DALE A. DROZD, District Judge.
This matter came before the court on defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) or, in the alternative, for a more definite statement as to the claims alleged and nature of relief sought by plaintiff under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(e). (Doc. No. 8.) A hearing on the motion was held on March 21, 2017. Plaintiff appeared pro se. Attorney Jared Calvin Marshall appeared on behalf of defendant. For the reasons set forth below, the court grants defendant's motion to dismiss with leave to amend. In addition, although not properly noticed for hearing, the court will deny plaintiff's motions for subpoenas directed at a third party and defendant.
In her original complaint, plaintiff alleges as follows. On June 30, 2013, plaintiff, Agnes Xie, entered into a purchase contract with defendant, De Young Properties 5418, L.P., for the sale of a single family home in Countryview Community located at 2290 Richert Ave. Clovis, CA 93611. (Doc. No. 1 at 10, ¶ 6.) The purchase price was at $287,100, for which plaintiff paid a deposit of $2,500 on June 25, 2013. (Id.) On August 6, 2013, Tina Larson, a De Young sales staff member, confirmed that plaintiff could add her then-husband, Mark Fletcher, to her existing purchase contract without the need to come to the sales office in person. (Id. at ¶ 7.) However, "instead of adding her husband Mark to her existing contract, Tina cancelled [plaintiff's] purchase contract without her knowledge, without her presence, without her signature, instead Tina transferred her purchase contract to Mark at the price of $295,990." (Id. at ¶ 8.)
Plaintiff did not become aware of the fact that her name had been removed from the sales contract until immediately before closing in May 2014 and requested that her name be added back to the purchase contract upon this realization. (Id. at ¶ 9.) Plaintiff's requests were, however, ignored. "In June 2014, [p]laintiff learned that the same property was sold to a [third] party without her and Mark's knowledge." (Id. at ¶ 10.) Based on plaintiff's search on Zillow, the property was sold for $301,500 on July 23, 2014, meaning that defendant made a $14,390 profit from what it would have otherwise gained by selling the property to plaintiff under her sales contract. (Id. at ¶ 16-17.) According to plaintiff, she suffered "direct monetary damage, lost wage due to opportunity cost from her time of searching and secur[ing] the contract by postpon[ing] her new job for three months, [and] traumatic emotional damage." (Id. at 11, ¶ 12.) Plaintiff also alleges that defendant's breach of the contract "directly contributed to her martial relationship breakdown." (Id. at ¶ 14.)
On October 7, 2016 plaintiff filed the instant action alleging intentional breach of contract. (Id. at 1.) Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages, consequential damages for her divorce, special damages, punitive damages, as well as legal expenses and costs for a sum of no less than $200,000. (Id. at 3.) On January, 3, 2017, plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint ("FAC"). (Doc. No. 7.)
In addition, on February 13, 2017, plaintiff filed a motion for third party subpoena to obtain the original purchase contract from her former husband, Mark Fletcher. (Doc. No. 17 at 1.)
On February 21, 2017, plaintiff also filed a motion for a subpoena requiring defendant to produce the original purchase contract of June 30, 2013. (Doc. No. 18.)
Defendant's motion to dismiss is premised on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(e). In moving to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), defendant mounts both a facial attack and factual attack against plaintiff's complaint. (Doc. No. 8-1 at 2.) In its facial attack, defendant notes that plaintiff has not attached a complete copy of the contract to her complaint and contends that the failure to do so is not a mere oversight. (Id. at 1-2.) Defendant has attached a contract to its motion and argues that "the [c]ourt may consider both the written agreement and other documents that establish [p]laintiff previously sought to arbitrate the same claims through reliance on the same agreement." (Id. at 2.) According to defendant, "[b]oth attacks ultimately attempt to establish that [p]laintiff does not have standing to seek relief requested because she was not a party to the agreement she is suing upon." (Id. at 4.) Under Rule 12(e), defendant requests that the court require plaintiff to provide a more definite statement of her claims with respect to the contract being sued upon and a more definite statement of the relief requested. (Id. at 2.)
At the hearing on the pending motion, in response to inquiry by the court, plaintiff clarified that she was alleging the breach of an earlier sales contract in which she was identified as the purchaser and not on the later version of the contract from which her name was omitted and which defendant had attached to its motion to dismiss. In light of that clarification, defense counsel at the hearing withdrew the motion to dismiss under 12(b)(1) and indicated that defendant now sought only a more definite statement of plaintiff's claims under Rule 12(e). As the court will briefly address below, that concession is well-taken.
McMillan v. Lowe's Home Centers, LLC, No. 1:15-cv-00695-DAD-SMS, 2016 WL 4899164, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2016) (citing Peralta v. Hispanic Bus., Inc., 419 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 2005); and Thornhill v. Publ'g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elecs. Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979)).
"A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be facial or factual. In a facial attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction." Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 383 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000)). "The district court resolves a facial attack as it would a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6): [a]ccepting the plaintiff's allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor, the court determines whether the allegations are sufficient as a legal matter to invoke the court's jurisdiction." Leite v. Crane Co., 797 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014). "By contrast, in a factual attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction." SafeAir for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039.
"Unlike a 12(b)(6) motion, in deciding on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the [c]ourt may review matters outside the complaint in order to resolve jurisdictional fact issues." Hoffman v. Cingular Wireless, LLC, No. 06-CV-1021 W (BLM), 2008 WL 4093722, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2013). Extrinsic evidence is notably heard on factual attacks where the court may review "any evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of jurisdiction." McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added) (citing Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731 (1947)). Here, in determining whether plaintiff has standing to sue, the court may consider the contract provided by defendant, documents evidencing plaintiff's prior submissions to the American Arbitration Association, and the e-mails provided by plaintiff in her opposition to defendant's motion.
As noted, defendant initially argued that the complaint should be dismissed due to plaintiff's lack of standing, arguing that plaintiff could not establish her standing "because she was not a party to the contract and was not a third party beneficiary." (Doc. No. 8-1 at 9.) At issue is whether a prior contract existed apart from the one offered by defendant as Exhibit A to its motion to dismiss. Defendant contests the existence of any prior contract and further asserts that the contract provided is the operative agreement, which plaintiff has previously relied upon in pursuing arbitration under the same claims. However, in her complaint plaintiff alleges that a prior contract existed, different from the one offered by defendant, and claims that she is suing on that earlier contract:
(Doc. No. 1 at 10.) Plaintiff's e-mails accompanying her opposition to the pending motion also suggest that a prior contract existed. For instance, in her e-mail exchange with Tina Larson, plaintiff requests that Ms. Larson add Mr. Fletcher to the contract indicating that up until August 4, 2013, only plaintiff's name appeared on the contract. (Doc. No. 19 at 5.)
The determination of whether a prior contract existed and whether it should be the operative contract necessarily affects the question of whether plaintiff has standing to sue. If a prior contract did not exist and the contract provided by defendant is the operative contract, then defendant's arguments regarding plaintiff's lack of standing to sue warrant consideration. Accordingly, the court finds that the jurisdictional question of standing here—whether a prior contract existed with plaintiff as a party thereto and whether defendant breached that contract—is inherently intertwined with the merits of the suit. Motions to dismiss are ordinarily denied where jurisdictional issues and the merits are intertwined. See, e.g., Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1983) ("However, where the jurisdictional issue and the substantive issues are so intertwined that the question of jurisdiction is dependent on the resolution of factual issues going to the merits, the jurisdictional determination should await determination of the relevant facts on either a motion going to the merits or at trial."); see also, e.g., Thornhill Pub. Co., Inc. v. General Tel. & Electronics Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 732-36 (9th Cir. 1979); and see Bernardinelli v. Castle & Cooke Inc., 587 F.2d 37 (9th Cir. 1978).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(e) provides:
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e). See also Swiekiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) ("If a pleading fails to specify the allegations in a manner that provides sufficient notice, a defendant can move for a more definite statement under Rule 12(e) before responding."); C.B. v. Sonora Sch. Dist., 691 F. Spp. 2d 1170, 1190-91 (E.D. Cal. 2010) ("A Rule 12(e) motion is proper only if the complaint is so indefinite that the defendant cannot ascertain the nature of the claim being asserted, i.e., so vague that the defendant cannot begin to frame a response."). A court should deny a motion for a more definite statement "if the complaint is specific enough to notify [a] defendant of the substance of the claim being asserted" or "if the detail sought by a motion for more definite statement is obtainable through discovery." C.B., 691 F. Supp. 2d at 1191. A Rule 12(e) motion "is likely to be denied where the substance of the claim has been alleged, even though some of the details are omitted." Neveu v. City of Fresno, 392 F.Supp.2d 1159, 1169 (E.D. Cal. 2005). This liberal pleading standard is consistent with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which requires only that the complaint contain a "short and plain statement of the claim." Id.
Defendant requests a more definite statement from plaintiff under Rule 12(e) on two grounds: (1) plaintiff should provide a copy or identify the material terms of any other agreement she maintains exists and has been breached by defendant (Doc. No. 8-1 at 12); and (2) plaintiff should specify the nature of the remedies she is seeking. (Id. at 13.) Defendant notes that plaintiff's complaint is identified as one for "performance of a contract to convey real property;" however, in her prayer for relief, plaintiff seeks "monetary damages and associated remedies." (Id.) Defendant argues that the nature of plaintiff's claim would impact the number and type of affirmative defense it plans to raise and cannot offer a complete response without specification from plaintiff. (Id.)
The court denies defendant's motion for a more definite statement under Rule 12(e). Here, the complaint is specific enough to notify defendant of the claim being asserted. For example, plaintiff provides a short and plain statement of the nature of her claim in the introductory paragraph of her complaint: "Defendant cancelled the contract initially by selling to her husband on [August 6, 2014], then defendant willfully breached the contract again and sold the same home to a [third party] instead of plaintiff and her husband in July 2014." (Doc. No. 1 at 9.) Further, plaintiff provides that the contract was first breached when "[o]n [August 6, 2013], instead of adding her husband Mark to her existing contract, Tina cancelled her purchase contract without her knowledge, without her presence, without her signature, instead Tina transferred her purchase contract to Mark at the purchase price of $295,990." (Id. at 10, ¶ 8.) Plaintiff also alleges that defendant breached the contract by selling the same property to a third party "without her and Mark[`s] knowledge." (Id. at ¶ 10.) To the extent defendant argues that plaintiff should identify or provide a copy of any prior agreement that may have existed, the court notes that plaintiff has maintained that she does not have access to a copy of the prior contract which she alleges does exist. It would appear that, if it in fact exists, a copy of this sales contract can be identified through discovery. A more definite statement is not required as to these aspects of plaintiff's claims.
Although plaintiff specifies that she is seeking compensatory damages, punitive damages, consequential damage, as well as legal expenses and costs (Doc. No. 1 at 11-12), her original complaint is entitled "Performance of a Contract to Convey Real Property." (Id. at 1.) In addition to arguing that the type of relief sought affects the defenses defendant will raise, defendant also argues that specific performance would not be possible because the property has already been conveyed to a third party. While it may not be available to her, the relief sought by plaintiff in this action is not so indefinite that defendant cannot ascertain what plaintiff is requesting. Accordingly, defendant's motion for a more definite statement will be denied.
Although defendant's motion for a more definite statement will be denied, for the reasons stated below, the court will nonetheless dismiss plaintiff's complaint with leave to amend in order to allow plaintiff the opportunity to both adequately allege the basis for diversity jurisdiction over this matter, as well as to clarify the nature of her claims and the relief sought in light of the points raised by defendant.
Although 12(b)(1) motions to dismiss are ordinarily denied where issues regarding the court's jurisdiction and the merits are intertwined, here dismissal of plaintiff's complaint based upon the lack of subject matter jurisdiction is appropriate in light of deficiencies in the allegations of the complaint. Federal Rule 12(h)(3) provides, "[i]f the court determines at any time that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action." Thus, the court may raise this issue sua sponte. See Henderson ex. Rel. Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428, 434 (2011) ("Courts do not usually raise claims or arguments on their own. But federal courts have an independent obligation to ensure that they do not exceed the scope of their jurisdiction, and therefore they must raise and decide jurisdictional questions that the parties either overlook or elect not to press.").
Here, plaintiff has not sufficiently pled diversity of citizenship. "Diversity of citizenship as a basis for jurisdiction of a cause in the District Court of the United States is not dependent upon the residence of any of the parties, but upon their citizenship." Jeffcott v. Donovan, 135 F.2d 213, 214 (9th Cir. 1943). A person's citizenship is "determined by her state of domicile, not her state of residence. A person's domicile is her permanent home, where she resides with the intention to remain or to which she intends to return." Kanter v. Warner-Lamber Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Lew v. Moss, 797 F.2d 747, 749 (9th Cir. 1986)). "[A] party seeking to invoke diversity jurisdiction should be able to allege affirmatively the actual citizenship of the relevant parties." Id. (citing Whitmire v. Victus Ltd., 212 F.3d 885, 887 (5th Cir. 2000)).
In the original complaint, plaintiff simply alleges that she is a "citizen of another state" and a "resident of Virginia." (Doc. No. 1 at 9, 4.) Such allegations are insufficient to satisfy plaintiff's burden of alleging jurisdictional facts with respect to diversity jurisdiction and, therefore, dismissal is appropriate. See, e.g., Jeffcott, 135 F.2d at 214 (finding that no jurisdiction of the district court was shown where plaintiff was a residence of New Jersey and defendants were residents of Arizona); see also, e.g., Hasson v. Koenig, No. CV 12-02584-GW(PLAX), 2012 WL 12878592 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2012) (dismissing for lack of subject matter jurisdiction where the pro se plaintiff did not adequately allege diversity of citizenship in alleging that she was a resident of California and defendants were residents of Nevada, as opposed to alleging the specific citizenship (i.e. the parties' domicile or permanent home)).
For the reasons stated above, plaintiff's complaint will be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The undersigned has considered whether plaintiff could file an amended complaint that states a cognizable claim that would not be subject to dismissal. "Valid reasons for denying leave to amend include undue delay, bad faith, prejudice, and futility." California Architectural Bldg. Prod. v. Franciscan Ceramics, 818 F.2d 1466, 1472 (9th Cir. 1988); accord Klamath-Lake Pharm. Ass'n v. Klamath Med. Serv. Bureau, 701 F.2d 1276, 1293 (9th Cir. 1983) (holding that, while leave to amend shall be freely given, the court does not have to allow futile amendments). The court finds that granting leave to amend would not be futile since diversity of citizenship can sufficiently be alleged and any other arguable, albeit not fatal, deficiencies of plaintiff's original complaint can be cured.
Nonetheless, plaintiff is again cautioned that although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure adopt a flexible pleading policy, a complaint must give the defendant fair notice of the plaintiff's claims and must allege facts that state the elements of each claim plainly and succinctly, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Jones v. Cmty. Redevelopment Agency of City of Los Angeles, 733 F.2d 646, 649. Further, "the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A plaintiff may construct a complaint's framework with legal conclusions, but must support the legal conclusions with factual allegations with at least some degree of particularity. Id. at 679; Jones, 733 F.2d at 649.
Plaintiff is also reminded that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to make an amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires any amended complaint to be complete in itself without reference to prior pleadings. The amended complaint will supersede the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Thus, in any amended complaint plaintiff elects to file, she must (1) name each defendant in the caption, (2) identify each defendant in the body of the complaint and of each claim, and (3) sufficiently allege the involvement of each defendant, just as if it were the initial complaint filed in this case. Finally, any amended complaint filed by plaintiff must include concise but complete factual allegations describing the conduct and events which underlie her claims.
As noted above, plaintiff has also filed motions for both a third party subpoena and a subpoena to defendant, seeking to obtain a copy of the alleged original purchase contract she claims existed. (Doc. Nos. 17, 18.) Those motions were not properly noticed for hearing before the magistrate judge assigned to this action. Nonetheless, the court will address plaintiff's motions.
At the pleading stage, the court need not engage in an in-depth review of extrinsic evidence. Therefore, plaintiff's motions to issue subpoenas to the defendant and Mr. Fletcher are denied as premature. Plaintiff need not prove the existence of an earlier contract identifying herself as the purchaser at this stage of litigation. Accordingly, plaintiff's motions are denied as premature.
For all of the reasons set forth above:
IT IS SO ORDERED.
