Judge MANNHEIMER.
Shannon M. Silook's three-year-old daughter suffered severe head injuries when she was left in the care of Silook's live-in boyfriend, Michael Ponte. When Silook was interviewed by the police about what had happened, Silook told the police that she, not Ponte, had been caring for the child. Silook also told the police that her daughter had suffered the injuries earlier, either by hitting her head on some rocks or by falling during a sledding accident.
For telling these lies to the police, Silook was convicted of first-degree hindering prosecution, AS 11.56.770. Silook now appeals her conviction. She does not dispute that she lied to the police, but she argues that her actions did not constitute the crime of hindering prosecution as defined in the statute.
For the reasons explained in this opinion, we conclude that the prosecution against Silook was based on a misinterpretation of the hindering prosecution statute, and that her conviction must therefore be reversed.
After Michael Ponte and Shannon Silook had dated for a time, Silook became pregnant with the couple's child. During Silook's pregnancy, starting in the summer of 2009, Ponte lived in Wasilla with Silook and her two other children — five-year-old I.S., and three-year-old K.S.
In July 2009, Silook took I.S. with her to visit family in Savoonga. Silook left K.S. in the care of her parents (Silook's father and stepmother), who also lived in Wasilla.
In the middle of Silook's trip, Silook's parents returned K.S. to Ponte's care. Within hours after K.S. was returned to Ponte's care, Ponte called Silook to tell her that K.S. was "all bruised up". Silook assumed that K.S. had been injured while her parents were caring for her, so she telephoned her parents and confronted them. Silook's parents denied that K.S. had been injured while in their care.
In early August, about a month after Silook returned from Savoonga, K.S. became sick, and Silook sought medical care for her.
By mid-September, K.S.'s optical disk swelling had resolved, and she had a normal eye exam.
In early November, Gordon Shepard (a friend of Ponte's) noticed that K.S. appeared to be suffering from a broken collar bone. (One of K.S.'s shoulders was sagging, and K.S. cried and said that her shoulder hurt when Shepard picked her up.) Shepard mentioned these observations to Silook.
A few days later, on November 12, 2009, Silook drove to Anchorage to run some errands and to visit her newborn daughter, who was in intensive care because of medical problems associated with her birth. Silook left I.S. and K.S. in Ponte's care while she was in Anchorage.
Silook returned to Wasilla around 9:00 p.m. that evening. The two children were already in bed, and Ponte was playing video games with his friend, Shepard. Ponte told Silook that he had given both children a bath before putting them to bed.
Silook herself went to bed a couple hours after she came home, but she was awakened by the sound of K.S. crying and saying "Momma" repeatedly. Silook and Ponte went to K.S.'s bedroom and saw that she was "jerking". Ponte drove Silook and K.S. to the Mat-Su Regional Hospital's emergency room in the middle of the night.
Silook later testified that Ponte told her to say that she (and not Ponte) had given the children a bath that evening, and that K.S. had been injured earlier in a sledding accident.
By the time K.S. arrived at Mat-Su Regional, she was not responding normally to her family or to other people. Silook told the doctor that K.S. had complained of a headache the evening before, and that K.S. had been smacking her lips that evening. Silook also told the doctor about the cerebral contusion that had been diagnosed in early August. But neither Silook nor Ponte told medical personnel that K.S. had suffered any recent trauma.
Medical testing showed that there was blood in K.S.'s spinal fluid; this prompted the doctor to order a CT scan of K.S.'s brain. This scan revealed bleeding in the left front portion of K.S.'s brain. An X-ray of K.S.'s chest showed that she had pneumonia in both lungs, as well as a collar bone fracture that was about two weeks old — possibly a re-break.
Because of K.S.'s neurological impairment, K.S. was transferred to the Alaska Native Hospital in Anchorage. By the time K.S. arrived there, she was non-responsive. She had hemorrhaging in both of her retinas, and she appeared to be blind. The doctors at the Native Hospital concluded that K.S. had probably suffered a head trauma.
K.S. was discharged from the Native Hospital in early December 2009. At that time, she was still unable to see, but she had become responsive, and she was eating on her own. K.S. was transferred to a facility in Seattle to undergo neurological rehabilitation — relearning to speak, and trying to recover her normal ability to walk.
In August of the following year (2010), after K.S. had regained her sight and had completed her rehabilitative treatment, she was interviewed by a police investigator. K.S. told the investigator that Ponte had choked her and had held her head underwater while he was giving her a bath. K.S. later told her grandfather that Ponte had choked her, and that he had spun her around.
Silook spoke twice to Sgt. Joel Smith of the Wasilla Police Department about what had happened to her daughter. The first interview took place on the day that K.S. was hospitalized in Anchorage. Silook told Smith that she did not know how her daughter came to be injured. Silook falsely told Smith that she, not Ponte, had put K.S. to bed that night — and that, other than complaining of a
Silook's second interview with Sgt. Smith took place by telephone three days later. During this second interview, Silook told Smith that her children had been playing outside on the day that K.S. was injured. She suggested that K.S. might have hit her head on some rocks, or that K.S. might have fallen when she was sledding earlier in the day. But Silook again declared K.S. had seemed fine when she put her to bed around 9:00 p.m.
Later, when Silook testified in front of the grand jury, she admitted that she had not been home when K.S. was put to bed that night — and that she had not even looked in on K.S. before she went to bed herself. Silook testified that Ponte told her to say that K.S. had been injured in a sledding accident, and that K.S. had complained of a headache at bedtime.
Silook told the grand jurors that she went along with these lies because Ponte was "very controlling".
The grand jury indicted Silook for two felonies: first-degree hindering prosecution (for lying to Sgt. Smith), and second-degree assault (for failing to take action to protect her daughter from serious physical injury at the hands of Ponte). Following a jury trial, Silook was acquitted of assault, but she was convicted of hindering prosecution.
The question we must decide is whether Silook's lies to Sgt. Smith constituted the actus reus of hindering prosecution — in other words, whether the hindering prosecution statute covers this kind of conduct.
Under AS 11.56.770, a person commits first-degree hindering prosecution if they "render assistance" to another person who has committed a felony. The phrase "renders assistance" is defined in subsection (b) of the statute. In its prosecution of Silook, the State relied on the third and fourth clauses of this definition. These clauses of the statute declare that a person "renders assistance" if the person:
With regard to subsection (b)(3), the State's theory was that, by lying to Sgt. Smith, Silook provided her boyfriend Ponte with a "means of avoiding discovery or apprehension". And with regard to subsection (b)(4), the State's theory was that Silook's lies to Sgt. Smith constituted "deception" that "prevented or obstructed" the police from "performing an act which might aid in the discovery or apprehension" of Ponte.
As we are about to explain, both of the State's theories of prosecution are based on misinterpretations of the statute. We therefore reverse Silook's conviction for hindering prosecution.
As explained in the Commentary to the draft of Alaska's current criminal code, the definition of "rendering assistance" found in AS 11.56.770(b) is based on Hawai`i Statute § 710-1028.
More specifically, the Hawai`i commentary refers to Model Penal Code Tentative § 208.32, "Aiding Another to Avoid Prosecution or to Consummate [a] Crime". This tentative provision and its accompanying commentary are found in Model Penal Code Tentative Draft No. 9 (1959), pp. 194-202. This same early provision of the Model Penal Code is cited by the Alaska Legislature in its commentary to our hindering prosecution statute. See 1978 Senate Journal, Supp. No. 47 (June 12), pp. 87.
Loosely speaking, Alaska's hindering prosecution statute was intended to address the same types of societal harm that used to be covered by the common-law crime of being an "accessory after the fact". This common-law crime covered any person who, knowing that someone else had committed a felony, "received", "relieved", "comforted", or "assisted" the felon in order to hinder the felon's "apprehension, trial, or punishment."
Although Alaska's hindering prosecution statutes (AS 11.56.770-780) were intended to further the same general societal interests as the common-law crime of "accessory after the fact", the drafters of our criminal code did not intend Alaska's hindering prosecution statutes to cover the entire range of conduct that would have made a person liable as an accessory after the fact at common law.
This point is expressly stated in the Legislature's commentary to AS 11.56.770: "the six methods [of hindering prosecution] described [in the statute] present a narrower concept of aid than in common law."
As that Commentary explains, Alaska's hindering prosecution statutes depart from the common law of "accessory after the fact" in a significant way: Rather than encompassing any and all acts that assist or give comfort to a lawbreaker, the six clauses of AS 11.56.770(b) were drafted to establish "the precise acts needed to commit [the crime of] hindering prosecution". Id., p. 79.
The drafters wrote our statute this way because they wished to endorse the approach of the Model Penal Code:
Alaska Criminal Code Revision, Tentative Draft, Part 4 (1977), p. 80, quoting Model Penal Code, Tentative Draft No. 9 (1959), § 208.32, Commentary at pp. 199-200.
(An even more comprehensive discussion of this point — the policy of limiting the types of acts that will make a person liable for hindering prosecution — is found in the Commentary to the Official Draft of the Model Penal Code: Model Penal Code and Commentaries (1980), Part II, §§ 240.0 to 251.4, pp. 230-36.)
In sum, our definition of "renders assistance" was intended to codify the Model Penal Code's approach of narrowing the scope
As we explained earlier, one of the State's theories of prosecution in this case was that, when Silook lied to Sgt. Smith about when and how her daughter came to be injured, Silook "rendered assistance" to her boyfriend Ponte under subsection (b)(3) of the statute — the provision that encompasses providing a person with "money, transportation, a dangerous instrument, a disguise, or other means of avoiding discovery or apprehension." (Emphasis added.)
The State's prosecution of Silook under subsection (b)(3) rested on a mistaken interpretation of this provision. Subsection (b)(3) is limited to tangible assistance to a lawbreaker — i.e., physical or material assistance — and not assistance by deceptive words.
Subsection (b)(3) of our statute is a slight variation from Hawai`i Statute § 710-1028(3), which in turn was a slight variation from Model Penal Code § 242.3(2). The Model Penal Code provision covers situations where a defendant "provides [a criminal] with a weapon, transportation, disguise or other means of avoiding apprehension or effecting escape".
The Commentary accompanying this provision of the Model Penal Code clarifies that this language was not intended to cover a person who lies to the police. Rather, this language was intended to cover only "tangible forms of assistance". Model Penal Code and Commentaries (1980), Part II, §§ 240.0 to 251.4, p. 234.
Although the wording of AS 11.56.770(b)(3) differs somewhat from the wording of Model Penal Code § 242.3(2), there is nothing in the text or history of the Alaska provision to suggest that the drafters of our statute intended to depart from the Model Penal Code's decision to limit the scope of this provision to the rendering of tangible aid.
Subsection (3) of our statute declares that a defendant "renders assistance" to a person who has committed a crime if the defendant "provides ... the other person with money, transportation, a dangerous instrument, a disguise, or other means of avoiding discovery or apprehension". The components of this list — "money", "transportation", "dangerous instrument", or "disguise" — are all consistent with the Model Penal Code's aim of punishing people who provide physical or material assistance to a criminal.
And because the list in subsection (3) of our statute refers to different types of physical or material aid, the principle of ejusdem generis counsels us to interpret the concluding phrase — "other means of avoiding discovery or apprehension" — as likewise referring to physical or material aid, and not the act of lying to the authorities.
This interpretation of subsection (3) is bolstered by the fact that this subsection, by its very terms, applies only to people who "provide" a felon with the listed forms of aid. The use of the verb "provide" likewise suggests that subsection (3) is aimed at people who give physical or material aid to the criminal — not people who tell lies to the authorities.
We thus conclude, both from the legislative history of AS 11.56.770(b)(3) and from the wording of the statute itself, that the State's interpretation of the statute is wrong. This subsection of the statute is limited to the furnishing of tangible aid. Because Silook did not render tangible aid to Ponte, she could not lawfully be found guilty of "rendering aid" under subsection (b)(3).
At Silook's trial, the jury was told that they could find Silook guilty under either subsection (b)(3) or subsection (b)(4) of the statute. And the jury was not asked to indicate which subsection their verdict was based on. Thus, even if the State's misinterpretation of subsection (b)(3) were the only flaw in the State's prosecution of Silook, we would
But there is a separate flaw in the State's theory of prosecution under subsection (b)(4) of the statute.
Subsection (b)(4) of the statute declares that the phrase "renders assistance" means "prevents or obstructs, by means of... deception, anyone from performing an act which might aid in the discovery or apprehension of the other person".
The Model Penal Code does not contain a provision like our subsection (b)(4). Instead, the Model Penal Code contains a provision that seemingly applies much more directly to Silook's conduct. Model Penal Code § 242.3(5) declares that a person commits the crime of "hindering apprehension or prosecution" if the person "volunteers false information to a law enforcement officer." But the Model Penal Code Commentary to subsection (5) expressly declares that this provision is strictly limited to "volunteering" false information to the authorities — i.e., providing the false information unsolicited:
Model Penal Code and Commentaries (1980), Part II, §§ 240.0 to 251.4, p. 235.
In other words, the drafters of the Model Penal Code expressly decided not to criminalize the kind of conduct that Silook engaged in: giving false or misleading answers during a police-initiated interview.
Because Alaska's subsection (4) is worded so differently from the Model Penal Code provision, it is arguable that the drafters of our criminal code wanted to enact a broader provision that would also cover lies told during a police-initiated interview. But we have found nothing in the legislative history of our statute, or in the legislative history of Hawai`i Stat. § 710-1028 (the immediate precursor of our statute), to convincingly demonstrate that the drafters of our statute intended to depart from the Model Penal Code's approach to this issue.
We have, however, found a number of cases from other states in which the courts interpreted statutory language almost identical to our subsection (b)(4) — and these cases generally limit the scope of this statutory language so that it does not apply to the facts of Silook's case. These states reach this result in two different ways.
The first group of courts emphasizes that the language of subsection (b)(4) requires the government to prove that the defendant's conduct "prevented" or "obstructed" the police from "performing an act" that might aid in the discovery or apprehension of the person who committed the crime. These courts hold that even when the government proves that a defendant lied to the police, the government must additionally prove that the defendant's lies actually altered the course of the investigation — by preventing or obstructing the police from performing an investigative act that they otherwise would have performed.
For instance, Washington Statute § 9A.76.050(4) declares that a person "renders criminal assistance" if the person "prevents or obstructs, by use of force, deception, or threat, anyone from performing an act that might aid in the discovery or apprehension of [a person who is being sought for a crime]". In State v. Budik, 173 Wn.2d 727, 272 P.3d 816 (2012), the defendant was a shooting victim who was convicted of hindering prosecution under this clause of the statute because he repeatedly lied to the investigating officers by telling them that he did not know the identity of the people who shot him.
The Washington Supreme Court overturned the defendant's conviction, in part because the government failed to show that Budik's lies prevented or obstructed the police from performing some act that would
Budik, 272 P.3d at 822 (emphasis in the original).
The Missouri Court of Appeals reached the same result in State v. McMasters, 815 S.W.2d 116, 118 (Mo. App. 1991):
For another decision adopting this construction of the statutory language, see Ex parte Burton, 783 So.2d 887, 891-93 (Ala. 2000).
In Silook's case, the State presented no evidence that Silook's lies to Sgt. Smith actually altered the course of the police investigation into the assault on K.S., by preventing or obstructing the authorities from performing an investigative act that they otherwise would have performed.
The second group of courts limits the scope of the language found in subsection (b)(4) by emphasizing the concluding part of the clause: "prevents or obstructs ... anyone from performing an act which might aid in the discovery or apprehension of the other person". These courts interpret the statutory phrase "discovery ... of the other person" as referring only to the person's whereabouts (i.e., their physical location) — and not to proof of the person's connection to, or involvement in, the crime being investigated.
For example, Oregon has a hindering prosecution statute that contains language virtually identical to our subsection (b)(4).
Werdell, 136 P.3d at 20.
And more recently, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals likewise held that the statutory phrase "discovery ... of the other person" refers solely to the discovery of a
To sum up this discussion: Our hindering prosecution statute appears to be drawn from the Model Penal Code (by way of the Hawai`i statutes). The Model Penal Code version of this offense was expressly drafted to ensure that the act of lying to the police during a police-initiated interview would not constitute the offense of hindering prosecution. Even though subsection (b)(4) of our statute contains different language from the corresponding Model Penal Code provision, there is nothing in the legislative history of our statute to demonstrate that our drafters intended to repudiate the Model Penal Code approach to this particular issue.
Moreover, among the states having statutory language that mirrors the language of AS 11.56.770(b)(4), several of those courts have interpreted their statutes in ways that would not allow Silook to be convicted for lying to the police in the present case — either because the State did not show that Silook's lies prevented or obstructed the police from performing investigative acts that they otherwise would have performed, or because Silook's lies did not impede the authorities' ability to ascertain Ponte's physical whereabouts (as opposed to Ponte's connection to, or involvement in, the underlying assault on K.S.).
We need not decide which of these interpretations of subsection (b)(4) should be adopted in Alaska — because, under any of them, the State's prosecution of Silook was flawed.
The State's prosecution of Silook was based on misinterpretations of both subsection (b)(3) and subsection (b)(4) of the first-degree hindering prosecution statute, AS 11.56.770. We therefore REVERSE the judgement of the superior court.
For the purposes of [hindering prosecution in the first and second degrees], a person renders assistance to another if he:
(1) Harbors or conceals such person;
(2) Warns such person of impending discovery, apprehension, prosecution, or conviction, except this does not apply to a warning given in connection with an effort to bring another into compliance with the law;
(3) Provides such person with money, transportation, weapon, disguise, or other means of avoiding discovery, apprehension, prosecution, or conviction;
(4) Prevents or obstructs, by means of force, deception, or intimidation, anyone from performing an act that might aid in the discovery, apprehension, prosecution, or conviction of such person; or
(5) Suppresses by an act of concealment, alteration, or destruction any physical evidence that might aid in the discovery, apprehension, prosecution, or conviction of such person.
