ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS

GARLAND E. BURRELL, Jr., Senior District Judge.

Defendants Birgit Fladager, County of Stanislaus (the "County"), Stanislaus County Sheriff Department (the "Sheriff's Department"), Adam Christianson ("Sheriff Christianson"), David Harris, and Kirk Bunch (collectively, "Defendants") seek dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 12(b)(6) of certain federal and state claims Plaintiffs Praveen Singh and Joyteshna Karan (collectively, "Plaintiffs") allege in their Complaint. (Defs.' Mot. to Dismiss ("Mot."), ECF No. 15.) Defendants Harris and Bunch also move for a more definite statement under Rule 12(e) of any claim against them that is not dismissed without leave to amend. (Mot. 14:19-21.)

I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS

The following factual allegations in the Complaint concern the motions.

Since 2003, Plaintiff Singh "has been the subject of an erroneous and malicious investigation related to the homicide of Korey Kauffman." (Compl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 1.) "It appears the . . . investigation . . . is politically motivated, or . . . a[] personal vendetta by Defendants." (Compl. ¶ 18.)

District Attorney Defendant Fladager, Chief Deputy District Attorney Defendant Harris, and District Attorney Investigator Defendant Bunch led the investigation. (Compl. ¶¶ 3, 9, 16.) Further, officers "from the Turlock, Modesto, and Ceres Police Departments, [the] Department of Corrections, and the Stanislaus County Sheriff's Department were involved in a joint task force investigating the crime." (Compl. ¶ 20.)

"At some point during this investigation, Defendant Bunch came to believe [Plaintiff] Singh was involved in the murder." (Compl. ¶ 20.) "Investigators[1] have engaged in an all-out bully campaign against [Plaintiff] Singh and the `Indian' community. . . ." (Compl. ¶ 19.) Investigators "searched the business and residence of" another individual, who Investigators thought had information about the homicide. (Compl. ¶ 19 n.2.) Plaintiff Karan has "been investigated, harmed, and bullied by the District Attorney's office, [Defendant] Bunch, and [other unidentified] Defendants." (Compl. ¶ 19 (emphasis removed).)

Before September 6, 2013, "a confidential witness hired by [Defendant] Bunch" called Plaintiff Singh and "attempted to induce [him] to `talk' about the murder." (Compl. ¶ 21.) "Although [Plaintiff] Singh had [no involvement with the murder and therefore no information] to offer [to] the investigation, he . . . cooperated with Investigators." (Compl. ¶ 21.)

On October 2, 2013, Plaintiff Singh sat for a polygraph examination. (Compl. ¶ 22.) Thereafter, "Investigators began their attack on" Plaintiff Singh's friends and family. (Compl. ¶ 23.) Defendant Bunch follows a pattern where "he would threaten the friends and family of [Plaintiff] Singh, [and] accus[e] . . . [Plaintiff] Singh `[of being] a murderer' and . . . [of] run[ning] some sort of a prostitution ring." (Compl. ¶ 23 (emphasis removed).) "On numerous occasions, [Plaintiff] Singh's friends were threatened by Investigators to `get away from Singh' because `he is a murderer' and `a pimp.'" (Compl. ¶ 24.)

"On or about September 13, 2013, Plaintiff [Karan] . . . voluntarily went to the District Attorney's office to `talk' about the investigation." (Compl. ¶ 25.) "At this time, [Plaintiffs] Singh and Karan were the parents of one child, and [Plaintiff] Karan was [five-months] pregnant with a second child. . . ." (Compl. ¶ 26.) "Although [Plaintiff] Karan was cooperating with Investigators, answering their questions truthfully, Investigators threatened [her] with an investigation for real estate fraud if she didn't `give them what they wanted[,]'" meaning "information incriminating [Plaintiff] Singh." (Compl. ¶ 25.) Defendant Bunch told Plaintiff Karan, "If you don't stay away [from Singh], I will come and take your kids away and put them in foster care," (Compl. ¶ 26 (alteration in original) (emphasis removed)), and, "I will investigate you and take your children away." (Compl. ¶ 26 (emphasis removed).)

Plaintiff Singh was arrested on October 29, 2013, "although he learned it was not regarding the murder investigation." (Compl. ¶ 27.) While in jail, Plaintiff Singh was housed with members of the Northern Ryders gang. (Compl. ¶ 28.) During this time, Defendant Bunch "attempted to `set up' [Plaintiff] Singh with these gang members by listening in on conversations." (Compl. ¶ 28.) His "bail bond was posted at about 10:00 PM the same day, but [he] was [not] released until 4:00 AM." (Compl. ¶ 28.)

On or about November 11, 2013, Plaintiff "Singh voluntarily called [Defendant] Bunch and asked him `What do you want from me?'" (Compl. ¶ 29 (emphasis removed).)

Plaintiff Singh was again arrested on November 27, 2013; the arrest was unrelated to the homicide. (Compl. ¶ 30.) "[A]fter his arrest, Investigators sought and placed [Plaintiff] Singh under a [section] 1275 hold."2 (Compl. ¶ 34.) Plaintiff Singh was again housed with Northern Ryders gang members. (Compl. ¶ 36.) "A gang member told [Plaintiff] Singh that [Defendant] Bunch told them that Singh was a `snitch'. . . ." (Compl. ¶ 37.) "Because of this accusation by [Defendant] Bunch, several members threatened [Plaintiff] Singh with his life." (Compl. ¶ 37.) Plaintiff "Singh immediately yelled for a guard[,]" and was moved to a laundry facility. (Compl. ¶ 38.)

On December 2, 2013, Plaintiff "Karan delivered her child." (Compl. ¶ 41.) "The birth had complications due to the stress suffered by [Plaintiff] Karan, from [Plaintiff] Singh being in jail . . ., together with the threats by [Defendant] Bunch." (Compl. ¶ 41.)

On February 27, 2014, Plaintiff Singh was arrested "for violation of Welfare and Institutions Code § 14107(b)(4)(a)." (Compl. ¶ 43.) Before his arrest, Plaintiff Singh gave an unidentified person the keys to Plaintiff Karan's real estate brokerage, Royal Royalty. (Compl. ¶ 43.) Investigators "search[ed] [Royal Realty's] . . . files [and] computers, and ended up seizing the majority of [its] files, computers, and printers." (Compl. ¶ 44.) Thereafter, Plaintiff "Singh was taken to the Investigators[`] office . . ., where [Plaintiff] Singh was asked questions about the murder investigation." (Compl. ¶ 44.)

"On or about April 2, 2014, Investigators went to the office of Stewart Title, a title company used by Royal Realty. . . ." (Compl. ¶ 47.) Investigators learned Plaintiff "Singh stood to benefit from a pending transaction, and put Stewart Title `on notice' [of the homicide investigation] with the goal that it would harm [Plaintiff] Singh financially if Investigators could convince Stewart Title to drop Royal Realty [and Plaintiffs] as customers." (Compl. ¶ 47.) Because of Defendants' actions, "Stewart Title did in fact stop doing business with" Plaintiffs. (Compl. ¶ 49.)

Plaintiffs also allege the County, Defendant Fladager, and Defendant Harris have policies that include: (1) failing to train on "constitutional limits on the use of force and abuse of power"; (2) failing to punish unconstitutional use of force; (3) tolerating unconstitutional use of force; (4) failing to investigate citizen complaints; (5) tolerating collusive statements; (6) permitting outrageous tactics and tortuous activity; and (7) failing to supervise those involved in the investigation. (Compl. ¶¶ 51, 52.) Plaintiffs also allege the County, Defendant Fladager, and Defendant Harris encouraged, tolerated, ratified, and acquiesced to the conduct about which each Plaintiff complains. (Id.)

II. LEGAL STANDARD

"To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Caviness v. Horizon Cmty. Learning Ctr., Inc., 590 F.3d 806, 812 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief . . . [is] a context-specific task that requires the . . . court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 679.

"For purposes of a motion to dismiss, we accept all well-pleaded allegations of material fact as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Sateriale v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 697 F.3d 777, 783 (9th Cir. 2012).

In re Gilead Sciences Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1057 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

A. All Defendants

1. Standing

Each Defendant argues that Plaintiff Karan lacks standing to allege the following claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983: unlawful detention, deliberate indifference, unlawful search and seizure, and racial discrimination, including denial of equal protection of law; contending "[t]here are no allegations of any constitutional injury involving a legally protected interest caused by a particular defendant." (Mot. 8:26-27, 9:4-5.)

To have standing, a plaintiff must plausibly allege three standing elements:

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992) (alterations in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Further, in the equal protection context, "if a governmental actor is discriminating on the basis of race, the resulting injury accords a basis for standing only to those persons who are personally denied equal treatment by the challenged discriminatory conduct." United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 743-44 (1995) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff Karan has standing to assert a racial discrimination claim under § 1983, based on her assertion that she was personally denied equal treatment by Defendants' alleged conduct during the homicide investigation.3 Plaintiff Karan alleges a concrete and actual injury caused by Defendants. Specifically, she alleges she sustained emotional stress with the manifestation of a physical injury—birth complications—caused in part by District Attorney Investigator Defendant Bunch when he threatened to investigate her for real estate fraud and take away her children. (Compl. ¶¶ 26, 41, 82.) She further alleges she has "suffered emotional distress, stress, anguish, anxiety, and live[s] in fear of [her] life[; and that she has] been directly harmed . . . by Investigators who have intentionally interfered with [her] business, and destroyed [her] reputation among the community, including their close church community." (Compl. ¶¶ 50, 82.) See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 96 (1983) (holding plaintiff "presumably" had "standing to claim damages against the individual officers [who choked him] and perhaps against the City"). Therefore, this portion of Defendants' dismissal motion is denied as to Plaintiff Karan's racial discrimination claim.

2. Racial Discrimination in Violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause Claim

Defendants seek dismissal of each Plaintiff's racial discrimination claim, which they jointly allege under the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, arguing it is not a viable claim.4 Specifically, Defendants contend, inter alia, this claim fails to allege "that any of the actions that Plaintiffs attribute to Defendants were taken because of Plaintiffs' race, national origin, religion, or any other legally protected characteristic." (Mot. 11:18-21.) Defendants further contend Plaintiffs "fail[] to plead . . . facts reflecting . . . disparate treatment." (Mot. 11:24.)

Plaintiffs allege, inter alia, they were subjected to "racially motivated arrests, searches, and seizures." (See Compl. ¶ 82.) They further allege "race was a motivating factor in the decision to use excessive force [and] maliciously prosecute Plaintiff [Singh], and [that these actions were] undertaken with the purpose of depriving Plaintiffs of the equal protection and benefits of the law." (Compl. ¶ 83.)

"To state a claim for violation of the Equal Protection Clause, a plaintiff must [allege] that the defendant acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against [plaintiff] based upon [plaintiff's] membership in a protected class[,]" Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071, 1082 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted), or "that [plaintiff] has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment." Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). Further, "a long line of Supreme Court cases make clear that the Equal Protection Clause requires proof of discriminatory intent or motive." Navarro v. Block, 72 F.3d 712, 716 (9th Cir. 1995) (citations omiited).

Plaintiffs plead facts from which it can be inferred that they are of Indian origin. (See Compl. ¶ 19.) See Reedy v. Precyse Solutions LLC, No. 1:12-CV-02061-AWI, 2013 WL 1563254, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2013) ("As a person of . . . Indian origin, Plaintiff is a member of a protected class.").

Plaintiffs' conclusory assertions fail to plausibly allege that Defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against Plaintiffs based upon their membership in a protected class. Their allegation that "the motivation behind this investigation and related investigations is politically motivated, or . . . [a] personal vendetta by Defendants," (Compl. § 18), contradicts a plausible inference that Defendants acted with any discriminatory intent or motive during the homicide investigation. Further, Plaintiffs' allegation that "Defendant Bunch came to believe [Plaintiff] Singh was involved in the murder," (Compl. ¶ 20), contradicts a plausible inference that Defendant Bunch's actual motive was discriminatory. Nor have Plaintiffs plausibly alleged they were intentionally treated differently from other similarly situated people under investigation.

Therefore, this portion of each Defendant's dismissal motion is granted.

3. RICO Conspiracy Claim

Each Defendant seeks dismissal of each Plaintiff's conspiracy claim alleged under RICO, arguing, inter alia, the "broad allegation[s] . . . against the individual [Defendant]s are not sufficient under Rule 8 to . . . put [each Defendant] on notice[] as to what alleged acts of racketeering Plaintiffs claim are at issue." (Mot. 13:1-3.)

Plaintiffs have not responded to these dismissal arguments.

"To establish a violation of [the RICO conspiracy statute], Plaintiffs must allege either an agreement that is a substantive violation of RICO or that the defendants agreed to commit, or participated in, a violation of two predicate offenses." Howard v. Am. Online Inc., 208 F.3d 741, 751 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). To plausibly allege the substantive elements of RICO, under § 1962(c), plaintiff must allege: "(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity." Rezner v. Bayerische Hypo-Und Vereinsbank AG, 630 F.3d 866, 873 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiffs' conclusory assertions are insufficient to plausibly allege a violation of the RICO conspiracy statute, since Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege the substantive elements of a RICO claim or violation of two predicate offenses.

Therefore, each Plaintiff's RICO conspiracy claim is dismissed against all Defendants.

4. Negligent Interference with Contract Claim

Defendants Fladager, Bunch, and Harris seek dismissal of Plaintiffs' negligent interference with contract claim, arguing Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege this claim. (Mot. 5:12-14, 10:22-24.) However, "[i]n California there is no [claim] for negligent interference with contractual relations." Davis v. Nadrich, 174 Cal.App.4th 1, 9 (2009). Therefore, this claim is dismissed since Plaintiffs have not shown it is viable under California law.

B. Defendant Fladager

1. Official Capacity § 1983 Claims

Defendant Fladager seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's unlawful detention, deliberate indifference, and unlawful search and seizure claims under § 1983 that are alleged against Defendant Fladager in her official capacity as the County's District Attorney, arguing the claims "are precluded [by] the Eleventh Amendment." (Mot. 3:5-7.) She further argues: "Plaintiff [Singh's] claims against Defendant . . . Fladager in her official capacity are based solely on [Defendant] Fladager's role as a policymaker and her training and supervision of her employees. Defendant [Fladager] submit[s] that Pitts[ v. County of Kern, 17 Cal.4th 340 (1998)] and Ninth Circuit precedent following Pitts establishes that Plaintiff [Singh's] claims against [Defendant] Fladager are barred pursuant to the Eleventh Amendment." (Mot. 5:1-5 (citations omitted)). Plaintiff Singh asks the Court to allow discovery before dismissal on Eleventh Amendment immunity grounds. (Opp'n 1:24-28, 2:1-12.)

Plaintiff Singh alleges Defendant Fladager directed the homicide investigation, "trained and supervised the [I]nvestigators[,]" failed to conduct sufficient training concerning "the constitutional limitations on the use of force and abuse of power," and is responsible for a constitutionally-deficient policy concerning the use of force. (Compl. ¶¶ 3, 16, 51-52.)

The Eleventh Amendment bars suits for damages against state officials acting in their official capacity, in the absence of the state's consent to suit. Flint v. Dennison, 488 F.3d 816, 824-25 (9th Cir. 2007). This bar applies to a district attorney when "the district attorney represents the state, not the county." Pitts, 17 Cal. 4th at 345. "If the District Attorney was a state officer when [s]he engaged in the acts of which [a plaintiff] complains, [s]he is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity (to the extent that [s]he is sued in h[er] official capacity) . . . ." Ceballos v. Garcetti, 361 F.3d 1168, 1182 (9th Cir. 2004), rev'd and remanded on other grounds, 547 U.S. 410 (2006).

Plaintiff Singh's conclusory allegations are insufficient to state claims against Defendant Fladager notwithstanding whether she represented the state or the County. Therefore, Defendant Fladager's motion to dismiss the § 1983 claims, alleged against her in her official capacity, is granted.

2. State Claims

Defendant Fladager also seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' state claims, arguing Plaintiffs fail "to state any facts that reflect [she] had any direct and personal participation in the events giving rise to Plaintiffs' [state] claims," and that she "is immune from any state claims arising out of any alleged actions taken by other Defendants in this case" under California Government Code section 820.8. (Mot. 5:12-16, 6:3-4.)

Plaintiffs do not oppose this portion of the motion.

Section 820.8 states in pertinent part: "a public employee is not liable for an injury caused by the act or omission of another person." Plaintiffs have not alleged that Defendant Fladager was personally involved in any alleged state claim, or any facts plausibly exposing her to liability for the alleged acts of her subordinates. See Milton v. Nelson, 527 F.2d 1158, 1159 (9th Cir. 1975) ("[S]upervisory personnel whose personal involvement is not alleged may not be held responsible for the acts of their subordinates under California law."). Therefore, Defendant Fladager's motion to dismiss Plaintiffs' state claims is granted.

C. County: § 1983 Claims

The County seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's unlawful detention, deliberate indifference, and unlawful search and seizure claims, arguing:

(Mot. 7:4-12 (citation omitted).)

Plaintiff Singh's allegations germane to his claim against the County allege: "[The] C[ounty] is sued for the challenged delegated final decisions of Defendant F[ladager] in her official capacity as the District Attorney for the C[ounty], and for . . . final delegated decision makers, with respect to the . . . challenged deliberately indifferent policies, decisions, widespread habits, customs, usages, and practices." (Compl. ¶ 6.)

(Compl. ¶ 52.)

"A municipality or other local government entity . . . may be sued for constitutional torts committed by its officials according to an official policy, practice, or custom." Cortez v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 294 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Monell v. N.Y. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690-91 (1978)). "To hold a local government liable for an official's conduct, a plaintiff must . . . [allege] that the official [whose action is ascribed to the County] (1) had final policymaking authority concerning the action alleged to have caused the particular constitutional or statutory violation at issue and (2) was the policymaker for the local governing body for the purposes of the particular act." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff Singh's allegations do not plausibly allege Defendant Fladager was a policymaker for the County. Further, "the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, nor make unwarranted deductions or unreasonable inferences." In re Gilead Sciences Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d at 1057. Therefore, the County's dismissal motion is also granted.

D. Sheriff Christianson: Official Capacity § 1983 Claims

Sheriff Christianson moves for dismissal of the official capacity claims against him, arguing he is an improper party in the lawsuit because he "is sued in his official capacity only." (Mot. 6:19 n.1.) Plaintiff Singh does not oppose this portion of the motion.

The Supreme Court has held that "an official-capacity suit [seeking to recover damages] is, in all respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity." Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985). Such a suit "is not a suit against the official personally, for the real party in interest is the entity." Id.; Butler v. Elle, 281 F.3d 1014, 1023 n.8 (9th Cir. 2002) ("Section 1983 [damages] claims against government officials in their official capacities are really suits against the governmental employer because the employer must pay any damages awarded.").

Therefore, "[w]hen both a municipal officer and a local government entity are named, and the officer is named only in an official capacity, the court may dismiss the officer as a redundant defendant." Ctr. for Bio-Ethical Reform, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cty. Sheriff Dep't, 533 F.3d 780, 799 (9th Cir. 2008). Here, the Sheriff's Department is a named defendant and Sheriff Christianson is the Sheriff's Department employee. (See Compl. ¶ 8 (alleging Sheriff Christianson is "the head of the Stanislaus County Sheriff's office").) Therefore, Plaintiff Singh's damages claims against Sheriff Christianson in his official capacity are therefore dismissed.

E. Sheriff's Department: Section 1983 Claims

The Sheriff's Department seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's unlawful detention, deliberate indifference, and unlawful search and seizure claims, contending, inter alia, it is not subject to suit since a municipality department is not considered a "person" subject to suit for constitutional violations under § 1983, and because it is an improperly named party. (Mot. 7:18-26.) It further asserts: "It is axiomatic that the Stanislaus County Sheriff's Department is not a separate, distinct legal entity apart from the C[ounty], but instead is just a department within the County." (Mot. 7:20-22.)

Plaintiff Singh does not oppose the Sheriff's Department's motion. Plaintiff Singh alleges the "Sheriff's Department w[as] involved in a joint task force investigating the crime." (Compl. ¶ 20.)

The Sheriff's Department cites Vance v. County of Santa Clara, 928 F.Supp. 993, 996 (N.D. Cal. 1996), for the proposition that "municipal departments are not persons under [§] 1983[]." (Mot. 7:19-20.) However, the Ninth Circuit has "unequivocally held that when a California sheriff's department performs the function of conducting criminal investigations, it is a county actor subject to suit under § 1983." Jackson v. Barnes, 749 F.3d 755, 764 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). However, Plaintiff Singh's vague and conclusory allegation fail to plausibly allege what function the Sheriff's Department performed subjecting it to liability. Therefore, this portion of the dismissal motion is granted.

F. Defendants Harris and Bunch: "Section 1983" claim

Defendants Harris and Bunch each seek dismissal of each Plaintiff's "§ 1983" claim, arguing "Plaintiffs do not . . . identify a specific [c]onstitutional provision." (Mot. 10:6.)

"[Section] 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred." Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In their First Claim, Plaintiffs assert legal conclusions devoid of factual matter, and they "fail to explain in their [O]pposition [brief] how their First [Claim] differs from their [remaining claims]." Fontana, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 1155. "It appears to this Court that Plaintiffs have identically pled [multiple] claims for relief: one for violation of their rights under [§] 1983 and the [remaining claims] for violations of their rights under the Fourth . . . and Fourteenth Amendments." Id. Since each Plaintiff's "§ 1983" claim "is duplicative and fails as a matter of law," id., this portion of the dismissal motion is granted.

G. Defendant Harris

1. Remaining § 1983 Claims: Unlawful Detention, "Deliberate Indifference," and Unlawful Search and Seizure Claims

Defendant Harris seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's § 1983 claims alleged against him, arguing the allegations against him are vague, conclusory, and fail to sufficiently allege causation. (See Mot. 9:11-23.)

"Vague and conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss." Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). Further:

Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1988) (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff Singh alleges Defendant Harris trained and supervised Investigators; co-led the homicide investigation; made statements to Plaintiff Singh's lawyer; and is responsible for a constitutionally-deficient policy, along with the County and Defendant Fladager. (Compl. ¶¶ 4, 16, 46, 51, 52.) However, Plaintiff Singh fails to plausibly allege affirmative acts committed by Defendant Harris that caused the referenced, alleged constitutional deprivations. Accordingly, Defendant Harris's motion to dismiss Plaintiff Singh's § 1983 claims alleged against him is granted.

2. State Claims

Defendant Harris also seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' state claims, arguing, "Plaintiffs . . . fail to plead . . . facts . . . support[ing] th[ose] . . . claims." (Mot. 10:22-23.) He further argues California Government Code section 820.8 "precludes imposition of any liability against . . . [him] for actions undertaken by others," in which any state claim could be based. (Mot. 11:2-3.)

Plaintiffs do not plausibly allege facts supporting any state claim against Defendant Harris and have not shown he is liable for the alleged acts of another person, in light of section 820.8's rule precluding his liability based on "the act or omission of another person." Cal. Gov't Code § 820.8. Therefore, this portion of the dismissal motion is granted.

H. Defendant Bunch

1. Remaining § 1983 Claims: Unlawful Detention, "Deliberate Indifference," and Unlawful Search and Seizure Claims

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's § 1983 claims, arguing, inter alia, the allegations against him are vague, conclusory, and fail to sufficiently allege causation. (Mot. 9:11-23.)

a. Unlawful detention claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's unlawful detention claim, arguing Plaintiff Singh "fail[s] to state any defendant actually arrested him or caused the arrest," (Mot. 10:7-8), "do[es] not identify which agency arrested [Plaintiff Singh] on any occasion," (Mot. 9:26-27), and "fail[s] to allege Defendant Bunch . . . had any role in [his] alleged delay in release from jail after [Plaintiff Singh] post[ed] bail." (Mot. 10:11-12.)

Plaintiff Singh alleges in the Complaint: "Defendants deprived Plaintiff [Singh] of his property and liberty interests when he was unlawfully arrested and jailed without probable cause[,]" (Compl. ¶ 70), and since he "was not timely released" after he posted bail. (Compl. ¶ 71.)

Plaintiff Singh's "[v]ague and conclusory allegations of [Defendant Bunch's] participation in [these alleged] violations are not sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss." Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. The Complaint lacks factual allegations plausibly showing that Defendant Bunch participated in Plaintiff Singh's arrests, subsequent jailing, and alleged untimely release from jail.

Therefore, Defendant Bunch's motion to dismiss Plaintiff Singh's unlawful detention claim is granted.

b. "Deliberate indifference" claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's deliberate indifference claim, in which conditions of Plaintiff Singh's jail confinement are challenged. Defendant Bunch argues, "Plaintiff[] [Singh] appear[s] to claim his life was placed in danger in . . . jail, . . . but fails to state any individual defendant made any statements to place him in danger." (Mot. 10:12-14.) Defendant Bunch also argues "Plaintiff Singh appears to admit he complained [to a guard] about being in danger and was moved" and that this admission "render[s] the . . . [c]laim without bases" for challenging this referenced jail confinement. (Mot. 10:14-16.)

Plaintiff Singh alleges in his Complaint that while in jail around Thanksgiving Day, "[a] gang member told [Plaintiff] Singh that [Defendant] Bunch told them that [Plaintiff] Singh was a `snitch'. . . . [and that] [b]ecause of this accusation . . . several members threatened [Plaintiff] Singh with his life." (Compl. ¶ 37.)

Since Plaintiff Singh alleges in the Complaint that he "was a pretrial detainee, his right to be free from violence at the hands of other inmates arises from the Fourteenth Amendment rather than the Eighth Amendment." Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 797 F.3d 654, 664 (9th Cir. 2015). "Despite those different constitutional sources, the `deliberate indifference' test is the same for pretrial detainees and for convicted prisoners." Id. (citation omitted). In Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135, 1138 (9th Cir. 1989), the Ninth Circuit held a prisoner stated a claim under § 1983 where an inmate alleged that on a particular date, "he was approached by fellow prisoners and threatened with harm because [prison officials] had told other inmates in the law library that [plaintiff] was a snitch."

Defendant Bunch has not shown that Plaintiff Singh's allegations fail to plausibly state the challenged claim. Therefore, this portion of Defendant Bunch's motion is denied.

c. Unlawful search and seizure claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's unlawful search and seizure claim, which is based on Defendant Bunch's conduct during the investigation, arguing Plaintiff Singh does not plausibly allege a "claim under the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendments as a matter of law." (Mot. 10:16-19.) Plaintiff Singh alleges, "Defendants arrested [him] without probable cause, and seized his property without probable cause." (Compl. ¶ 78.) He further alleges in pertinent part: Investigators searched Plaintiff Karan's real estate brokerage and seized property therein. (Compl. ¶ 44.)

However, the Complaint lacks factual allegations plausibly showing that Defendant Bunch participated in Plaintiff Singh's arrests. Further, Plaintiff Singh fails to identify what property he owned that Defendant Bunch allegedly seized; instead, he alleges Investigators seized Plaintiff Karan's property from her real estate brokerage. (Compl. ¶ 43.) Therefore, this portion of the dismissal motion is granted.

2. State Claims: California Government Code Section 945.3

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiff Singh's state claims alleged against him, arguing that under California Government Code Section 945.3, "all state . . . claims arising out of [Plaintiff Singh's pending criminal matters] . . . may not be pursued at this time." (Mot. 13:25, 14:13-14.) Plaintiff Singh opposes, arguing Defendant Bunch's conduct "was related to matters outside the criminal proceedings against [him]." (Opp'n 5:2-3.)

Section 945.3 states in pertinent part: "No person . . . charg[ed with] a criminal offense may bring a civil action based upon conduct of the peace officer relating to the offense for which the accused is charged. . . ." Here, Plaintiff Singh alleges Defendant Bunch's conduct related to the homicide investigation, and Plaintiff Singh has not been charged with the homicide. (Compl. ¶¶ 15-16.) In light of these allegations, Plaintiff Singh's state claims against Defendant Bunch are not barred by section 945.3.5

3. State Claims: Factual Sufficiency

Additionally, Defendant Bunch argues, inter alia, Plaintiffs' state claims fail, arguing that "Plaintiffs . . . fail to plead . . . facts . . . support[ing] their state . . . claims against [Defendant] Bunch." (Mot. 10:22-23.) He further argues, "Plaintiffs plead that `Investigators' undertook the actions of which they complain but Plaintiffs do not identify any specific actions by . . . [Defendant] Bunch . . . that would support the existence of any of the [state] claims." (Mot. 10:27-28.)

a. Defamation claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of each Plaintiff's defamation claim alleged against him. Defamation "allegations are insufficient i[f] . . . they are ascribed to defendants collectively rather than to individual defendants." Arikat v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 430 F.Supp.2d 1013, 1020 (N.D. Cal. 2006). "While the exact words or circumstances of the slander need not be alleged to state a claim for defamation, the substance of the defamatory statement must be alleged." Silicon Knights, Inc. v. Crystal Dynamics, Inc., 983 F.Supp. 1303, 1314 (N.D. Cal. 1997) (citation omitted). "Even under liberal federal pleading standards, `general allegations of the defamatory statements' which do not identify the substance of what was said are insufficient." Jacobson v. Schwarzenegger, 357 F.Supp.2d 1198, 1216 (C.D. Cal. 2004).

Plaintiffs' allegations ascribed to Defendant Bunch are that he told family and friends Plaintiff Singh "is a murderer," "a pimp," and "runs some sort of a prostitution ring"; Plaintiffs also allege he told gang members Plaintiff Singh was a "snitch." (Compl. ¶¶ 23, 37.)

Defendant Bunch has not shown that Plaintiff Singh's allegations are insufficient to allege a defamation claim; therefore, this portion of Defendant Bunch's motion is denied. Plaintiff Karan, however, has only stated conclusory allegations that fail to state a claim against Defendant Bunch, and therefore, this portion of his motion is granted.

b. Tortious interference with contract (intentional interference with contractual relations) claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' claim for tortious interference with contract. Plaintiffs allege: (1) they had a pending transaction in the "escrow stage" with Stewart Title, a third party, (Compl. ¶¶ 47, 49); (2) "Investigators discovered that [Plaintiff] Singh stood to benefit from [the] pending transaction," (Compl. ¶ 47); (3) "[Plaintiff] Singh was referred to as a `murderer' to Stewart Title personnel," (id.); "Investigators did this . . . with the goal that it would harm [Plaintiff] Singh financially," (id.); (4) "Stewart Title did in fact stop doing business with [Plaintiffs] because of the actions of Defendants," (Compl. ¶ 49); and (5) the property buyer dropped out, escrow dropped out, and the property has decreased in value. (Id.)

Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 50 Cal.3d 1118, 1126 (1990) (citations omitted).

Plaintiffs fail to allege a valid contract, as they merely allege they had "a pending transaction" in the "escrow stage" with a third party, Stewart Title. (Compl. ¶¶ 47, 49.) Accordingly, Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for tortious interference with contract, and therefore this portion of Defendant Bunch's motion is granted.

c. Tortious and negligent interference with (prospective) economic advantage claims

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' tortious and negligent interference with prospective economic advantage claims. Plaintiffs allege in the Complaint, inter alia: "Defendants . . . knew of Plaintiffs ongoing business and business relationships with buyers, sellers, title and escrow companies, with which Plaintiffs conducted real estate transactions, and knew of Plaintiffs other prospective business." (Compl. ¶¶ 128, 134.)

To plead a claim for tortious, i.e., intentional, interference with prospective economic advantage, a plaintiff must allege:

Youst v. Longo, 43 Cal.3d 64, 71 n.6 (1987).

Further, to plead the tort of negligent interference with prospective economic advantage, a plaintiff must allege:

N. Am. Chem. Co. v. Superior Court, 59 Cal.App.4th 764, 786 (1997).

Plaintiff's conclusory allegations do not allege a prospective, or future, economic relationship with Stewart Title or other third parties. Further, as to the negligent form of the tort, Plaintiffs fail to allege that Defendant Bunch owed them a duty of care.

Therefore, Defendant Bunch's motions to dismiss these claims are granted.

d. Intentional infliction of emotional distress claim

Defendant Bunch seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.

Plaintiffs allege "[t]he unlawful harassment, retaliation, deprivation of rights, and conduct towards Plaintiffs . . . constitute extreme and outrageous conduct." (Compl. ¶ 140.) Plaintiffs further allege they "have suffered and will continue to suffer mental distress and anguish, and loss of consortium." (Compl. ¶ 144.)

Specifically, Plaintiffs allege Defendant Bunch told Plaintiff Karan, "If you don't stay away [from Plaintiff Singh], I will come and take your kids away and put them in foster care." (Compl. ¶ 26 (alteration in original).) At the time, Plaintiffs had one child, and Plaintiff Karan was five-months pregnant. Plaintiffs further allege "[t]he birth had complications due to the stress suffered by [Plaintiff] Karan, from [Plaintiff] Singh being in jail . . ., together with the threats by [Defendant] Bunch." (Compl. ¶ 41.)

"A cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress exists when there is (1) extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant with the intention of causing, or reckless disregard of the probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the plaintiff's suffering severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual and proximate causation of the emotional distress by the defendant's outrageous conduct. A defendant's conduct is outrageous when it is so extreme as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a civilized community." Hughes v. Pair, 46 Cal.4th 1035, 1051 (2009) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

Defendant Bunch has provided no authority evincing that Plaintiff Karan's allegations are factually insufficient; therefore, his motion is denied. Plaintiff Singh, however, has only stated conclusory allegations that fail to state a plausible claim against Defendant Bunch, and therefore Defendant Bunch's motion to dismiss Plaintiff Singh's claim is granted.

e. Negligent infliction of emotional distress claim

Defendant Bunch also seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs' negligent infliction of emotional distress claim alleged against him. "The law of negligent infliction of emotional distress in California is typically analyzed . . . by reference to two `theories' of recovery: the `bystander' theory and the `direct victim' theory." Burgess v. Superior Court, 2 Cal.4th 1064, 1071 (1992).

"To recover damages for emotional distress, absent physical injury, in a `bystander case' the plaintiff must be: (1) Closely related to the injury victim; (2) Present at the scene of the injury-producing event at the time it occurs and is then aware that it is causing injury to the victim; and (3) Suffer emotional distress as a result, beyond that which would occur in a disinterested witness." Megargee ex rel. Lopez v. Wittman, No. CVF 06-0684 AWILJO, 2006 WL 2988945, at *16 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 2006) (citing Martin By and Through Martin v. United States, 984 F.2d 1033, 1037 (9th Cir. 1992)). Plaintiffs here have not alleged their contemporaneous presence or resulting emotional distress.

In direct victim cases, "a cause of action to recover damages for negligently inflicted emotional distress will lie . . . where a duty arising from a preexisting relationship is negligently breached." Burgess, 2 Cal. 4th at 1074; see also Marlene F. v. Affiliated Psychiatric Med. Clinic, Inc., 48 Cal.3d 583, 588 (1989) ("[The] negligent causing of emotional distress is not an independent tort but the tort of negligence. . . . The traditional elements of duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages apply." (alteration in original) (internal citation omitted)). Plaintiffs do not allege a duty arising from a preexisting relationship.

For the stated reasons, this portion of Defendant Bunch's dismissal motion is granted.

I. Motion for a More Definite Statement

Defendants Bunch and Harris move in the alternative under Rule 12(e) for a more definite statement of the claims against them, arguing they have to speculate as to which allegations are relevant to each Defendant. (Mot. 14:19-28.) This motion is denied since Plaintiffs' allegations are not "so vague or ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a response." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e).

IV. CONCLUSION

For the stated reasons, Defendants' motion dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Plaintiffs have fourteen days from the date on which this Order is filed to file an amended complaint addressing deficiencies in any dismissed claim.