ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS [107]
BEVERLY REID O'CONNELL, District Judge.
Renee A. Fissher, Deputy Clerk.
Pending before the Court is Defendant Yamaha Motor Corporation, U.S.A.'s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' Second Amended and Consolidated Class Action Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Dkt. No. 83.) After reviewing the parties' papers filed in support of and in opposition to this motion, in addition to hearing oral argument from the parties on the matter, the Court agrees with Defendant that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim m their Second Amended and Consolidated Class Action Complaint. Accordingly, Defendant's motion is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Defendant Yamaha Motor Corporation, U.S.A. ("Yamaha USA") is a wholly owned subsidiary of Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. ("Yamaha Japan"), a Japanese corporation. (Second Am. Consol. Class Action Compl. ("SAC") ¶ 38.)1 Yamaha USA imports and markets Yamaha Japan's products in the United States. (See SAC ¶ 38.) Among its business activities, Yamaha Japan designs and manufactures outboard motors for recreational boats. (Dkt. No. 78 at 1.) One model in particular lies at the center of this lawsuit: the first-generation F-series four-stroke outboard motor.
Plaintiffs are individuals who have purchased first-generation F-series outboard motors. (SAC ¶¶ 1-2, 18-37.) They allege that the first-generation F-series motor was flawed in its design, resulting in significant internal corrosion of the motor's dry exhaust system, which, if left untreated, ultimately causes the motor to fail prematurely. The SAC details the repair costs that each of the named Plaintiffs incurred after discovering corroded components of their outboard motors. It also describes the warranty coverage that Defendant provided to Plaintiffs' various products, which the Court has used to calculate the dates on which each Plaintiff's warranty expired. The following chart summarizes this information:
Plaintiff Model Purchase Cost of Extended State of End Date of
Date Repairs Warranty? Residence Warranty
George New F200 September 6, $1001.10 No Washington September 6,
Williams 2003 2006
Lorenda New F225 February 3, $3118.44 No2 North February 3,
Overman 2005 Carolina 2008
Geraldo New F225 May 6, 2006 $2574.88 No New York May 6, 2009
Chiariello
Charles Pencinger Used F225 September 30, $3908.63 No Massachusetts December 31,
(2003 Model) 20103 2006
Steve Used F225 December 31, $31,337.624 Yes California December 31,
Oetegenn (2004 Model) 2006 2010
Brian Used F225 October 3, $3699.99 Yes Florida January 15,
Gilderman (2002 Model) 2003 2008
Joseph Ramos Used F225 July 25, 2011 $23.0005 No California December 31,
and Adam (2004 Model) 2007
Jacks
Mark New F225 July 31, 2005 $7000 Yes New York July 8, 2011
Cooperman (2005 Model)
Gerald New F225 October 31, Not Alleged Yes Florida December 31,
Washington (2004 Model) 2003 2009
Earnest Used F225 December 31, $5975.45 No California and December 31,
Camilleri (2003 Model) 2010 Nevada 2006
Scott Used F225 December 31, $24,000 No Texas December 31,
Markowitz (2003 Model) 20086 2006
Joe DiOrio Used F225 October 5, $2288.40 No Rh ode Island December 31,
(2003 Model) 2007 2006
Thomas Blatt New F225 May 31, 2004 $6400 No Virginia May 31, 2007
(2004 Model)
Matthew Used F225 April 30, 2008 $5357.24 No Maryland December 31,
Bonzella (2002 Model) 2005
Joe Garsetti Used F225 April 24, 2009 $2774 Yes New Jersey June 18, 2009
(2003 Model)
Phillip Kirsopp Used F225 December 31, Not Alleged7 No Connecticut December 31,
(2002 Model) 2008 2005
William Kratz Used F225 December 31, ~$1000 No Maryland December 31,
(2003 Model) 2005 2006
William Neff Used F225 December 31, Not Alleged No Connecticut December 31,
(2002 Model) 2008 2005
James Krapf Used F225 December 31, $6000 No Maryland December 31,
(2002 Model) 2010 2005
(SAC ¶¶ 18-37, 53-180; Dkt. No. 78 at 16-17; Dkt. No. 95 at 2-3; see also Philip Kirsopp et al. v. Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. al., Case No. CV 14-00496 BRO (VBKx), (C.D.Cal. Jan. 7, 2015) (Dkt. No. 52 at 2 3).)
Plaintiffs allege that many other consumers across the country — totaling "thousands or tens of thousands" — have experienced similar problems with corrosion in their Yamaha F225 motors. (SAC ¶¶ 271-72.) They also allege that Defendant knew of a hidden dry exhaust defect in the first-generation motors that cause premature corrosion but failed to warn consumers of this risk. (SAC ¶¶ 181-229. In support of their contention that Defendant had presale knowledge of this defect, Plaintiffs provide the following factual allgations: First, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant "knew or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known and had reason to know of the Dry Exhaust Defect the time of roll out of the model year 2000 Class Motors as the result of its pre-market testing procedures, pre-releas testing data and engineering research re-lated to the dry exhaust system." (SAC ¶ 183.) Second, Plaintiffs allege that in 2001 Defendant began to receive numerous complaints from customers regarding dry exhaust corrosion, which prompted Defendant to create a marine-only customer relations service department in Kennesaw, Georgia that stalled two dozen customer service employees who were tasked with handling all the complaints. (SAC ¶¶ 185-92.) Third, Plaintiffs claim that Defendant began receiving similar complaints its own authorized dealers, who informed Defendant that "the corroded parts were rotted out beyond repair and needed to be replaced entirely." (SAC ¶ 194.) Fourth, Plaintiffs allege in the SAC that "Din or around 2002," Defendant developed a dry exhaust "kit" of replacement parts to address the corrosive effect of the dry exhaust defect. (SAC ¶¶ 201-07.) Next, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant "revamped" the dry exhaust system in developing the second-generation motors while continuing to sell the first-generation motors. (SAC ¶¶ 208-16.) And finally. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant engaged in a concerted and company-wide effort to blame the customers by attributing the premature corrosion to a "lack of maintenance," a strategy which Plaintiffs label "a purposeful diversion from the real issue, the Dry Exhaust Defect." (SAC ¶¶ 217-28.) As a result, Plaintiffs contend that Defendant must have known of the corrosion problem, and that it therefore had a duty to disclose this information to the putative class members. (SAC ¶¶ 230-62.)
B. Procedural History
Believing that Defendant breached express and implied warranties and violated various statutes, Plaintiffs filed three separate lawsuits. See George Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., No. 13-cv-05066; Brian Gilderman v. Yamaha Motor Corporation USA, No. 13-cv-01225; Joseph Ramos v. Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., No. 13-cv-07949. Plaintiffs filed the earliest action on July 15, 2013. (Dkt. No. 1.) The Court consolidated these actions into the instant lawsuit on January 31, 2014. (Dkt. No. 53.)
On February 20, 2014, Plaintiffs Chiariello, Gilderman. Jacks, Oetegenn, Overman, Pencinger, Ramos, and Williams filed a Consolidated Class Action Complaint. (Dkt. No. 57.) Both Yamaha USA and Yamaha Japan filed motions to dismiss on March 13, 2014. (Dkt. Nos. 62, 63.) On August 19, 2014. the Court dismissed in whole Plaintiffs' action as to Yamaha Japan for lack of personal jurisdiction and dismissed in part Plaintiffs' action as to Yamaha USA for failure to state a claim, granting Plaintiffs leave to amend their claims against Yamaha USA. (Dkt. No. 78.) On September 12, 2014, Plaintiffs filed its First Amended and Consolidated Class Action Complaint. (Dkt. No. 80.) On Yamaha USA's motion, the Court dismissed Plaintiffs' First Amended and Consolidated Class Action Complaint on January 7, 2015. (Dkt. No. 95.) In doing so, the Court dismissed Plaintiffs' warranty and unjust enrichment claims with prejudice but again granted Plaintiffs leave to amend their consumer fraud claims. (Dkt. No. 95 at 27.) That same day, the Court dismissed plaintiffs' similar claims in the related action of Philip Kirsopp et al. v. Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. et al., No. CV 14-00496 (Dkt. No. 54 at 20), granting the Kirsopp plaintiffs leave to amend their consumer fraud claims as well. On February 2, 2015, however, the Kirsopp plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal. Id. (Dkt. No. 57).
Also on February 2, 2015, Plaintiffs filed their SAC, which now included the Kirsopp plaintiffs along with their consumer fraud claims. (Dkt. No. 98.) The SAC alleges thirteen causes of action for violations of various states' consumer protection acts, all on the theory that Yamaha USA fraudulently omitted material information regarding the dry exhaust defect in its first-generation motors. (See generally SAC.) Yamaha USA then brought the instant motion to dismiss on March 2, 2015, arguing that Plaintiffs had failed to cure the pleading deficiencies identified by the Court in its previous dismissal orders. (Dkt. No. 107.) Plaintiffs opposed this motion on March 30, 2015, (Dkt. No. 108), and Yamaha replied on April 13, 2015, (Dkt. No. 109). The Court then heard oral argument of counsel on April 27, 2015.8
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 8(a), a complaint must contain a "short and plain statement of the claim showing that the [plaintiff] is entitled to relief." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a). If a complaint fails to do this, the defendant may move to dismiss it under Rule 12(b)(6). Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. lqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). A claim is plausible on its face "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. "Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Thus, there must be "more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." lqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. "Where a complaint pleads facts that are `merely consistent with' a defendant's liability, it `stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility"` that the plaintiff is entitled to relief. Id.
Where a district court grants a motion to dismiss, it should provide leave to amend unless it is clear that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir.2008) ("Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, upon de novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment."). But leave to amend "is properly denied ... if amendment would be futile." Carrico v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 656 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir.2011).
III. DISCUSSION
All that remains of Plaintiffs' claims are various consumer fraud claims based on different states' consumer protection laws. As the Court's previous orders have explained, each of these causes of action requires either an affirmative misrepresentation or an omission of material fact. (Dkt. Nos. 78 at 23, 95 at 14.) In the SAC, Plaintiffs do not assert a theory of affirmative misrepresentation, relying entirely on their allegations that Defendant fraudulently omitted material information.9 The Ninth Circuit has held that a manufacturer's duty to disclose outside the warranty period is limited to defects that present an "unreasonable safety hazard." Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1143 (9th Cir.2012). Each party's analysis in support of or in opposition to this motion therefore focuses on whether Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded facts demonstrating that (1) a defect in the motors presented an unreasonable safety risk, and (2) Defendant had presale knowledge of that defect. As discussed below, because the Court finds that Plaintiffs have again failed to plead sufficient facts to establish the second element, the Court GRANTS Defendants' motion to dismiss.
A. Plaintiffs Have Adequately Pleaded an Unreasonable Safety Hazard
To begin, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant's failure to disclose the alleged defect is actionable because the defect presented an "unreasonable safety hazard." (Opp'n at 6 (quoting Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1141, 1143).) "In order to state a claim for failing to disclose a safety defect. Plaintiffs must allege (1) the existence of a design defect; (2) the existence of an unreasonable safety hazard; (3) a causal connection between the alleged defect and the alleged safety hazard: and [4] that the manufacturer knew of the defect at the time a sale was made." Apodaca v. Whirlpool Corp., No. SACV 13-00725 JVS, 2013 WL 6477821, at *9 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 8, 2013). Plaintiffs have repeatedly asserted this theory in their pleadings on the basis that the alleged design defect causes an unreasonable safety hazard to consumers.
The Court has rejected this argument twice in its prior orders, relying principally on Birdsong a. Apple Inc., 590 F.3d 955, 961 (9th Cir.2009), and In re Porsche Cars North America Inc., 880 F.Supp.2d 801 (N.D.Ohio 2012). (See Dkt. Nos. 78 at 25, 95 at 18-19.) Nevertheless, the Court granted Plaintiffs leave to amend on this issue because Plaintiffs' counsel had indicated that multiple Plaintiffs' engines overheated or "smoked out" while at sea. (Dkt. No. 95 at 19.) The Court made clear, however, that Plaintiffs' allegations must "amount to more than `hypothetical' injuries" in order "to raise the safety risks above the level of mere speculation." (Dkt. No. 95 at 18 (quoting Birdsong, 590 F.3d at 961); accord Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 462 Fed.Appx. 660, 663 (9th Cir.2011) (finding "`safety' concerns raised by plaintiffs [to be] too speculative, as a matter of law, to amount to a safety issue giving rise to a duty of disclosure").) In amending their complaint, Plaintiffs have provided additional factual allegations in the SAC in support of the notion that the alleged defect presents an unreasonable safety hazard. The two alleged safety risks identified by Plaintiffs in the SAC are (1) the risk of an onboard fire, and (2) the risk of accident and associated injuries. (Opp'n at 7-15.)
Plaintiffs argue that they have sufficiently pleaded that the alleged defect creates the risk of an onboard fire. Clearly, the incidence of an onboard fire during use constitutes an unreasonable safety hazard. But Plaintiffs do not allege that a single Plaintiff or class member has actually experienced such an occurrence. Rather, the closest any Plaintiff has come to an onboard fire are the following allegations:
• Plaintiff Oetegenn's engine "smoked out and began to emit blue smoke during operation";
• Plaintiff DiOrio's engine "overheated on multiple occasions necessitating that the engine be shut down";
• Plaintiff Blatt's motor "overheated on repeated occasions"; and
• Plaintiff Overman's motor "overheated and also quickly thereafter blew up during operation."
(SAC ¶¶ 238-41.)10 The allegation that contrasts starkly with the other allegations from the SAC is the assertion that Overman's motor "blew up." (SAC ¶¶ 241, 252.) During oral argument, however, Plaintiffs' counsel clarified that Overman's motor did not actually explode, as the phrase "blew up" would seem to connote; rather, it merely stopped working, much like the other Plaintiffs' engines.11 None of the other allegations indicates that a Plaintiff actually experienced an onboard fire.
Nevertheless, Plaintiffs correctly argue that they are not required to allege that a fire actually took place in order to successfully plead an unreasonable safety hazard giving rise to a duty to disclose. See Apodaca, 2013 WL 6477821, at *9 ("[T]he Court does not find Plaintiff Apodaca must wait until his dishwasher actually catches fire to allege sufficiently the nexus between the defect and the safety hazard."); Ehrlich v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 801 F.Supp.2d 908, 918 (C.D.Cal. 2010) (noting that plaintiffs need not "plead that consumers have been injured by the alleged unreasonable safety risk"). But it is not enough to allege a theoretical possibility that a fire could occur. Rather, "[t]o establish a duty to disclose based on a safety issue, Plaintiff[s] ... must allege `an instance of physical injury or a safety concern as well as a "sufficient nexus" between the alleged defect and the safety issue.'" Apodaca, 2013 WL 6477821, at *9 (emphasis added) (quoting Grodzitsky v. Am. Honda Motor Co., No. 2:12-cv-1142-SVW-PLA, 2013 WL 2631326, at *5 (C.D.Cal. June 12, 2013)). Because there has been no "instance of physical injury," Plaintiffs must therefore allege a "sufficient nexus" between the safety concern (an onboard fire) and the alleged defect.
The relevant inquiry thus boils down to whether Plaintiffs have alleged a sufficient causal connection between the purported defect and an onboard fire. Plaintiffs argue in opposition that several paragraphs from the SAC establish this causal nexus because they explain "how the corrosion [from the defect] could cause a risk of an on-board fire." (Opp'n at 7.) Specifically, the SAC states:
235. A leak of flammable engine oil which can occur when corroded dry exhaust parts crack or break down is hazardous. When engine oil enters areas it is not supposed to, particularly the very hot dry exhaust components of the First Generation Outboards, it begins to burn. When engine oil burns in a dry exhaust chamber, the boat operator is essentially dealing with an on-board fire.
236. Another risk of an on-board fire comes from the overheating of already hot engines which can occur when corroded dry exhaust parts crack, break down or develop holes. In these instances, water can leak into the dry exhaust from the wet side exhaust which is continually running water around the outside of the dry exhaust area in order to control temperatures. If not enough water is able to run through the wet exhaust, because water is escaping into the dry exhaust, then the First Generation Outboards can overheat.
(SAC ¶¶ 235-36.) The SAC also states that "[f]or marine engines, corrosion is a key aspect of failure and risk analysis because it is well known and established in the industry that it can lead to engine failure and other associated problems." (SAC ¶ 183(E).)
Plaintiffs analogize their case to Apodaca, in which the court held that the plaintiff had adequately alleged a sufficient nexus between a design defect and the unreasonable safety hazard of a dishwasher catching fire. 2013 WL 6477821, at *9. There, the court reasoned that plaintiff had explained "in great detail" in his complaint "how moisture can reach the wiring, how moisture on the wiring can cause overheating, and that overheating can lead to a fire." Id. Noting "the tight causal relationship alleged" between the design defect and the safety hazard, the court found that plaintiff need not "wait until his dishwasher actually catches fire to allege sufficiently the nexus between the defect and the safety hazard. While catching fire would be the extreme result of this causal chain, the [complaint] sufficiently alleges its possibility as a logical outcome." Id. While this is a closer call, the Court nevertheless finds that Plaintiffs have adequately explained the causal nexus between (1) the corrosion due to the defect; (2) consequential leaking of oil into other parts of the engine; which certain Plaintiffs experienced, (see SAC ¶¶ 54,12 100, 123); (3) the oil beginning to burn after coming into contact with the "very hot dry exhaust components" of the motors. (SAC ¶ 235); and (4) an onboard fire developing.
These allegations distinguish this case from the two cases relied upon by Defendant in its motion: Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1143-45, and Elias v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 950 F.Supp.2d 1123, 1137 (N.D.Cal. 2013). In Wilson, the plaintiffs based their consumer fraud claim on allegations that a defect in a laptop's design weakened the connection between the power jack and the mother board, and that this defect caused laptops to ignite and catch fire. 668 F.3d at 1143-44. While the court noted that laptop ignition constituted a safety hazard, it found that the plaintiffs had failed to allege a sufficient causal nexus because they did not sufficiently explain how a defective power jack could cause the laptops to catch fire. Id. at 1144-45. As the court explained:
In the case at bar, the complaint goes into some detail as to how normal use of the Laptops (i.e., turning them on and off, plugging in an a/c adapter) causes the connection between the power jack and the motherboard to weaken, resulting in a loss of power to the Laptops. The complaint, however, does not allege how the weakening or loss of the connection betweed the power jack and the motherboard causes the Laptops to ignite. The complaint merely states that when Kruschen plugged in his computer and turned it on, the Laptop emitted "heavy smoke, flames, and sparks from the left side of the Laptop (close to the power jack)." The complaint is silent on whether the power jack's becoming disconnected in any way led to Kruschen's Laptop's catching fire. Some of the customer complaints do minimally allege such a causal connection, such as "[a]t the time when the power jack completely failed, smoke began to flow rapidly from inside the computer." These statements, however, are not accompanied by any supporting factual basis.
Plaintiffs simultaneously allege that the design defect cuts off power from the Laptops and that the Laptops can ignite into flames through normal use. But it is difficult to conceive (and the complaint does not explain) how the Laptops could ignite if they are "unable to receive an electrical charge." The present case is therefore distinguishable from those cases surviving a motion to dismiss where the alleged design defect could conceivably lead to a safety hazard.
As Plaintiffs do not plead any facts indicating how the alleged design defect, i.e., the loss of the connection between the power jack and the motherboard, causes the Laptops to burst into flames, the District Court did not err in finding that Plaintiffs failed to plausibly allege the existence of an unreasonable safety defect.
Id. at 1144 (internal citations and footnotes omitted). Simply put, without any sound explanation in the complaint, it was not plausible that a weakened power connection could cause a computer to burst into flames.
Following Wilson, the court addressed similar claims in Elias, 950 F.Supp.2d at 1136-37. There, the court found that the plaintiff had failed to establish a sufficient nexus demonstrating "that due to the insufficient power supply, [the defendant's] computers were more likely to `overheat, short out, melt and catch fire, creating a significant safety risk.'" Id. As in Wilson, the court found that the plaintiff had failed to explain how a lack of power supply could subsequently cause a computer fire:
Plaintiff claims that an inadequate power supply may send "voltage surges" through the computer, and then makes a hypothetical proposition that his computer was thus more likely to "catch fire." However, Plaintiff does not cite to any facts beyond his own hypotheticals and conjectures to show a nexus between the allegedly deficient power supply, voltage surges, and fires. Such a cursor reference does not establish a sufficient nexus between the alleged defect and safety hazard, and does not impart HP with a duty to disclose.
Id. (citations omitted).
By contrast, the causal chain alleged in Plaintiffs' SAC — which explains how oil leaking from corroded motor parts can begin burning and start a fire once it comes into contact with hot exhaust components of a motor — is far more plausible than those described in Wilson and Elias. As a result, although no Plaintiffs have experienced an actual fire, the Court finds that the "tight causal relationship alleged" in the SAC is sufficient to allege "the possibility" of an onboard fire as "a logical outcome." Apodaca, 2013 WL 6477821, at *9. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded an unreasonable safety hazard supporting a duty to disclose.13
B. Plaintiffs Have Failed Adequately to Plead that Defendant Had Presale Knowledge of the Alleged Defect
As the Court has explained in its prior orders, presale knowledge of a product defect is also a required element of claims brought under each of the statutes invoked by Plaintiffs.14 In previously dismissing Plaintiffs' consumer fraud claims, the Court noted that "without any specific allegation demonstrating Defendant's knowledge during a timeframe when a Plaintiff purchased one of Defendant's motors, the Court cannot reasonably conclude that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged Defendant's presale knowledge of any defect." (Dkt. No. 95 at 20.) Accordingly, in amending their complaint, Plaintiffs were required to allege specific facts demonstrating that Defendant had knowledge of the alleged defect during a time when Defendant was still selling these motors — that is, before 2005. (See Dkt. No. 95 at 20 (noting that Plaintiffs had conceded in their pleadings that Defendant stopped selling its first-generation motors in 2004).) Plaintiffs raise five primary arguments as to how they have now sufficiently alleged presale knowledge by Defendant in the SAC. As discussed below, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have again failed adequately to plead presale knowledge by Defendant.
1. Defendant's "Exclusive Access" to Engineering, Research, and Testing Data
First, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant "knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known, of the defect" as a result of its "exclusive access testing data developed in 1999 or earlier, prior to the final design and manufacture of the outboards in 2000." (Opp'n at 16 n. 10, 17 (quoting Kowalsky a Hewlett-Packard Co., No. 10-CV-02176-LHK, 2011 WL 3501715, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 10, 2011)); SAC ¶ 181.) Due to this access, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant must have had presale knowledge "as the result of its premarket testing procedures, pre-release testing data and engineering research related to the dry exhaust system." (SAC ¶ 183.) Plaintiffs then provide significant details in the SAC regarding the importance of risk analysis in developing a marine engine design, a process that requires extensive corrosion testing before releasing the product into the market: (SAC ¶¶ 183(i)-(vii).) As Plaintiffs explain, "Properly conducted tests would have discovered the extreme corrosive effects of the combination of the high exhaust gas and chamber temperatures (exacerbated by the shorter exhaust system in the First Generation Outboards), the exposure to salt water exhaust vapor, the presence of corrosive exhaust gas ions, and the absence of oxygen in the dry exhaust chamber" (SAC ¶ 184.)
Plaintiffs rely on Kowalsky v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 2011 WL 3501715, for the proposition that "recognized" pre-release tests of a product can establish the presale knowledge of a manufacturer. For two reasons, however, Kowalsky is distinguishable from the case at bar. First, Plaintiffs do not allege that Yamaha USA is a manufacturer. In fact, Plaintiffs specifically concede that Yamaha's parent company — Yamaha Japan — is "the manufacturer of the engines." (SAC 11200; accord Dkt. No. 38 at 25-26.) As a result, tests that a manufacturer must perform that may reveal a defect cannot establish presale knowledge on behalf of a distributor such as Yamaha USA. Second, in Kowalsky the plaintiff had alleged that the defendant's advertisements asserted that the defendant adhered to "the recognized ISO/IEC 24734 and 24735 standards." 2011 WL 3501715, at *2, *4. Consequently, it was plausible to infer that the defendant had performed the prerelease tests that were legally required in order to meet these standards. See id. at *4 ("The 24735 standard requires multiple tests using repeated scanning of a multi-page document through the printer's ADF."). By contrast here. Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts demonstrating even that the manufacturer (Yamaha Japan) necessarily performed these tests, alleging only in essence that the manufacturer would be negligent if it did not do so. (See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 183 ("Yamaha knew or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known and had reason to know of the Dry Exhaust Defect at the time of roll out of the model year 2000 Class Motors as the result of its premarket testing procedures, pre-release testing data and engineering research related to the dry exhaust system."); 183(i) ("Before the release of a combustion engine in the marketplace, a risk analysis ... should be and is an integral part of any standard design research...."); 184 ("Properly conducted tests would have discovered the extreme corrosive effects of the combination of the high exhaust gas and chamber temperatures (exacerbated by the shorter exhaust system in the First Generation Outboards), the exposure to salt water exhaust vapor, the presence of corrosive exhaust gas ions, and the absence of oxygen in the dry exhaust chamber.").)15
In rejecting a similar argument in its prior dismissal order, the Court reasoned that similar allegations regarding Defendant's exclusive access to engineering data "require the Court to draw the inference that Defendant's opportunity to learn about this alleged defect before selling their engines to the public necessarily means that they did learn about the defect." (Dkt. No. 95 at 20.) In the SAC, Plaintiffs' allegations regarding the prerelease tests that they believe Defendant should have performed remain speculative. See, e.g., Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1147 ("The allegation that HP, as the manufacturer, had `access to the aggregate information and data regarding the risk of overheating' is speculative and does not suggest how any tests or information could have alerted HP to the defect."); Tietsworth v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. 5:09-CV-00288 JFHRL, 2009 WL 3320486, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 13, 2009) (finding conclusory the allegation that defendants were in a "superior position to know the truth about the [product]"); Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 544 F.Supp.2d 964, 974 (N.D.Cal.2008) (holding that plaintiff's allegation that defendant had "exclusive knowledge as the manufacturer" did not support claim that defendant was aware of a defect); cf. Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp., 496 F.Supp.2d 1088, 1096 (N.D.Cal.2007) (finding that plaintiffs adequately alleged defendant's presale knowledge of defect based on defendant's exclusive knowledge of information that defendant actually had rather than information plaintiffs speculated defendant had). Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to plead sufficient facts relating to Defendant's access to presale engineering data to lead the Court to draw the reasonable inference that Defendant had presale knowledge of the alleged defect.
2. Consumer Complaints
Second, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant had presale knowledge of the alleged defect due to customer complaints it received "[a]t least by 2001." (SAC ¶ 185.) Yet while Plaintiffs allege that Defendant began to receive these complaints "[f]rom 2001 onward," and that Defendant received so many complaints in 2001 that it decided to devote a fully staffed customer relations service department to address them, (SAC ¶¶ 186-92), nowhere in the SAC do Plaintiffs identify even a single customer who complained during this timeframe. In fact, the earliest complaint identified in the SAC is dated July 4, 2005, and that complaint was found on an online forum called "iboats.com" without any indication that this complaint was ever communicated to Defendant. (SAC ¶¶ 221, 242.) The SAC does identify a customer relations manager who purportedly oversaw this customer relations service department, and it also describes the "unusual volume of customer complaints regarding corrosion for one of Yamaha's product lines, especially this soon in the life of the engines." (SAC ¶¶ 186, 188.) As Defendant argues, however, this allegation is inherently inconsistent with Plaintiffs' overarching theory of the defect. Plaintiffs have consistently alleged that the defect does not manifest until 500-700 hours of use, "which for a typical consumer using the boat 100 hours a year would take five to seven years to achieve." (SAC ¶ 232 & n. 11 (emphasis added).)16 Plaintiffs fail to reconcile this position — which they have maintained throughout this case — with their new allegations that Defendant started receiving customer complaints related to the defect almost immediately after the first-generation motors hit the market.
Moreover, the Ninth Circuit has echoed doubt expressed by other courts "that customer complaints in and of themselves adequately support an inference that a manufacturer was aware of a defect, noting that complaints posted on a manufacturer's webpage `merely establish the fact that some consumers were complaining'. By themselves they are insufficient to show that [the manufacturer] had knowledge [of the defect]." Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1147 (quoting Berenblat v. Apple, Inc., Nos. 08-4969 JF (PVT), 09-1649 JF (PVT), 2010 WL 1460297, at *9 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 9, 2010) (holding that an unspecified number of complaints posted on the defendant's website was insufficient to show that the defendant had knowledge of an alleged defect)).17 Nevertheless, the court in Wilson conceded that "the amassed weight of [customer] complaints together with other indications that [the defendant] had knowledge of the defect" may be sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. 668 F.3d at 1147. As discussed above, however. Plaintiffs have not identified any complaints with specificity, relying instead on vague allegations regarding the "unusual" number of complaints. This is insufficient under Wilson and its progeny. For example, in Fisher v. Honda North America, Inc., the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant actually tracked the website where there had been "many complaints" logged about the purported defect, and the compliant specifically identified examples of these complaints. No. LA CV13-09285 JAK, 2014 WL 2808188, at *5 (C.D.Cal. June 12, 2014). Noting that only one of these examples "pre-dated the sale of the Accord to Plaintiff in 2009," however, the court discounted the allegations of the other complaints and found that "[i]t [wa]s not plausible to suggest that Honda was on notice of the defect `at the time of sale' based on one customer complaint." Id. Here, Plaintiffs' theory of knowledge based on customer complaints is even further attenuated, as they have failed to allege even a single complaint that predates the sale of any first-generation motor. Accordingly. Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate Defendant's presale knowledge on this theory as well.
3. Pre-2005 Warranty Claims
Third, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant must have had knowledge of the defect because, "beginning in 2001 and continuing thereafter," Defendant "received many warranty claims arising out of the Dry Exhaust Defect." (SAC ¶¶ 193-98.) This theory fails for the same reasons discussed above. That is, it is implausible to infer both that the defect took five to seven years to manifest for most ordinary customers — a notion supported by the fact that none of the twenty named Plaintiffs sought repairs during the warranty periods. (see Dkt. No. 95 at 12) — and that "many" customers were submitting warranty claims as a result of this defect beginning in 2001. In addition, this theory is similarly speculative because it requires the Court to infer that Defendant's exposure to these warranty claims necessarily led it to discover a defect causing premature corrosion. See Fisher, 2014 WL 2808188, at *5 ("[T]he allegations that Honda should have known of the defect due to the number of repair requests and replacement mechanisms `likely' made or ordered are speculative.").
4. The Replacement Kit
Plaintiffs' fourth theory regarding Defendant's presale knowledge concerns the development of a "replacement kit" that the SAC asserts Defendant developed and made available to its dealers "[i]n or around 2002." (SAC ¶ 202.) As Defendant argues, however, Plaintiffs have consistently alleged throughout this litigation that Defendant first introduced this "kit" in 2006. not 2002. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 66 at 32.) Plaintiffs claim in their opposition that this earlier date "emerged from details learned in Plaintiffs' renewed investigation." (Opp'n at 18 n. 12.) Plaintiffs also argue that it is improper for Yamaha to dispute their factual allegations in a motion to dismiss because all factual allegations must be accepted as true. While that is correct, the Rule 12(b)(6) standard does not permit Plaintiffs to contradict allegations made in a prior complaint. See Reddy v. Litton Indus., Inc., 912 F.2d 291, 296-97 (9th Cir.1990) ("Although leave to amend should be liberally granted, the amended complaint may only allege other facts consistent with the challenged pleading." (internal quotation marks omitted)); Azadpour v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., No. C06-03272 MJJ, 2007 WL 2141079, at *2 (N.D.Cal. July 23, 2007) ("Where allegations in an amended complaint contradict those in a prior complaint, a district court need not accept the new alleged facts as true, and may, in fact, strike the changed allegations as false and sham." (internal quotation marks omitted)).
When pressed on this issue during oral argument. Plaintiffs' counsel stated that Plaintiffs were unaware of the precise date on which Defendant made these kits publicly available, but that their "investigation" had led them to discover that Defendant was developing these kits as early as 2002.18 Were Plaintiffs able to explain precisely what facts they discovered in their investigation that led them to believe that Defendant released this kit in 2002 rather than 2006, the Court would accept this inconsistency; because Plaintiffs do not allege any additional facts, however, the Court is left only with an unexplained factual conclusion in Plaintiffs' amended complaint that contradicts allegations in Plaintiffs' prior complaints. As a result, Plaintiffs' allegations regarding the replacement kit are similarly deficient in demonstrating Defendant's presale knowledge of a purported defect.19
5. Development of the Next-Generation Model
Finally, Plaintiffs renew their argument — which the Court rejected in its previous dismissal order — that Defendant "apparently corrected" the defect in the "Second Generation models [that] were introduced by [Defendant] beginning with the 2005 model year." (SAC ¶¶ 212.) As the Court explained in detail in dismissing the Kirsopp plaintiffs' complaint, No. 14-00496 (Dkt. No. 54 at 18-19), various cases in the Ninth Circuit have suggested that a manufacturer's introduction of a replacement part shortly after the plaintiff's purchase can create the inference that the manufacturer knew of a defect when the plaintiff purchased the product. See, e.g., Falco v. Nissan N. Am. Inc., No. CV 13-00686 DDP MANX, 2013 WL 5575065, at *6 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 10, 2013) (holding that allegations that a manufacturer introduced replacement parts in 2006 and 2007 created the "plausible inferences that [the manufacturer] was aware of the defect at the time they sold the vehicles in 2005 and 2006"). But the gap between the purchases, which occurred at the latest in 2003, and Defendant's actions in 2005 is much wider than the one-year gap discussed in Falco. Cf. Herremans v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. CV 14-02363 MMM PJWX, 2014 WL 5017843, at *18 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 3, 2014) (finding a four-year gap to be "simply too great" to create such an inference). And the court in Falco also found "other adequate bases to permit an inference" of presale knowledge that are not present here. Falco, 2013 WL 5575065, at *7.
Although Plaintiffs have added more details regarding the improvements made in the second-generation models, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have again failed to demonstrate facts from which the Court can reasonably infer that Defendant had knowledge of a defect before the end of 2003 based on its apparent correction of this defect in 2005. Accordingly, Plaintiffs' final theory of Defendant's presale knowledge also fails. Because demonstrating presale knowledge is a necessary element of each of Plaintiffs' consumer fraud causes of action, see supra n. 12, Plaintiffs have consequently failed to state a claim with regard to their remaining causes of action. Plaintiffs' complaint must therefore be DISMISSED in its entirety.
The Court has now dismissed Plaintiffs' complaint three times.20 Accordingly, Plaintiffs' claims are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice. See Desaigoudar v. Meyercorcl, 223 F.3d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir.2000) ("The district court's discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad where plaintiff has previously amended the complaint." (quoting Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir.1990))).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs' claims are hereby DISMISSED with prejudice.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
