ORDER

ALLISON CLAIRE, Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff seeks judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security ("Commissioner") denying his application for supplemental security income ("SSI") under Title XVI of the Social Security Act ("the Act"), 42 U.S.C. § 1381-1383f.1 For the reasons that follow plaintiff's motion for summary judgment will be denied and defendant's cross-motion for summary judgment will be granted.

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff initially applied for DIB on February 16, 2012, Administrative Record ("AR") at 13 (ECF No. 12-3 at 14) (Decision)2, alleging disability beginning January 1, 1995. The claim was initially denied on July 15, 2012, and upon reconsideration on November 16, 2012. Id. Plaintiff then filed a request for hearing on November 19, 2012, 20 C.F.R. 415.1429, and appeared at the hearing held on June 27, 2103, presided over by ALJ Evangelina P. Hernandez and attended by Jose L. Chaparro, an Impartial Vocational Expert ("IVE"), plaintiff's attorney Robert K. Kolber, and plaintiff's mother. AR 28 (ECF No. 12-3 at 29).

On July 26, 2013, the ALJ found plaintiff "not disabled" under section 1614(a)(3)(A) of the Social Security Act. AR 22 (ECF No. 12-3 at 23). On December 19, 2014, after receiving a brief from plaintiff's counsel as an additional exhibit, the Appeals Council denied plaintiff's request for review, leaving the ALJ's decision as the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security. AR 1-5 (ECF No. 12-3 at 2-6) (decision and additional exhibit list).

Plaintiff filed this action on February 18, 2015. ECF No. 1; see 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383c(3). The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge. ECF Nos. 7, 9. The parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, based upon the Administrative Record filed by the Commissioner, have been fully briefed. ECF No. 19 (plaintiff's summary judgment motion dated December 6, 2015), 25 (Commissioner's cross-motion for summary judgment dated February 25, 2016).

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff was born on November 21, 1985, was 10 years old on the alleged onset date of his disabilities, and was 26 years old on the date the application was filed. AR 20 (ECF No. 12-3 at 21). Plaintiff has a limited education and can communicate in English. Id.

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

The Commissioner's decision that a plaintiff is not disabled will be upheld "if it is supported by substantial evidence and if the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards."

The Commissioner's decision that a plaintiff is not disabled will be upheld "if it is supported by substantial evidence and if the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards." Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1011 (9th Cir. 2003). "The findings of the Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . . ." Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)).

Substantial evidence is "`more than a mere scintilla," but "may be less than a preponderance." Molia v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). Substantial evidence "means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (internal quotation marks omitted). "While inferences from the record can constitute substantial evidence, only those `reasonably drawn from the record' will suffice." Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). Although this court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the Commissioner, the court nonetheless must review the record as a whole, "weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner's] conclusion." Derosiers v. Secretary of HHS, 846 F.2d 573, 576 (9th Cir 1988); Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985) ("The court must consider both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the ALJ's conclusion; it may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.").

"The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and resolving ambiguities." Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2001). "Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ's decision, the ALJ's conclusion must be upheld." Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). However, the court may review only the reasons stated by the ALJ in his decision "and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely." Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007); Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003) ("It was error for the district court to affirm the ALJ's credibility decision based on evidence that the ALJ did not discuss").

The court will not reverse the Commissioner's decision if it is based on harmless error, which exists only when it is "clear from the record that an `ALJ's error was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination."` Robbins v. SSA, 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Stout v. Comm'r, 454 F.3d 1050, 1055-1056 (9th Cir. 2006)); see also Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005).

IV. RELEVANT LAW

Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income are available for every eligible individual who is "disabled." 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A)0. The Commissioner uses a five-step sequential evaluation process to determine whether an applicant is disabled and entitled to benefits. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4); Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 24-25 (2003) (setting forth the "five-step sequential evaluation process to determine disability" under Title II and Title XVI. The following summarizes the sequential evaluation.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i), (b).

Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), (c).

Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), (d).

Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), (e), (f).

Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), (g).

The plaintiff bears the burden of proof in the first four steps of the sequential evaluation process. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1512(a) ("In general, you have to prove to us that you are blind or disabled"), 416.912(a) (same). However, "[a]t the fifth step of the sequential analysis, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the plaintiff is not disabled and can engage in work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy." Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012).

V. THE ALJ's FINDINGS

The ALJ made the following findings:

AR 15-21 (ECF Nos. 12-3 at 16-22).

The ALJ concluded that plaintiff was "not disabled" under Section 1614(a)(3)(A) of the Social Security Act. AR 22 (ECF No. 12-3 at 23).

VI. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ committed the following legal errors: (1) she failed to credit treating and examining psychiatric opinion evidence without articulating legitimate reasons for doing so; and (2) she failed to evaluate properly and to credit Mr. Blackwell's testimony regarding the functional limitations arising from his mental impairment. ECF No. 19 at 4.

A. Medical Opinion Evidence

The ALJ supported her RFC finding with a detailed review of plaintiff's medical records and the opinion evidence of record. AR 17-20 (ECF No. 12-3 at 18-21). She gave significant weight to the opinion of Dr. Gauch, who completed a psychological consultative examination, because that opinion was consistent with plaintiff's activities of daily living and the longitudinal medical evidence of record. AR 18 (ECF No. 12-3 at 19); see AR 285-290 (ECF No. 12-8 at 12-17) (Gauch report). The ALJ rejected the opinions of examining physicians Dr. Richwerger and Dr. Weiss, and treating physician Dr. Smith. AR 19 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20).

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in considering medical evidence by (a) failing to properly credit the conclusions and testing of Dr. Smith, plaintiff's treating physician; (b) giving little weight to the opinion of consulting examiner Dr. Richwerger; (c) giving little weight to the opinion of consulting examiner Dr. Weiss; and (d) failing even to mention therapist Catherine Lee's assessment.

1. Opinion of Dr. Smith

Dr. Smith was plaintiff's treating physician, who completed two mental RFC assessments in 2012. AR 365-369 (ECF No. 12-8 at 92-96), AR 409-415 (ECF No. 12-9 at 41-47). Dr. Smith indicated that plaintiff was "unable to meet competitive standards" in most categories, and rated plaintiff's work-related abilities as "poor." Id. The ALJ gave "little weight" to these assessments, on the grounds that they were not supported by objective medical evidence and that Dr. Smith's own records indicate routine conservative treatment for the claimed impairments. AR 19 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20).

The ALJ did not err. Dr. Smith's report identified no objective evidence of impairment. Dr. Smith's records consist exclusively of check-off lists without analysis — merely descriptions of the symptoms that plaintiff reported. AR 365-369 (ECF No. 12-8 at 92-96); AR 409-415 (ECF 12-9 at 41-47). Dr. Smith made no reference to any other medical records, clinical findings, or diagnostic assessments that would support her checklist of conclusions. Id. "The ALJ need not accept the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings. Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 956-957 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added).

2. Opinion of Dr. Richwerger

Dr. Richwerger was a Consulting Examiner commissioned by the Administration. AR 372 (ECF No. 12-9 at 4). His report is found at AR 372-378 (ECF No. 12-9 at 4-10). It is based on a single evaluation in June 2012. The ALJ rejected Dr. Richwerger's opinions on grounds that he had no longstanding relationship with the plaintiff, and the findings were inconsistent and unsupported by the longitudinal medical evidence. AR 10 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20).

The ALJ did not err in rejecting Dr. Richwerger's opinions. Dr. Richwerger relied almost entirely on plaintiff's self-reporting and reviewed only limited records: an assessment form from San Joaquin County Mental Health, one check-off report from Dr. Smith, and a handwritten report from 2010 in which he found the diagnosis to be illegible. AR 372-373 (ECF No. 12-9 at 4-5). In his functional assessment Dr. Richwerger found only slight and moderate impairments in most areas, with marked impairment only in plaintiff's ability to perform detailed and complex tasks, to perform work activities on a consistent basis, and to be able to complete a normal workday or workweek without interruption. AR at 377 (ECF No. 9-12 at 9). The only evidence he had for these opinions was plaintiff's self-reporting. AR at 376 (ECF No. 12-9 at 8).4 Dr. Richwerger provided no critical discussion or objective evidence to support any of his conclusions.

Those conclusions are inconsistent with the various treatment notes and other medical records identified by the ALJ that indicated a higher level of functioning during the same period. Accordingly, the ALJ's rejection of Dr. Richwerger's opinion is supported by substantial evidence and is therefore entitled to deference. Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, supra, 341 F.3d at 1011; Andrews v. Shalala, supra, 53 F.3d at 1039.

3. Opinion of Dr. Weiss

Wendy Weiss, Ph.D. performed a psychological evaluation of plaintiff in April 2013. AR 417-428 (ECF No.12-9 at 49-60). The ALJ rejected Dr. Weiss's opinion for the same reasons she rejected Dr. Richwerger's opinion: no longstanding treating relationship, inconsistency, and lack of support in the longitudinal medial evidence of record. AR 19 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20).

As with Dr. Richwerger, the ALJ permissibly rejected Dr. Weiss's opinion as inconsistent with other contemporaneous evidence of functioning. As with Dr. Richwerger, the findings of marked limitations are unsubstantiated by clinical findings or medical records. Id. Accordingly, for the same reasons that there was no error in the ALJ's rejection of Dr. Richwerger's opinion, there was no error in her rejection of Dr. Weiss's opinion.

To the extent the ALJ rejected the Richwerger and Weiss opinions as inconsistent with each other, AR 19 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20), the differing findings appear to follow from the differing factual representations made by plaintiff. Compare AR 373-74 (ECF No. 12-9 at 5-6) (plaintiff's account to Dr. Richwerger of his history); AR 419-20 (ECF No. 12-9 at 51-52) (plaintiff's account to Dr. Weiss of his history). Plaintiff was able to demonstrate abstract thinking with Dr. Weiss in April 2013, AR 421 (ECF No. 12-9 at 53), but was unable do so with Dr. Richwerger in June 2012. AR 376 (ECF No. 12-9 at 8). He told Dr. Weiss that he cooked and shopped and "likes to clean," AR 422 (ECF No. 12-9 at 54), contrary to his representations to Dr. Richwerger. AR 374 (ECF No. 12-9 at 6). He described himself as able to handle his finances and Dr. Weiss accepted this representation, AR 422 (ECF No. 12-9 at 54), yet he told Dr. Richwerger the opposite, and Dr. Richwerger accepted the representation made to him. AR 374-375 (ECF No. 12-9 at 6-7). The ALJ was entitled consider these inconsistencies and discount both reports.

4. Treatment Records of Catherine Lee

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by ignoring the May 2012 assessment of therapist Catherine Lee, whose records are found at AR 393-399 (ECF No. 12-9 at 25-31).5 To the extent if any that the ALJ's failure to expressly discuss Lee's progress notes constitutes error, it is harmless error. Ms. Lee noted that plaintiff was not taking his medication and had inconsistent explanations for failing to do so. AR 393, 398 (ECF No. 12-9 at 25, 30). The ALJ properly found that plaintiff's condition waxed and waned with treatment compliance, and that his history of noncompliance weighed against a finding of disability. AR 20 (ECF No. 12-3 at 21). In situations where medication has been shown to be effective but the patient refuses to avail himself of the treatment offered, that fact alone allows a determination that the impairments that could be so treated are not disabling. Warre v. Commissioner, 439 F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th Cir. 2006). Accordingly, consideration of Ms. Lee's progress notes would not have affected the disability determination.

B. Evaluation of Plaintiff's Testimony

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by failing to credit plaintiff's testimony regarding the severity of his symptoms and the functional limitations arising from his mental impairments. In assessing plaintiff's credibility the ALJ noted that he was "able to participate in the hearing closely and fully without being distracted and was able to respond to questions in an appropriate manner, behavior which is inconsistent with his alleged mental impairments." AR 17 (ECF No. 12-3 at 18). She also observed that his testimony seemed exaggerated and that she found his "emotional display and tears" not to be credible. Id. She further commented on the inconsistent accounts of his past he gave to various providers the evaluators and treaters discussed above as well as jail personnel. Id. She found the daily activities to which he admitted, although somewhat limited, comprised "some of the physical and mental abilities and social interaction necessary to obtain and maintain employment." Id. Finally, she found plaintiff's credibility reduced "by the fact that despite impairment, the claimant has [admittedly] engaged in a somewhat normal level of daily activity and interaction . . . inconsistent with the presence of an incapacitating or debilitating condition." AR 17 (ECF No. 12-3 at 18). These findings led her to determine that plaintiff's claims and testimony were not credible overall.

An ALJ may rely on her observational powers to evaluate a plaintiff's credibility. Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 948, 959 (9th Cir. 2001); Verduzco v. Apfel, 188 F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 1999); Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1020 (9th Cir. 1992). In this case, the ALJ's own observation regarding plaintiff's "emotional display" was also consistent with the report of an examining psychologist who found that plaintiff exaggerated the level of his distress, including by giving the appearance of crying. See AR 18 (ECF No. 12-3 at 19); AR 287, 289 (ECF No. 12-8 at 14, 16) (report of Dr. Gauch).

The ALJ also looked at plaintiff's inconsistent representations of his personal history to various examiners as discussed above. AR 17 (ECF No. 12-3 at 18). This is a permissible, and common, measure of credibility. The ALJ did consider the testimony of plaintiff's mother, but found it less persuasive than the medical evidence she reviewed. AR 19-20 (ECF No. 12-3 at 20-21). This was not error; the mere description of symptoms by lay witnesses may be discounted in the absence of supporting medical evidence. Molina v Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012); Ukolov v. Barnhart, 420 F.3d 1002, 1006 n.6 (9th Cir. 2005).

The observation of a plaintiff's behavior by an ALJ, when coupled with an inconclusive medical record, is sufficient to discredit the plaintiff's claims. Carmickle v. Comissioner, Social Security Administration, 533 F.2d 1155, 1158, 1161 (9th Cir. 2008). Although the absence of objective medical evidence is not, standing alone, sufficient to make a negative credibility determination, when coupled with conflicts between testimony and conduct, or internal contradictions in plaintiff's representations, it provides a valid basis for denying coverage based on a lack of credibility. Robbins v. Social Security Administration, 466 F.3d 880, 883-884 (9th Cir. 2006). Overall, the ALJ's credibility determination here his supported by the "clear and convincing evidence" required by the law in the absence of direct evidence of malingering. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2005).

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: