Rufe, J.

OPINION

By Order filed April 17, 2012, the United States Judicial Panel on MultiDistrict Litigation transferred to this Court, for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings, cases alleging that Zoloft (sertraline hydrochloride), "a prescription medication approved for the treatment of depression and other ailments, causes birth defects in children when their mothers ingest the drug while pregnant."1 In rejecting arguments opposing centralization of the cases, the Panel determined that "while the specific birth defects alleged vary somewhat among the plaintiffs, all actions will share discovery relating to general medical causation; factual discovery will overlap concerning Pfizer's research, testing, and warnings; and expert discovery and Daubert motions will overlap to some degree."2 These events common to the litigation having occurred, the Court now is presented with Defendants' motion for summary judgment in all pending cases.3 Plaintiffs, through the Plaintiffs Steering Committee ("PSC"), oppose the motion.4 The motion puts the following two questions before the Court: First, have Plaintiffs produced sufficient admissible evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could determine, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Zoloft caused Plaintiffs' injuries? Second, if they have not, what next?

I. BACKGROUND

Early in the MDL, the parties agreed to a schedule to govern proceedings in the MDL.5 The schedule included discovery from Pfizer, the exchange of expert reports regarding general causation and hearings as to the admissibility of the expert testimony pursuant to Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals.6 At the initial hearings, the PSC offered the testimony of four expert witnesses7 on the issue of general causation in an effort to establish that Zoloft, when used at therapeutic dose levels during human pregnancy, is a teratogen capable of causing a range of birth defects.8 Plaintiffs primarily relied upon Dr. Anick Bérard, an epidemiologist.9 By opinion dated June 27, 2014, the Court found that Dr. Bérard had failed to base her opinion upon scientifically valid methodology and reasoning such that it could not be considered by a jury.10 The Court determined that "Dr. Bérard's methodology involved a rejection of the importance of replicated statistically significant epidemiological findings demonstrating an association between Zoloft and a pattern of birth defects, substituting a novel technique of drawing conclusions by examining `trends' (often statistically non-significant) across selected studies."11 The Court also held that Dr. Bérard failed to address adequately those epidemiological studies that did not support her opinion.12

By opinion and order dated August 12, 2014, the Court excluded in part the opinions of the PSC's three other general causation witnesses, Dr. Robert Cabrera (a teratologist), Dr. Michael Levin (a molecular developmental biologist), and Dr. Thomas Sadler (an embryologist). The Court concluded that these experts could not testify that Zoloft caused birth defects in humans but could testify as to the limited question of the existence of plausible biological mechanisms by which altered concentrations of serotonin in a developing embryo could cause birth defects.13 The Court held that "when epidemiological studies are equivocal or inconsistent with a causation opinion, experts asserting causation opinions must thoroughly analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the epidemiological research and explain why that body of research does not contradict or undermine their opinion."14 These experts did not address the epidemiological evidence, and because Dr. Bérard's report and testimony had been excluded they could not rely on her conclusions or testify as to human causation.15

The PSC filed a motion for partial reconsideration of the opinion excluding Dr. Bérard only. The Court denied this motion by opinion and order dated January 23, 2015, rejecting the argument that the Court erred by requiring replicated, statistically significant epidemiological findings to establish general causation.16 The Court explained that:

While seeking partial reconsideration, the PSC also filed a motion for leave to introduce Nicholas Jewell, Ph.D., a biostatistics professor, as an additional expert witness on general causation with regard to cardiac defects.18 The PSC argued in support of its motion that "Dr. Jewell's testimony is critically important to the plaintiffs in this litigation. Proof of general causation — that exposure to Zoloft was capable of causing plaintiffs' injuries — is a prerequisite to recovery by every plaintiff herein."19 By opinion and order dated January 7, 2015, the Court granted the motion after balancing the interests of all parties to the MDL and weighing heavily "the indisputable fact that the evidence is of critical importance to Plaintiffs."20 After these rulings, many cases alleging non-cardiac injuries were dismissed without prejudice by stipulation of the parties.21

Defendants raised a Daubert challenge as to the admissibility of Dr. Jewell's testimony and report.22 After this motion was filed, the parties stipulated to the dismissal without prejudice of additional cases, including some alleging both cardiac and non-cardiac defects.23 Defendants also filed a motion to strike new expert reports by Dr. Levin and Dr. Sadler, arguing that Plaintiffs were improperly attempting to re-litigate the admissibility of these experts' reports and testimony.24 These reports purported to be case-specific to the two trial-ready cases,25 although Dr. Levin did not address any opinions specific to these Plaintiffs, and Dr. Sadler essentially applied his earlier opinions to the individual Plaintiffs. By stipulation of counsel approved by the Court, Plaintiffs agreed to withdraw the reports and reserved "the right to file supplemental reports from Dr. Levin and/or Dr. Sadler at a later date to address any new evidence relevant to their opinions which may come to light, and the right to offer their testimony" in the cases set for initial trials.26 Defendants reserved "all of their rights to file objections or motions challenging any report and/or opinion of" these experts.27

By opinion and order dated December 2, 2015, the Court excluded Dr. Jewell's report and testimony pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 403 and 702.28 The Court concluded after hearing testimony over several days that Dr. Jewell failed to consistently apply the scientific methods he articulated, deviated from or downplayed certain well-established principles of his field, and inconsistently applied methods and standards to the data so as to support his a priori opinion.29 Significantly, the Court found that Dr. Jewell failed to address adequately all of the available epidemiological studies, particularly more recent studies that did not replicate the results in earlier studies, even though these studies included and expanded upon the populations in the earlier studies.30 The Court also concluded that Dr. Jewell improperly attempted to rely upon internal Pfizer documents because such partial literature reviews are not the kinds of information generally relied upon by statisticians, and because to the extent that the documents expressed Pfizer's preliminary concerns about product safety, warranting further investigation, and were not final conclusions drawn by Pfizer (as Pfizer argued), Dr. Jewell's use of them would potentially be misleading to a jury.31 Pfizer moved for summary judgment immediately after this ruling.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A court will award summary judgment on a claim or part of a claim where there is "no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."32 A fact is "material" if resolving the dispute over the fact "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing [substantive] law."33 A dispute is "genuine" if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."34

In evaluating a summary judgment motion, a court "must view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party," and make every reasonable inference in that party's favor.35 Further, a court may not weigh the evidence or make credibility determinations.36 Nevertheless, the party opposing summary judgment must support each essential element of the opposition with concrete evidence in the record.37 "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted."38 This requirement upholds the "underlying purpose of summary judgment [which] is to avoid a pointless trial in cases where it is unnecessary and would only cause delay and expense."39 Therefore, if, after making all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, the court determines that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact, summary judgment is appropriate.40

In ruling on the summary judgment motion, the Court has determined that it is not required to apply the law of any particular jurisdiction. Although Plaintiffs argue at various points in their opposition that the Court should apply the state or federal law applicable to the states where the trial-ready Plaintiffs live, Plaintiffs have not cited cases from any jurisdiction holding that the complex scientific question of whether a prescription drug is a teratogen can be answered without expert testimony or based on circumstantial evidence, and the legal principles upon which the Court has relied tend to be consistent across jurisdictions.41

III. DISCUSSION

Defendants argue that having failed to produce an expert who can establish general causation, Plaintiffs cannot prevail on any of their claims. Plaintiffs argue that there is substantial evidence of causation, including reports of adverse events, internal Pfizer documents that Plaintiffs say admit to a positive association between maternal use of Zoloft and cardiac defects, the evidence of biological plausibility from Dr. Levin and Dr. Sadler, differential diagnoses performed by a pediatric cardiologist that can establish both general and specific causation on a case-by-case basis, and an expert opinion by the former commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). Although the Court has considered Plaintiffs' evidence in full, the Court will not engage in an ad hoc third round of Daubert proceedings, as to do so would provide Plaintiffs "with an open-ended and never-ending opportunity to meet a Daubert challenge until [they] `get[] it right.'"42 Plaintiffs essentially attempt to proceed as if general causation has not already been litigated extensively, as if the motion for leave to present Dr. Jewell was superfluous, and as if the withdrawal of the supplemental reports of Dr. Sadler and Dr. Levin was of no effect. The Court rules within the full context of the MDL proceedings, mindful of all prior rulings and procedural orders.

A. Can Plaintiffs Establish General Causation?

"Causation has two levels, general and specific, and a plaintiff must prove both. General causation is whether a substance is capable of causing a particular injury or condition in the general population, while specific causation is whether a substance caused a particular individual's injury. Sequence matters: a plaintiff must establish general causation before moving to specific causation. Without the predicate proof of general causation, the tort claim fails."43

Plaintiffs proffered four experts on general causation in the first round of Daubert proceedings: Dr. Bérard, Dr. Cabrera, Dr. Levin, and Dr. Sadler. The Court concluded that not one of these experts could testify that Zoloft is capable of causing birth defects in humans. In the second round of Daubert proceedings, Plaintiffs with leave of Court proffered Dr. Jewell and without leave of Court submitted supplemental reports by Dr. Levin and Dr. Sadler. Plaintiffs withdrew the supplemental reports and the Court held after an extensive hearing that Dr. Jewell could not testify that Zoloft causes birth defects in humans. The Court must determine whether Plaintiffs are able to establish general causation without the excluded expert testimony.

In opposing Pfizer's motion, Plaintiffs have presented the Court with a prodigious record. The Court has reviewed the 405 asserted statements of material facts (to which Pfizer has responded) and the nearly 200 exhibits contained in six banker's boxes produced by Plaintiffs. The quantity of the evidence is not, however, coterminous with the quality of evidence with regard to the issues now before the Court. Aside from issues such as the submission of duplicative exhibits44 and untranslated foreign-language documents,45 statements and documents relating to the development, marketing costs, and profitability of Zoloft46 are irrelevant to the question of whether Zoloft can cause birth defects. Plaintiffs have also submitted again the epidemiological studies that, pursuant to the Court's rulings with regard to Dr. Bérard and Dr. Jewell, fail to support claims of causation.47 In addition, the PSC recently filed a supplemental submission that purports to be an "important epidemiology recent study," but which appears to be a statement by statisticians as to p-values and statistical significance that has been accepted for publication but not yet published.48 This document, whatever its provenance, is not relevant to the issues on summary judgment; the Court will not belatedly revisit the Daubert rulings.

1. The Role of Epidemiological Evidence

Plaintiffs argue that epidemiological evidence is not required to establish general causation.49 Although the legal concept is more nuanced than Plaintiffs present, nevertheless, this Court has not held to the contrary. Instead, the Court's rulings have followed the accepted principles that "epidemiology is the best evidence of general causation in a toxic tort case" and that "where epidemiology is available, it cannot be ignored."50 As this Court held in the opinions on the biological experts:

In other words, in order to successfully opine on general causation (i.e., that Zoloft can cause birth defects), any expert must account for the findings reached in the full universe of epidemiological studies.53 In arguing against this determination, Plaintiffs rely on a case that arose in a different context, one in which epidemiological studies had not been published. The plaintiff in Heller v. Shaw Industries, Inc.,54 sought recompense for respiratory illnesses allegedly caused by volatile organic compounds that emanated from carpeting manufactured by the defendant and installed in the plaintiff's home.55 The Third Circuit rejected the notion that "a medical expert must always cite published studies on general causation" because to do so "would doom from the outset all cases in which the state of research on the ... alleged causal agent was in its early stages," and would unacceptably impose a bright-line standard.56 The decision in Heller does not stand for the proposition that existing epidemiological studies are irrelevant or need not be addressed and reconciled with an expert's opinions on causation. Plaintiffs cannot prevail by ignoring the epidemiological evidence.

2. Expert Evidence

a. Dr. Sadler and Dr. Levin

In opposing summary judgment, and in addition to the reports previously litigated in the Daubert proceedings, Plaintiffs have submitted reports that were the subject of the earlier motion to strike and were withdrawn pursuant to stipulation and order, and additional declarations dated 2016, relating to the Long and Goulet cases.57 Pfizer has filed a motion to strike, arguing that these submissions violate the Court's order approving the stipulation to withdraw the reports.58 Pfizer also argues that the expert submissions address no new evidence and simply restate opinions excluded by the Court's second Daubert ruling. Plaintiffs argue that Pfizer was on notice that the experts would submit declarations specific to the Long and Goulet cases in opposition to summary judgment, and that a Daubert challenge could have been raised then, and that the submissions do not contravene the parties' Court-approved stipulation.

Plaintiffs cannot bring in new opinions by these experts or resurrect those previously excluded. The Court has ruled that neither Dr. Levin nor Dr. Sadler can testify that Zoloft, used in conventional doses, can cause birth defects in humans. As this opinion is inadmissible as to people in general, it must be inadmissible as to any particular Plaintiff.

The opinions that the Court previously held admissible remain admissible, and to the extent that Dr. Levin and Dr. Sadler have elaborated upon the bases for the admissible opinions, they are not barred from supplementing, but the Court will not allow its ruling to be circumvented under the guise of addressing specific causation or discussing new evidence. Nor will the Court sanction Plaintiffs' tactics in submitting reports, then withdrawing them without prejudice when challenged, only to bring them forth in opposing summary judgment. There was an appropriate time to offer these reports which may have withstood contest, but it is too late now.

The Court's Daubert ruling remains in effect: these experts cannot testify as to the ultimate issue of human causation. And because animal studies cannot overcome the contrary results of human epidemiological studies, the opinions do not support general causation, even in combination with the differential diagnoses by Dr. Abdulla.

b. Dr. Abdulla

Plaintiffs argue that differential diagnoses performed by Ra-Id Abdulla, M.D., with regard to the trial-ready Long and Goulet cases provide substantial evidence of general causation.59 Dr. Abdulla, a pediatric cardiologist, is not a treating physician of either of the minor Plaintiffs, and was never designated as an expert on general causation. Therefore, it is procedurally improper, pursuant to the Court's pretrial scheduling orders, for Plaintiffs to tender him now, even as an expert on general causation as to individual Plaintiffs, and his opinions cannot be used to support general causation. Substantively, Dr. Abdulla's reports are also problematic.60

A differential diagnosis assumes that general causation has been established.61 Although "there may be a case where a rigorous differential etiology is sufficient to help prove, if not prove altogether both general and specific causation,"62 these are not such cases. "To properly perform a differential diagnosis, an expert must perform two steps: (1) `Rule in' all possible causes of [the injury] and (2) `Rule out' causes through a process of elimination whereby the last remaining potential cause is deemed the most likely cause" of the injury.63 The expert must use scientifically valid methodology to rule in and rule out the potential causes.64 However, reliable methods for making a differential diagnosis "cannot sanitize an otherwise untrustworthy conclusion," and "good grounds" must exist for the physician to reach his conclusion.65

In his declarations dated January 28, 2016, Dr. Abdulla addresses "ruling in" potential causes of cardiac birth defects in the briefest possible fashion, simply stating that he "analyzed the relevant, publicly available scientific literature on the causes and risk factors for congenital heart disease including the review of experimental and human data related to serotonin (5HT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including Zoloft, and abnormal cardiac development."66 This bald statement does not constitute a scientific analysis for purposes of ruling in Zoloft as a cause of congenital heart disease. In his June 15, 2015 opinions, Dr. Abdulla opines that:

Dr. Abdulla states reasons why a particular study may not have found a positive association, but this falls far short of establishing causation. Dr. Abdulla adds nothing new to the discussion of the epidemiological studies that neither Dr. Bérard nor Dr. Jewell could reliably interpret to establish general causation. Dr. Abdulla does discuss the difference between what is clinically important (or significant) and what is statistically significant,68 but clinical significance goes to the decisions made by the individual doctor and patient; it does not bear on general causation. Dr. Abdulla's specific causation opinion essentially assumes that general causation has been established; otherwise statements declaring, for example, that septal ventricular defects "have been encountered at a higher frequency in children exposed to SSRIs in-utero,"69 put the rabbit in the hat, requiring the Court to simply take Dr. Abdulla's word for it.70 Dr. Abdulla's reports do not provide "independently reliable evidence that that the allegedly dangerous drug or substance had harmful effects."71

It is important to note in this regard that birth defects "can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic and chromosomal abnormalities and environmental agents."72 Indeed, the etiology of many birth defects is currently unknown.73 Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defects, occurring in as many as 1% of live births and affecting 40,000 infants in the United States each year.74 Dr. Abdulla stated that he ruled out "maternal diabetes, family history of genetic or congenital heart diseases, arrhythmia, or sudden cardiac death, exposure to other medications (except prenatal vitamins)," environmental exposures, and maternal use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs.75 Dr. Abdulla also conducted genetic tests to detect known chromosomal anomalies.76 But the ruling-out process, by itself, cannot establish causation.77 Because Dr. Abdulla cannot rule in Zoloft as a potential cause of the birth defects, the evidence suffers from too large an analytical gap between the data and the opinions offered.78

c. Dr. Kessler

Plaintiffs submit the expert report of David A. Kessler, M.D., a former Commissioner of the FDA.79 As with Dr. Abdulla, Plaintiffs did not put forth Dr. Kessler as an expert on general causation and the Court will not allow him to offer such opinions in disregard of the course of proceedings in this MDL. Moreover, Dr. Kessler fails to create a material issue as to general causation. He states that "[w]hile I leave it to other epidemiologists to discuss the strengths and limitations of each study, none of the limitations negate the fact that the study results represent positive evidence."80 In this litigation there is no admissible testimony from "other epidemiologists," and Dr. Kessler's own statement demonstrates that he has not conducted the analysis that the Court has explained in its earlier opinions that Daubert requires in this litigation.81 Dr. Kessler's opinion that "the existence of studies that do not show a statistically significant risk does not negate the statistically significant positive studies that indicate a risk," would serve to confuse a jury, particularly given that there is no evidence that Dr. Kessler himself has reconciled the contrary studies using scientifically acceptable methodology.82 Therefore, the Court declines to consider Dr. Kessler's testimony for purposes of establishing general causation. The Court does not reach Dr. Kessler's opinions with regard to the sufficiency of the warnings on the Zoloft labels, the actions Pfizer should have taken, and the applicable regulatory issues, as these opinions cannot speak to the issue of whether Zoloft could have caused Plaintiffs' injuries.

3. Non-Expert Evidence

a. Case Studies and Adverse Event Reports

Plaintiffs cite reports in which doctors or patients reported adverse events that were perceived to occur after using Zoloft, including incidents of birth defects.83 These reports are certainly relevant to the generation of study hypotheses, but are insufficient to create a material question of fact on general causation. "Although a court may rely on anecdotal evidence such as case reports, courts must consider that case reports are merely accounts of medical events. They reflect only reported data, not scientific methodology."84 Once again, the importance of the epidemiological studies cannot be ignored: "in the face of controlled, population-based epidemiological studies which find otherwise, these case studies pale in comparison."85 This is a particularly salient point in the context of birth defects, which have many potential causes, known and unknown.86

b. Pfizer documents and foreign labels

Plaintiffs have produced a plethora of internal Pfizer documents, including discussions among Pfizer's own epidemiologists and other scientists analyzing certain epidemiological studies. The Court has ruled that statements set forth in Pfizer company documents such as literature reviews of published studies are not typical of documents that experts would generally rely upon in a causation analysis, in part because "[t]he cited studies themselves are a better source of information regarding the methods used and the results of studies of the association of interest, and it is the methods, data, and results that a statistical expert ... is called upon to interpret."87 The internal documents demonstrate that Pfizer employees raised questions about associations between Zoloft and birth defects and discussed possible changes to the product label, generally without reaching conclusive findings.88 The documents may be relevant to questions of Pfizer's knowledge and actions if Zoloft were found to cause birth defects, but do not raise a genuine issue of material fact as to causation. Pfizer's epidemiologists and others reviewed the same epidemiological studies that Plaintiffs' own experts unsuccessfully attempted to use to establish causation. Neither these documents, nor draft product documents or foreign product labels containing language that advises use of birth control by a woman taking Zoloft constitute an admission of causation, as opposed to acknowledging a possible association.89 In addition, as the FDA has listed Zoloft as a Category C drug, foreign labels provide at best equivocal evidence.90

B. Is Summary Judgment for Defendants Warranted?

The Court has carefully considered the evidence that Plaintiffs argue creates a material issue of disputed fact on causation. Without admissible expert testimony based on the epidemiological evidence, Plaintiffs instead have cobbled together evidence of biological plausibility, specific causation opinions based on an assumption that general causation has been established, and anecdotal evidence.91 Taken together, Plaintiffs' potentially admissible evidence supports no more than an association between Zoloft and certain birth defects, and can only establish that much by ignoring the full universe of epidemiological evidence and disregarding the Court's substantive and procedural rulings on general causation. Causation must be based upon more than a possibility.

As Plaintiffs have not produced sufficient admissible evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could determine, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Zoloft could have caused Plaintiffs' injuries, the Court therefore turns to the second question implicated by Defendants' motion for summary judgment: Where does the litigation go from here?

1. Plaintiffs' Request to Delay or Deny Summary Judgment Pending Case-Specific Discovery

Plaintiffs argue that summary judgment should be denied in all cases except Long and Goulet pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) so that all Plaintiffs have the opportunity to conduct discovery in their individual cases and to obtain differential diagnoses to support their claims.92 However, Plaintiffs have failed to comply with the plain language of the Rule, as the argument is unsupported by affidavit or declaration. No individual plaintiff has sought to introduce his or her own expert as to general causation, and as discussed above, a differential diagnosis is insufficient to establish general causation.93 It is also worth emphasizing, again, that the path to establishing general causation was fully laid out in pretrial orders and the Court's rulings, and the Court will not allow Plaintiffs to disregard the entire course of the MDL proceedings.94

2. Plaintiffs' Request for Dismissal without Prejudice

Plaintiffs forcefully argue that if, as the Court has determined, summary judgment is warranted, the cases should instead be dismissed without prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2).95 Dismissal under this Rule is within the sound discretion of the Court and the primary purpose in requiring court approval is to protect the other party from unfair treatment.96 The Court considers factors such as "the defendant's effort and expense of preparation for trial, excessive delay and lack of diligence on the part of the plaintiff in prosecuting the action, insufficient explanation for the need to take a dismissal, and whether a motion for summary judgment has been filed by the defendant."97

This MDL has been extensively litigated for more than three years through substantial discovery from Pfizer and two rounds of Daubert hearings on five experts, at what must have been considerable expense. Plaintiffs did not seek Court approval to dismiss the cases without prejudice until after Defendants moved for summary judgment in the wake of the exclusion of Dr. Jewell's testimony. Plaintiffs argue that they should have the opportunity to bring the cases at a later time should the claims become viable, and that the interests of the minor Plaintiffs should be protected by preserving their right to sue in the future. The Court is not persuaded that the cases upon which Plaintiffs rely in support of these arguments augur in favor of dismissal without prejudice in this MDL.

In In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation,98 the Third Circuit held that several plaintiffs in a multi-plaintiff litigation stemming from exposure to toxic substances who asserted both property damage and personal injury claims should be permitted to dismiss without prejudice the personal injury claims because they were not presently suffering injuries, but could manifest harm from exposure in the future.99 Significantly, the court found that there was no indication that defendants had litigated the personal injury claims, having focused on issues of causation, exposure, and non-physical injury.100 Here, all Plaintiffs allege that the injury has occurred and the reason Plaintiffs seek to keep the litigation gates open — that they may at some point in the future be able to establish general causation — is precisely the issue that has been exhaustively litigated.

The New York district court in In re Agent Orange Products Liability Litigation,101 granted dismissal without prejudice to minor plaintiffs who lacked evidence at the time to support their claims because the scientific evidence may not have been fully developed.102 Importantly, the court concluded that the plaintiffs' attorneys had done little to advance the case while it was pending, and thus no substantial burden had been placed on the defendant.103 Here, the issue of general causation has been thoroughly litigated, with the result that Plaintiffs cannot prevail despite having multiple opportunities to produce the required expert testimony. All of the minor Plaintiffs' lawsuits were brought by those legally authorized to pursue claims on their behalf and there is no principled basis for distinguishing the cases that happened to be selected as initial trial cases from the other cases in the MDL, as the failure to establish general causation affects all Plaintiffs equally. Dismissal without prejudice under the circumstances of this MDL and in the face of this essential defect of proof would work against the fair administration of justice. The Court recognizes that the final scientific verdict as to whether Zoloft can cause birth defects may not be delivered for many years. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs chose when to file their cases, and the Court concludes that for the Plaintiffs who have continued to pursue their claims, the litigation gates must be closed.104

IV. CONCLUSION

Throughout the course of this MDL, the Court's goal has been to ensure that all parties had a full and fair opportunity to develop their claims and defenses. At the end of the day, Plaintiffs have failed to raise a jury question on the necessary predicate to success in any case: that Zoloft was capable of causing their injuries. Consequently, Defendants' motion will be granted. An appropriate order will be entered.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 5th day of April 2016, upon consideration of the Pfizer Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment [MDL Doc. No. 1521], in which the Wolters Kluwer Defendants have joined [MDL Doc. No. 1525], and the arguments in support thereof and in opposition thereto, and for the reasons explained in the accompanying opinion, it is hereby ORDERED that the Motion is GRANTED and:

1. Summary Judgment is ENTERED in favor of Defendants Pfizer, Inc., J.B. Roerig & Company, Pfizer International LLC, and Greenstone LLC and against Plaintiffs in all cases listed on Exhibit A;

2. Summary Judgment is ENTERED in favor of Defendants Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and Wolters Kluwer United States, Inc. and against Plaintiffs in all cases listed on Exhibit B; and

3. The Clerk is directed to CLOSE all cases in which summary judgment is entered EXCEPT for those cases listed on Exhibit C, in which claims against other Defendants remain pending.

It is so ORDERED.

Attachment

EXHIBIT A

1.       Adams v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   14-2247

2.       Allen v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-7375

3.       Amadio v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  11-3973

4.       Anions v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                           13-2737

5.       Anderson v. Pfizer Inc.                                 12-2126

6.       Asboe v. WKH, et al.                                    12-2686

7.       Ascherman v. Pfizer, Inc.                               15-530

8.       Asphall v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-4091

9.       Ball-Andrews v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                    12-5118

10.      Pallaria v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                        12-5118

11.      Root v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                            12-5118

12.      Sturdivant v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                      12-5118

13.      Farugia v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-3234

14.      Honn v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                            13-3234

15.      Pardo v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                           13-3234

16.      Schedlbauer v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                     13-3234

17.      Thompson v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                        13-3234

18.      Bassett et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                     13-6296

19.      Bell v. WKH, et al.                                     12-2754

20.      Bell v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                              14-716

21.      Bell-Rumora v. Pfizer Inc.                              12-2444

22.      Bennett et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                      13-7129

23.      Berg v. Pfizer Inc., et al                              13-724

24.      Bishop v. Pfizer Inc. et al                             13-5945

25.      Booker v. Pfizer Inc., et al                            13-2740

26.      Boyd et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                         14-850

27.      Branscome et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                   14-620

28.      Brodt v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   13-1883

29.      Brodt v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   13-1882

30.      Brooks v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-872

31.      Brown v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             14-1329

32.      Brownback v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                        13-3339

33.      Bryan v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-5587

34.      Buneta v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  14-279

35.      Burnett v. Pfizer, Inc et al                            14-2519

36.      Burton v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                            14-6770

37.      Byington v. Pfizer, Inc.                                12-4577

38.      Cable v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                            13-4025

39.      Carr v. Pfizer Inc. et al                               15-2655

40.      Case v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                              14-6552

41.      Casl v. WKH, et al.                                     12-247

42.      Castello v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          13-2741

43.      Castillo v. WKH, et al                                  12-243

44.      Chapman et al v. Pfizer. Inc. et al                     14-743

45.      Chapman v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-4807

46.      Chatman v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 13-225

47.      Chew v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                             13-2723

48.      Cho v. Pfizer Inc.                                      12-6664

49.      Christianson v. WKH, et al.                             12-216

50.      Chumley et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                     13-6240

51.      Cipher v. Pfizer Inc. et al                             14-5818

52.      Clark v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-1709

53.      Cloin v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   12-2337

54.      Cochran v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 13-900

55.      Coffey et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                      13-6353

56.      Cokeley v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                           13-1166

57.      Collins v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-3113

58.      Combs v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   14-179

59.      Coon v. Pfizer Inc., et al                              12-4711

60.      Coronado v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          14-2490

61.      Crabtree v. Pfizer. Inc.                                13-365

62.      D'Ambrosio v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                       13-341

63.      Davis et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                       13-6132

64.      Demartini et al v. Pfizer, Inc.                         14-2204

65.      Demedio v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-482

66.      Dennison v. Pfizer, Inc.                                13-593

67.      Derome v. Pfizer Inc.                                   14-5590

68.      DeShields v. Pfizer Inc.                                13-7515

69.      DeSimone v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          12-2435

70.      Becker v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                           12-5119

71.      Currier v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         12-5119

72.      Dorste v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-5119

73.      George v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-5119

74.      Hardy v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           12-5119

75.      Hill v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                            12-5119

76.      Martynuik v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                       12-5119

77.      Paris v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           12-5119

78.      Doyle v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   12-5371

79       Dragon v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  14-3141

80.      DuBois v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-1224

81.      Greene v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-6162

82.      Leff v. Pfizer, Inc.                                    13-6162

83.      Leslie v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-6162

84.      Parkinson v. Pfizer, Inc.                               13-6162

85.      Patterson v. Pfizer, Inc.                               13-6162

86.      Dundas v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-3818

87.      Dyer et al v. Pfizer, Inc.                              14-2342

88.      Easley v. Pfizer Inc.                                   14-4482

89.      Ebright v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-5678

90.      Emlen v.  WKH, et al                                    12-226

91.      Erol et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                        13-6915

92.      Falk v. WKH, et al                                      12-2750

93.      Favata v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                           12-5622

94.      Ferris v. Pfizer Inc.                                   13-3963

95.      Flores v. Pfizer Inc.                                   13-3963

96.      Floyd v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-54

97.      Franklin v. Pfizer Inc.                                 13-2274

98.      Gallegos v. Pfizer, Inc.                                13-1019

99.      Gearhart v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          13-158

100.     Gibbs v. Pfizer Inc et al                               14-2521

101.     Gilcrest v. Pfizer, Inc.                                13-1282

102.     Gillette v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                        12-6772

103.     Gilmore v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-2270

104.     Godwin v. Pfizer Inc. et al                             13-4602

105.     Goulet v. Pfizer Inc., et al                            12-2441

106.     Graves v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-1072

107.     Haddad v. Pfizer Inc.                                   14-5331

108.     Hammons v. Pfizer Inc., et al                           12-6770

109.     Beilke v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-5122

110.     Cox v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                             12-5122

111.     Hardin v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-5122

112.     Havens v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-5122

113.     Markle v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                           12-5122

114.     Haring v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                           12-3485

115.     Harrelson et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                    15-227

116.     Harris et al. v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                     14-685

117.     Harrison v. Pfizer, Inc.                                12-6448

118.     Hart v. Pfizer. Inc.                                    13-1184

119.     Hauguel et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                     14-849

120.     Hay v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                               14-1379

121.     Hayes v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                            12-232

122.     Hays v. WKH, et al.                                     12-233

123.     Heronimus v. Wyeth, Inc et al.                          12-2654

124.     Hill v. Pfizer, Inc.                                    12-3186

125.     Hopkins v. Pfizer et al                                 12-2218

126.     Howard v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                            13-7602

127.     Howard v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-136

128.     Hubbard et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                     14-720

129.     Hux v. Pfizer Inc. et al                                15-2653

130.     Iwasyszyn v. Pfizer, Inc.                               12-4656

131.     J.M. et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                        15-875

132.     Jackson v. Pfizer, Inc, et al.                          13-2739

133.     Jackson v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                          12-1547

134.     James v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-2736

135.     Janssen v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                           13-5943

136.     Jay v. Pfizer, Inc.                                     12-4580

137.     Jensen v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-282

138.     Jimena v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-2935

139.     Johns v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-3815

140.     Johnson v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 13-1652

141.     Johnson v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         12-5779

142.     Johnson v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 13-4786

143.     Johnson v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-7514

144.     Johnson v. Pfizer Inc.                                  15-314

145.     Johnston v. WMH, et al.                                 12-2684

146.     Jones-Hawkins v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                    13-3233

147.     Jones v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   14-280

148.     Jones v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   14-281

149.     Kercher v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-2282

150.     Kinslow v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                           13-901

151.     Lands v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             14-0719

152.     Lane v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                            13-3644

153.     Daronco v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-4366

154.     Malouin v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-4366

155.     Leal v. Greenst. & Pfizer Inc.                          13-2278

156.     Lee et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                          14-745

157.     Silva v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           12-5121

158.     Stephens-Gregal v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                 12-5121

159.     Tinsley v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         12-5121

160.     Watts v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           12-5121

161.     Williamson v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                       12-5121

162.     Leos et al. v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                       14-605

163.     Letizia-Reichley v. Pfizer Inc.                         13-7525

164.     Levada v. Pfizer Inc.                                   13-2285

165.     Lewis v. Pfizer Inc.                                    12-2127

166.     Lewis v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   12-6871

167.     Lietdke-Hoar v. Pfizer, et al                           13-2926

168.     Lilly v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                            14-2157

169.     Logan v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-3603

170.     Long v. WKH, et al.                                     12-2595

171.     Long v. Pfizer Inc.                                     11-3198

172.     Lowes v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                            12-2437

173.     Lund v. Pfizer Inc. et al                               12-6549

174.     M.K.K. v. WKH, Inc., et al.                             13-4653

175.     Madison v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-3097

176.     Malacara v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          13-2716

177.     Malek v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             13-2197

178.     Mallory v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-2318

179.     Mangine v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-2720

180.     Mapp v. WKH, et al.                                     12-235

181.     Martin v. Pfizer Inc et al.                             14-2520

182.     McClendon v. Pfizer, Inc.                               15-569

183.     McFarland v. Pfizer, Inc.                               13-2978

184.     McGoun v. WKH, et al.                                   12-2683

185.     McKee v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-137

186.     McMonagle v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                       13-878

187.     Mercier v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                          12-3685

188.     Metcalf v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-7521

189.     Miller v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-1729

190.     Mills v. Greenstone, LLC                                14-1538

191.     Minichini et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                   13-6491

192.     Mirones v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                          13-4798

193.     Mitchell et al v. Pfizer, Inc.                          12-2446

194.     Moore v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                           13-4112

195.     Moore v. WKH. et al.                                    12-2711

196.     Muhammad v. Pfizer, Inc.                                13-1921

197.     Myers et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                        14-2341

198.     N.A. v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                              13-4365

199.     Natola v. Pfizer Inc et al                              14-2620

200.     Nixon v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-138

201.     Nokan v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             12-6665

202.     Noriega v. Pfizer, Inc., et. al                         12-2798

203.     Orellana et al. v. Pfizer Inc.                          14-337

204.     Paprocki v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                        12-5315

205.     Parker v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  12-2447

206.     Parsley v. WKH. et al                                   12-240

207.     Patti v. WKH. et al.                                    12-2751

208.     Paylor v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-4646

209.     Pazzo v. Pfizer Inc., et al                             13-1362

210      Peska v. Pfizer Inc.                                    12-2129

211.     Peterlinz v. Pfizer Inc.                                13-7512

212.     Peterson v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                         13-53

213.     Petrosky v. Pfizer Inc.                                 13-2281

214.     Phelps v. Pfizer Inc.                                   12-2128

215.     Phillips v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                          14-0715

216.     Poser v. Pfizer, Inc.                                   13-2280

217.     Potts v. WKH, et al.                                    12-241

218.     Prosser v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 12-3095

219.     Puffer v. Pfizer Inc. et al                             13-165

220.     Pulcifer v. Pfizer' Inc., et al                         13-2718

221.     Rausdell v. Pfizer Inc. et al                           14-5861

222.     Rees v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                              13-5944

223.     Remsburg v. Pfizer, Inc.                                12-5962

224.     Richmond v. Pfizer Inc. et al                           15-1677

225.     Ridler v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-3167

226.     Riviera-Thuener v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                   14-5010

227.     Rogers v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-1651

228.     Rogers v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                            13-4490

229.     Rorick v. Pfizer, Inc.. et al.                          12-4089

230.     Rosenberg v. Pfizer. Inc. et al.                        13-2288

231.     Rosenkranz v. WKH, et al.                               12-246

232.     Rousseau v. Pfizer Inc., et al                          12-2440

233.     Russo v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-140

234.     S.C.R. et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                      14-2185

235.     Saville v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                           13-166

236.     Schroeder v. Pfizer, Inc.                               13-342

237.     Schulte v. WKH, et al                                   12-2752

238.     Schulze v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 14-284

239.     Scordo v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                            14-563

240.     Section v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 13-4113

241.     Sehorn v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  14-3702

242.     Serrano v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         12-2909

243.     Shannon et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al                      14-1112

244.     Silva v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             13-2719

245      Simmons v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                         13-817

246.     Simpson v. WKH, et al.                                  12-2755

247.     Stove v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             14-718

248.     St. Pierre v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                      12-6079

249.     Starr v. Pfizer, Inc                                    13-1322

250.     Stephens et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                   14-1262

251.     Stephens v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                        13-2401

252.     Stevens v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                           14-2843

253.     Stewart v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                         12-2797

254.     Stewart v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                           14-4216

255.     Slice v. Pfizer Inc.                                    13-7520

256.     Sturman v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-52

257.     Sweigart v. Pfizer, Inc.                                13-308

258.     Swindler v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                          15-261

260.     Rutledge v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                        12-5123

261.     Teach v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                            13-2724

262.     Tebo v. Pfizer. Inc., et al.                            13-2292

263.     Teed v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                             13-139

264.     Thomas v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                           14-717

265.     Thomas v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-4110

266.     Tipton et al v. Pfizer, Inc et al.                      14-3367

267.     Torres et al v. Pfizer. Inc. et al.                     12-3484

268.     Trejo v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-2730

269.     Tunstall v. Pfizer, Inc.                                14-3701

270.     Turano v. Pfizer. Inc.                                  14-1907

271.     Urban et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                       13-6494

272.     Vander Tuig v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                     13-6238

273.     Victor v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                           13-3452

274.     Victorian v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                        13-572

275.     Villarreal v. Pfizer Inc.                               13-2747

276.     Walker v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                           13-2732

277.     Wasiela et al v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                   14-811

278.     Weaver v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  12-3057

279.     Webster v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                          13-2455

280.     Weech v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                            12-2439

281.     Wellman v. Pfizer Inc.                                  13-2046

282.     Wells v. WKH, et al.                                    12-2712

283.     Wheeler v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                           13-141

284.     Whiting v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                           14-2556

285.     Wiebusch v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                         12-6712

286.     Wills v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                             15-391

287.     Wilson v. Pfizer, Inc                                   12-4088

288.     Winningham v. WKH. et al                                12-2710

289.     Word v. Pfizer, Inc.                                    13-1270

290.     Wurtz v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-2727

291.     Yocum v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-2402

292.     Young v. Pfizer Inc. et al                              13-156

293.     Young v. WKH. et al                                     12-252

294.     Zuwala v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  12-3096

295.     Taylor v. Pfizer Inc.                                   13-1269

296.     White v. McKesson Corporation et al                     15-3290

297.     Williams et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                    15-3090

298.     Farrington v. Pfizer, Inc.                              15-3106

299.     Stevens v. Pfizer, Inc.                                 15-3102

300.     Wilson (K) v. Pfizer, Inc.                              15-3105

301.     Jelinek et at. v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                   15-3195

302.     Nin v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                             15-4065

303.     Asby v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                            15-3524

304.     Moore (A) v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                       15-3670

305.     Phillips (C) v. Pfizer, Inc. et al                      15-4895

306.     Pruett v. Pfizer Inc.                                   15-5861

307.     Matthews v. Pfizer, Inc., et al                         15-5905

308.     Ray v. Pfizer, Inc.                                     15-5998

309.     Avery v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                            15-6292

310.     Fidler et al. v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                    15-3863

311.     Huff et al. v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                      15-4196

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2.       Bell v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.             12-2754

3.       Castillo v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.         12-243

4.       Christianson v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.     12-216

5.       Emlen v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            12-226

6.       Falk v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.             12-2750

7.       Hayes v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            12-232

8.       Hays v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.             12-233

9.       Heronimus v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.        12-2654

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11.      Kelly v. Wolters Kluwer Health. Inc., et al.            13-4653

12.      Logan v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            13-3603

13.      Mapp v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.             12-235

14.      P. Moore v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.         12-239

15.      Parsley, III v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.     12-240

16.      Patti v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            12-2751

17.      Rosenkranz v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.       12-246

18.      Schulte v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.          12-2752

19.      Simpson v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.          12-2755

20.      Wells v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            12-2712

21.      Winningham v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.       12-2710

22.      Young v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., et al.            12-252

1.       Allen v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                           13-7375

2.       Farugia v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                          13-3234

3.       Gallagher v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                        13-3234

4.       Honn v. Pfizer. Inc. et al.                             13-3234

5.       Pardo v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                            13-3234

6.       Schedlbauer v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                      13-3234

7.       Thompson v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                         13-3234

8.       Boyd et al v. Pfizer Inc. et al.                        14-850

9.       Greene v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                           13-6162

10.      Leff v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                             13-6162

11.      Leslie v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                           13-6162

12.      McDowell v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                         13-6162

13.      Parkinson v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                        13-6162

14.      Patterson v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                        13-6162

15.      Graves v. Pfizer, Inc.                                  13-1072

16.      Haring v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                          12-3485

17.      Hopkins v. Pfizer et al.                                12-2218

18.      J.M. et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al.                       15-875

19.      Remsburg v. Pfizer, Inc.                                12-5962

20.      White v. McKesson Corporation et al.                    15-3290

21.      Nin v. Pfizer, Inc., et al.                             15-4065

22.      Pruett v. Pfizer Inc.                                   15-5861

23.      Fidler et al v. Pfizer Inc., et al.                     15-3863