capable of caring for Gabby when the 2006 order was entered, Graham's serious heart issues now jeopardized his capability; this factor favored Jane. It found that Jane was better positioned to provide Gabby a stable home in Cordova given Graham's frequent travel for medical appointments. It found that Jane now had the "better ability and willingness to care for the emotional, religious and social needs of [Gabby]" given Graham's medical limitations and the "little evidence" presented by Graham that he "has any willingness or ability to meet these needs."
The court also found that Jane "appears willing to facilitate [Gabby's] relationship with [Graham] to some extent but by contrast [Graham] seems less willing to facilitate [Gabby's] relationship to [Jane]." The court took into account Graham's travel to California with Gabby, which, as discussed above, amounted to substantial interference with Jane's visitation rights and was appropriately considered, even though not amounting to domestic violence. Finally, it found no relevant evidence of substance abuse in either household.
The superior court's factual findings are not clearly erroneous, and we see no abuse of discretion in its weighing of the best interest factors. "We will not reweigh the evidence when the record provides clear support for the trial court's ruling."
Graham challenges the court's consideration of testimony given by Jane and the executive director of the Cordova Family Resource Center, relaying statements Gabby allegedly made to them about her preference to be with Jane. Graham argues that Gabby's statements are hearsay and do not fall within any exception to the hearsay rule.
At the close of the evidentiary hearing, Graham's counsel reiterated an objection to any consideration of Gabby's preference "on the basis of the child's age"; the judge responded that he had looked at relevant case law, concluded that he had "some leeway" given that Gabby was about ten years old, but that "frankly, that's certainly not going to be the factor the court's going to make a decision on." In its written findings and conclusions, the court declined to consider the evidence at all: "[Gabby] has apparently a preference for [Jane], but this court does not consider the evidence it has on [Gabby's] preferences nor her capacity to make any decision on this factor adequate to give weight to this factor."
Graham contends on appeal that the superior court "had to have been influenced by the heart-warming testimony of how the child wants to live with her mommy," but we credit the superior court's express statement about its consideration of this issue. Because the child's preference was given no weight in the superior court's analysis, we need not decide whether it was error to admit the evidence.
Graham argues that the superior court erred by admitting evidence that he was criminally convicted in 1996 and 1997 for concealment of merchandise. Graham objected at the hearing on the basis of Alaska Evidence Rule 609(a), contending that the convictions were more than five years old and also irrelevant. The court admitted the evidence preliminarily, citing the Rule 609(b) exception which grants a judge discretion to "allow evidence of the conviction ... after more than five years have elapsed if the court is satisfied that admission in evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the case."
As Graham acknowledges, the superior court had already been informed of the convictions in the custody investigator's report. And the evidence was cumulative, given the evidence of similar and more recent charges that Graham does not challenge on appeal. The superior court did not mention the convictions or the more recent criminal charges in its written findings and conclusions, and there is no indication that they influenced the court's decision. With no reason to believe that Graham was unfairly prejudiced by admission of the evidence of his criminal convictions, we conclude that any error in its admission was harmless.
We AFFIRM the order of the superior court modifying custody.
