ORDER

PEGGY A. LEEN, Magistrate Judge.

Before the court is Defendant Dave H. Bundy's ("Dave Bundy") Motion to Sever (ECF No. 467) which was referred to the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) and LR IB 1-3. The court has considered the motion, and the Government's Response (ECF No. 507), Dave Bundy's Reply (ECF No. 543), the Government's Motion to Supplement its Responses (ECF No. 971) and Dave Bundy's Response (ECF No. 1049).

BACKGROUND

I. The Indictment

Defendant Dave Bundy and 18 co-defendants are charged in a Superseding Indictment (ECF No. 27) returned March 2, 2016. Dave Bundy is charged in 12 counts with:

The Superseding Indictment (ECF No. 27) in this case arises out of a series of events related to a Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") impoundment of Cliven Bundy's cattle following a two-decade-long battle with the federal government. Beginning in 1993, Cliven Bundy continued to graze cattle on land commonly referred to as the "Bunkerville Allotment" without paying required grazing fees or obtaining required permits. The United States initiated civil litigation against Cliven Bundy in 1998 in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. The court found that Cliven Bundy had engaged in unauthorized and unlawful grazing of his livestock on property owned by the United States and administered by the Department of the Interior through the BLM. The court permanently enjoined Cliven Bundy from grazing his livestock on the Allotment, ordered him to remove them, and authorized the BLM to impound any unauthorized cattle. Bundy did not remove his cattle or comply with the court's order and injunction. The United States went back to court. Subsequent orders were entered in 1999 and 2013 by different judges in this district permanently enjoining Bundy from trespassing on the Allotment and land administered by the Nevada Park Service ("NPS") in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area1, ordering Bundy to remove his cattle, and explicitly authorizing the United States to seize, remove, and impound any of Bundy's cattle for future trespasses, provided that written notice was given to Bundy.

On February 17, 2014, the BLM entered into a contract with a civilian contractor in Utah to round up and gather Bundy's trespass cattle. BLM developed an impoundment plan to establish a base of operations on public lands near Bunkerville, Nevada, about 7 miles from the Bundy ranch in an area commonly referred to as the Toquop Wash. On March 20, 2014, BLM also entered into a contract with an auctioneer in Utah who was to sell impounded cattle at a public sale. Bundy was formally notified that impoundment operations would take place on March 14, 2014. The following day, Bundy allegedly threatened to interfere with the impoundment operation by stating publicly that he was "ready to do battle" with the BLM, and would "do whatever it takes" to protect "his property." The superseding indictment alleges that after being notified that BLM intended to impound his cattle, Bundy began to threaten to interfere with the impoundment operation, and made public statements he intended to organize people to come to Nevada in a "range war" with BLM and would do whatever it took to protect his cattle and property.

The superseding indictment alleges that, beginning in March 2014, the 19 defendants charged in this case planned, organized, conspired, led and/or participated as followers and gunmen in a massive armed assault against federal law enforcement officers to threaten, intimidate, and extort the officers into abandoning approximately 400 head of cattle owned by Cliven Bundy. The removal and impoundment operation began on April 5, 2014. On April 12, 2014, defendants and hundreds of recruited "followers" executed a plan to recover the cattle by force, threats, and intimidation. Defendants and their followers demanded that officers leave and abandon the cattle and threatened to use force if the officers did not do so. The superseding indictment alleges armed gunmen took sniper positions behind concrete barriers and aimed their assault rifles at the officers. Defendants and their followers outnumbered the officers by more than 4 to 1, and the potential firefight posed a threat to the lives of the officers, as well as unarmed bystanders which included children. Thus, the officers were forced to leave and abandon the impounded cattle.

After the April 12, 2014 confrontation with federal officers, the superseding indictment alleges that the leaders and organizers of the conspiracy organized armed security patrols and check points in and around Cliven Bundy's Bunkerville ranch to deter and prevent any future law enforcement actions against Bundy or his co-conspirators, and to protect Bundy's cattle from future law enforcement actions.

II. Procedural History

Dave Bundy was initially arrested on March 3, 2016, in the District of Utah on a Superseding Indictment (ECF No. 27) returned March 2, 2016, and warrant issued in this district. All 19 defendants made their appearances in this case in this district between March 4, 2016, and April 15, 2016. At the initial appearance of each defendant, the government stated its position that this was a complex case that would require special scheduling review. All 19 defendants are currently joined for trial pursuant to the provisions of the Speedy Trial Act. All 19 defendants have been detained pending trial.

In an Order (ECF No. 198) entered March 25, 2016, the court directed the parties to meet and confer as required by LCR 16-1 to discuss whether this case should be designated as complex, and, if so, to attempt to arrive at an agreed-upon complex scheduling order addressing five specified topics for discussion. The order gave the parties until April 18, 2016, to file a stipulated proposed complex case schedule if all parties were able to agree, or if they were not, to file a proposed schedule with supporting points and authorities stating each party's position with respect to whether or not the case should be designated as complex, a proposed schedule for discovery, pretrial motions, and trial, and any exclusions of time deemed appropriate under 18 U.S.C. § 3161.

A Proposed Complex Case Schedule (ECF No. 270) was filed on April 18, 2016. In it, the government and 13 of the 19 defendants agreed that the case should be designated as complex. The 13 defendants who stipulated to the proposed schedule included: Cliven Bundy, Mel Bundy, Dave Bundy, Blaine Cooper, Gerald Delemus, O. Scott Drexler, Richard Lovelien, Steven Stewart, Todd Engel, Gregory Burleson, Joseph O'Shaughnessy, Micah McGuire and Jason Woods. Three defendants, Ammon Bundy, Peter Santilli, and Brian Cavalier, indicated that they would "defer the decision to agree or disagree, pending further consultation with counsel and/or have taken no position as to the filing of this pleading." Three defendants, Ryan Bundy, Eric Parker, and Ryan Payne, disagreed that the case should be designated as a complex case "to the extent time is excluded under the STA."

The same 13 defendants who initially stipulated that the case should be designated as complex, agreed that the May 2, 2016 trial date should be vacated, and that the trial in this matter should be set on the first available trial track beginning "in or around February 2017." Three defendants, Ammon Bundy, Peter Santilli, and Brian Cavalier, "deferred the decision to agree or disagree about a trial date pending further consultation with counsel, or have not taken a position."

The 13 defendants who stipulated the case should be designated as complex and a trial date set in February 2017, stipulated "that all time from the entry of Defendants' pleas in this case until the trial of this matter is excluded for purposes of the STA pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A) as the ends of justice outweigh the interest of the public and the defendants in a speedy trial." Ammon Bundy, Peter Santilli and Brian Cavalier "deferred the decision to agree or disagree about the exclusion of time, pending further consultation with counsel, or have taken no position on the matter." Ryan Bundy stated he disagreed "to the extent any exclusion of time denies him the right to a speedy trial under the STA." Eric Parker stated he disagreed "with no further position stated." Ryan Payne stated he disagreed "with the exclusion of time to the extent it denies him the right to a speedy trial under the STA."

The court held a scheduling and case management conference on April 22, 2016, to determine whether this case should be designated as complex. Eighteen of the nineteen defendants appeared with their counsel. Defendant Ryan Bundy appeared pro se with standby counsel, Angela Dows. At the scheduling and case management conference on April 22, 2016, many of the defendants who had initially stipulated to the complex case schedule and a February 2017 trial date, changed positions. The positions of each of the defendants were stated on the record at the hearing and memorialized in the court's Case Management Order (ECF No. 321) entered April 26, 2016. The court found the case was a complex case within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(B)(ii), and set the trial for February 6, 2017. The case management order made findings concerning why this case was deemed complex within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(B), and the court's findings on exclusion of time for purposes of the Speedy Trial Act. The case management order also set deadlines for filing motions to sever, motions for filing pretrial motions and notices required by Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure2, and LR 12(1)(b). No defendant filed objections to the determination that this case was complex, the court's Speedy Trial Act tolling and exclusion findings, or any other provision of the court's case management order.

III. The Parties' Positions

A. The Motion to Sever

Dave Bundy's motion to sever begins by asserting that on April 6, 2014, he traveled from his home in Delta, Utah to the Bundy ranch in Riverside, Nevada to give his mother flowers for her birthday. While at the ranch, he traveled on State Route 170 which is the only egress from the ranch. The BLM had attempted to close the state highway by posting signs that the highway was temporarily closed. When he arrived, he found that the BLM was also in Riverside, Nevada with agents dressed as paramilitary officers in SWAT gear accompanied by cowboys using a helicopter to round up Cliven Bundy's herd of cattle. The motion argues that law enforcement officers used excessive force and engaged in activities that made the national and local news and helped to precipitate the arrival of protestors, some of whom were armed. Dave Bundy denies that he recruited any of these protesters and asserts that they arrived because of national media coverage.

Dave Bundy also claims that BLM agents violently slammed him to the ground using excessive force and falsely arrested him claiming he was blocking traffic in violation of his First and Fourth Amendment right to film BLM actions. He also contends that it was the actions of the BLM that caused outsiders to respond to Bunkerville to protest their actions. BLM response to the protest further incited protestors and civil rights activists who were present. Dave Bundy claims that BLM agent, Dan Love, requested his assistance on April 12, 2014 to direct the protestors to back up from the BLM corrals, and that County Undersheriff, Joe Lombardo, solicited Dave Bundy to negotiate a truce. Federal officers decided to release the Bundy cattle and leave the compound leaving the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department behind to help dismantle the BLM corrals and return the cattle to the Bundy ranch. Dave Bundy claims that neither he, nor any of his family members were armed. He also claims none of the Bundy brothers solicited the protestors who were armed and exercising their Second Amendment rights.

Dave Bundy argues that the conduct of armed protestors was vastly different from the peaceful protest of Dave Bundy and his brothers. Therefore, a joint trial will risk prejudicing the Bundy brothers if they are joined for trial with the co-defendants who were armed. Dave Bundy argues that he had no control over the armed defendants pictured on I-15. Additionally, Cliven Bundy filed a civil rights action against federal officials and asked the trial judge to recuse herself. Dave Bundy is not a party to the civil rights action and submits that the tactics employed by his father's attorneys is antagonistic to his own defense. He therefore asks that he be tried with his brothers, who were similarly situated at the time of the protest of the Bundy ranch.

The government has conceded that it will be unable to try all of the defendants at the same trial. A trial with his brothers, Ammon, Mel and Ryan, would avoid the prejudice of a joint trial with other defendants who were armed. Dave Bundy claims that his defense is "wholly different than the armed defendants." Additionally, neither Dave nor his brothers were involved in his father's protracted civil litigation with the BLM. Dave Bundy "also does not share the same standing" of Cliven Bundy about the jurisdiction of state and federal law enforcement, and this theory of law would confuse the jury as to the Bundy brothers, particularly in light of Dave Bundy's role as a peacemaker and man of reason.

B. The Government's Response

The government opposes the motion arguing the crimes charged in the superseding indictment involve a continuing conspiracy to impede and interfere with federal law enforcement officers. This conspiracy began in at least March 2014, and continued through March 2016, when the superseding indictment was returned. The superseding indictment alleges that during the course of the conspiracy, defendant Cliven Bundy led a criminal enterprise to prevent federal law enforcement officers from taking actions to enforce federal court orders that required the removal of his cattle that had been grazing on public lands unlawfully for more than 20 years. This enterprise was conducted through threats of force and violence, actual force and violence, assault, and extortion.

The superseding indictment alleges that Cliven Bundy began recruiting the members of the conspiracy in March 2014, using social medial to call for gunmen and others to come to Bunkerville, Nevada, the site of the impoundment, to physically confront, impede and interfere with law enforcement officers as they were executing their duties to enforce federal court orders. Ultimately, over 400 of Bundy's followers converged on the site where the officers were impounding cattle on April 12, 2014. The government claims that over 60 of Bundy's followers were either carrying, using, or brandishing firearms, including assault rifles, as they converged on the gate and blocked the entrance to the impoundment site which was guarded by approximately 40 law enforcement officers. The government also maintains that the conspiracy continued after April 12, 2014, because conspirators took concerted action to protect Bundy's cattle from future impoundment and to prevent law enforcement actions against Cliven Bundy.

Cliven Bundy, along with his sons Ammon Bundy and Ryan Bundy, and co-Defendants Peter Santilli and Ryan Payne, are charged in all 16 counts of the indictment. Cliven Bundy, Ryan, Ammon, Mel, and Dave Bundy are alleged to be leaders and organizers of the conspiracy along with co-Defendants Ryan Payne and Peter Santilli. Defendants Blaine Cooper, Brian Cavalier, Joseph O'Shaughnessy and Gerald Delemus are alleged to be mid-level leaders and organizers of the conspiracy. The remaining defendants, Eric Parker, O. Scott Drexler, Steven Stewart, Richard Lovelien, Todd Engel, Gregory Burleson, Micah McGuire and Jason Woods were gunmen.

The superseding indictment alleges that Cliven Bundy was the leader, organizer, and chief beneficiary of the conspiracy who possessed ultimate authority over the scope, manner and means of conspiratorial operations. He also received the economic benefits of the extortion plead in the indictment.

The government points out that it made its initial disclosures to the defendants on May 6, 2016, pursuant to the court's Case Management Order (ECF No. 321). The initial disclosures included the Rule 16 statements of the defendants and other Rule 16 information and materials. The government is withholding disclosure of Jencks materials until 30 days before trial because of serious concerns for witness safety and security.

The government maintains that all of the defendants were appropriately joined for trial pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(b) and 14(a). These rules are designed to avoid multiple trials and promote judicial economy and efficiency. Defendants charged together and properly joined under Rule 8(b) are generally tried together. Joinder is "particularly appropriate" in a conspiracy case where all of the co-defendants are members of a conspiracy. The concern for judicial efficiency is less likely to be outweighed by possible prejudice to the defendants in a joint trial of a conspiracy case because much of the evidence would be admissible against each defendant in separate trials. Joint trials provide the jury with an ability to see the entire picture of the alleged crime, and enable the jury to reach a more reliable conclusion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendants involved. Joint trials also limit the burden of requiring witnesses or victims to testify on multiple occasions in separate trials and avoid "randomly favoring the last-tried defendants who have the advantage of knowing the prosecution's case beforehand."

The government cites United States Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit authority holding that a party seeking severance must show unusual circumstances in which a joint trial would be "manifestly prejudicial" to warrant severance. This is a high standard which can be met if a defendant demonstrates that his specific trial rights are compromised, or where a jury would be unable to reach a reliable verdict without severance. It requires a showing that a joint trial would be so prejudicial that it would deprive the defendant of a fair trial. A showing that jointly charged defendants have varying degrees of culpability or that there is an improved possibility of acquittal in a separate trial is insufficient to warrant severance.

In this case, the government argues, Dave Bundy has failed to demonstrate any prejudice, let alone manifest prejudice would result from a joint trial. The government characterizes this as a "paradigm case for joinder." Dave Bundy is charged as a leader and organizer of a conspiracy where 18 of 19 defendants charged were present in the same place and at the same time, for the same purpose which was to assault and extort law enforcement officers and obtain Cliven Bundy's impounded cattle.

C. Dave Bundy's Reply

Dave Bundy replies that as a practical matter the government cannot try all 19 defendants together, and that a separate trial of the Bundy brothers "is an appropriate group of Defendants in light of the Government's implied concession."

D. The Government's Motion to Supplement Responses

The Government's Motion to "Supplement" (ECF No. 971) acknowledges that the government filed oppositions to each of the defendants' severance motions, arguing that the nature of the allegations and charges made this case appropriate for joinder and that defendants had not shown a joint trial would manifestly prejudice them. Id. at 6. The governments' responses objected to individual trials, and did not propose an alternative to a single 19-defendant trial.3 Id. The government states it took this position because, when it filed its oppositions to the motions to sever, it was unclear whether all of the defendants would be available for the February 2017 trial as a number of defendants were also charged in the District of Oregon and awaiting trial. The charges against the defendants who were also charged in the District of Oregon have now been resolved, and all of the remaining 17 defendants will be available for the trial set in February 2017. The government has concluded that there is little likelihood that any more defendants will resolve their case short of trial. The government therefore seeks leave to submit a supplemental response to defendants' severance motions and its own request and proposal for severance.

The government now argues the court should exercise its inherent authority to manage its docket and order severance because a joint trial of all 17 remaining defendants would unreasonably increase the amount of time it takes to try all defendants, result in greater delay, confusion and difficulty in maintaining an orderly and efficient proceeding. It seeks to align defendants into proposed groupings of three-tiers for three separate trials:

Citing United States v. Prigge, 830 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 2016) and United States v. Mancuso, 130 F.R.D. 128, 130 (D. Nev. 1990), the United States argues that severance is justified where a joint trial would cause manifest prejudice, or irrespective of prejudice, interfere with the court's inherent authority to manage its docket, or both. The government continues to maintain that there would be "no material prejudice attached to the joinder of the defendants here because the charged offenses all arise from a common nucleus of operative fact, and because there is no serious risk of prejudicial `spillover' of otherwise admissible evidence." However, the government now seeks severance under the second Mancuso factor to allow the district court to control its docket.

The government argues that a single 17-defendant jury trial, which none of the defendants initially requested, would unreasonably increase the time it takes to try all of the defendants, result in a greater risk of delay, confusion, and difficulty in maintaining an orderly and efficient proceeding. The government estimates that a 17-defendant trial would, under the best circumstances, likely take between 4 and 6 months to complete, and require the government to call between 60 and 75 witnesses. Cross-examination of each of these witnesses by 17 separate defense counsel would unreasonably extend the length of the trial. Additionally, a joint trial would likely result in delays based on scheduling difficulties and conflicts attendant to so large a number of defendants and their counsel. Under these circumstances, the court may exercise its inherent powers to fashion efficient, smaller trials from an otherwise unwieldly, mass, joint trial.

The government continues to maintain that 17 separate trials would also unreasonably increase the total time required to try all defendants. The government estimates that individual trials would take a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks each, requiring the government to call from 30 to 45 witnesses to present its case-in-chief for each of the 17 trials, and potentially 17 months to complete all 17 trials. More importantly to the government, separate trials will unreasonably subject victims to being "re-victimized time and again as they are forced to retell the violence and threats of death and bodily injury they faced on April 12, 2014." The government therefore submits its 3-tier severance plan is an attempt to strike a reasonable balance between these two otherwise unreasonable alternatives.

The government argues that its 3-tier proposal groups the defendants in a way that "conforms conceptually to their roles in the conspiracy and aligns with the evidence the government anticipates offering at trial." The defendants in Tier 1 are the leaders and organizers who were involved in most, or all of the critical events leading to the April 12, 2014 assault. This includes the March 28, 2014 blocking of the BLM convoy; the April 2, 2014 threats and interference with the Utah auction barn; the April 8, 9, and 10, 2014 calls to arms; the April 9, 2014 "ambush" of the BLM convoy; the April 9, 2014 threats and interference with the Utah auction barn, the April 11, 2014 threat against the impoundment special agent in charge; and the April 12, 2014 assault.

The same is not true of the Tier 3 defendants who are identified as follower-gunmen, whose involvement in the conspiracy is restricted more to their actions during the assault on April 12, 2014. Similarly, the Tier 2 defendants are identified as mid-level leaders and organizers whose leadership roles involve their "actions on the ground during the April 12, 2014 assault, and less by their pre-assault activities."

The government expects that at a trial of the Tier 1 defendants, it would offer more evidence of the details of the broader conspiracy and the defendants' leadership roles in the conspiracy. While evidence of the broader conspiracy is equally admissible against Tier 2 and 3 defendants, in separate trials, the government would offer this evidence in summary, rather than in detailed form, simply to provide context for the events of April 12, 2014.

The government indicates it is likely to offer more evidence regarding the details of individual movements of Tier 2 and 3 defendants through the wash and over the bridges during the assault to demonstrate their concert of action and intent. By contrast, a trial of the Tier 1 defendants would focus less on the individual movements of the gunmen and on-the-ground leaders, and more on the mass movements of the followers against the BLM position. These examples point out the efficiencies that would be gained through a tiered trial presentation of the 3 proposed groupings.

The government proposes that the cases be tried seriatim, i.e., three trials with intervals of 4 to 6 weeks between each trial. The government has proposed the tiers because the Tier 1 defendants have the most involvement in the broader conspiracy and therefore, greater culpability and responsibility for the actions charged on April 12, 2014. To invert the order would produce "the anomalous and less fair result of trying less culpable actors before the more culpable ones."

The government anticipates that some of the defendants who are not in Tier 2 or 3 may demand that they be tried following other defendants suddenly complaining that they are not ready for trial in February 2017. If these arguments are made, the government will respond. However, the government argues that the defendant should not be allowed to "game the order of the proposed trials using the speedy trial act", or through seeking a continuance to accommodate late-in-thegame trial preparation. With respect to the defendants' anticipated speedy trial arguments, the government cites U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(B)(ii) which gives the court authority to exclude time on its own motion where the case is "so unusual or complex due to the number of defendants."

E. Dave Bundy's Response

Dave Bundy's response reiterates arguments about his version of the events leading up to the superseding indictment. The government has now conceded that severance of the defendants' trial is appropriate in this case. The court has the discretion to determine whether Dave Bundy should be tried individually, or alternatively, decide with whom he should be tried. Dave Bundy's position is consistent with his initial motion to sever. He argues he should be tried with his brothers Ammon, Mel, and Ryan. The brothers were not "open carry" protestors like some of the other defendants, and none of the brothers have a financial interest in the Bundy ranch and were not parties to the protracted litigation initiated by the BLM when they were children to young adults. Dave Bundy opposes being tried in a tier of defendants with co-defendants O'Shaughnessy, Cavalier, Woods, and McGuire arguing this would be extremely prejudicial because his defense is wholly different than the "open carry" protestors. He requests that he either be tried individually, or with his brothers who were similarly situated at the time of the protest at the Bundy ranch. As a third alternative, he asks that he be tried with his brother Mel and not the remaining defendants in the May 17, 2017 tier proposed by the government.

DISCUSSION

I. Applicable Law

A. Rule 8(a): Joinder

Rule 8 permits joinder of offenses or defendants in the same criminal indictment. Rule 8(a) allows for joinder of multiple offenses against a single defendant if the offenses are: (i) of the same or similar character; (ii) based on the same act or transaction; or (iii) connected with or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan. Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a); see also United States v. Prigge, 830 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 2016). Rule 8 has been broadly construed in favor of joinder. See, e.g., United States v. Lane, 474 U.S. 438, 449 (1986); United States v. Jawara, 474 F.3d 565, 572 (9th Cir. 2006). The public has a substantial interest in joint trials because they conserve government funds, minimize inconvenience to witnesses and public authorities, and avoid delays in bringing a defendant to trial. United States v. Washington, 887 F.Supp.2d 1077, 1107 (D. Mont. 2012) (quoting United States v. Camacho, 528 F.2d 464, 470 (9th Cir. 1976)). Misjoinder of charges under Rule 8(a) is a question of law reviewed de novo. Jawara, 474 F.3d at 572 (citing United States v. Terry, 911 F.2d 272, 276 (9th Cir. 1990)).

Generally, a valid basis for joinder must be discernible from the face of the indictment. Jawara, 474 F.3d at 572-73 (citing United States v. VonWillie, 59 F.3d 922, 929 (9th Cir. 1995); Terry, 911 F.2d at 276). Mere factual similarity between the events is not a sufficient basis for joinder. United States v. Vasquez-Velasco, 15 F.3d 833, 843 (9th Cir. 1994) (interpreting Rule 8(b) governing joinder of two or more defendants in the same indictment). However, the term "transaction" is interpreted flexibly, and determining whether a "series" exists depends on whether there is a "logical relationship" between the transactions. Id. "A logical relationship is typically shown by the existence of a common plan, scheme, or conspiracy." Id. at 844 (internal citations omitted). A logical relationship may also be shown if the common activity constitutes a substantial portion of the proof of the joined charges. Id.

B. Rule 14: Severance

Rule 14 governs the severance of both defendants and charges. Id. at 845. Even where joinder is proper under Rule 8(a), the court may order separate trials of counts or provide other relief that justice requires if joinder "appears to prejudice a defendant or the government." Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a). The court's power to order severance "rests within the broad discretion of the District Court as an aspect of its inherent right and duty to manage its own calendar." United States v. Gay, 567 F.2d 916, 919 (9th Cir. 1978). The court's denial of a motion to sever is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Prigge, 830 F.3d at 1098. The defendant seeking severance bears the burden of showing undue prejudice of such a magnitude that, without severance, he will be denied a fair trial. See United States v. Jenkins, 633 F.3d 788, 807 (9th Cir. 2011). Prejudice may arise where: (a) the jury could confuse and cumulate the evidence of one charge to another; (b) the defendant could be confounded in presenting his defenses (i.e., where a defendant wishes to testify in his own defense on one count but not another); and (c) the jury could erroneously conclude the defendant is guilty on one charge and therefore convict him on another based on his criminal disposition. United States v. Johnson, 820 F.2d 1065, 1070 (9th Cir. 1987). However, if there is a risk of prejudice, the trial court can neutralize the risk with appropriate jury instructions, and "juries are presumed to follow their instructions." See, e.g., Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 540 (1993); Vasquez-Velasco, 15 F.3d at 847 (collecting cases regarding jury instructions concerning compartmentalizing evidence and spillover prejudice); United States v. Patterson, 819 F.2d 1495, 1503 (9th Cir.1987) (severance is unnecessary when the trial court carefully instructs the jury "because the prejudicial effects of the evidence of co-defendants are neutralized").

Rule 14 does not require severance even if prejudice is shown; rather, the rule leaves the tailoring of the relief to be granted, if any, to the district court's sound discretion. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 538-39. The Ninth Circuit has explained that Rule 14 sets a high standard for showing prejudice "because some prejudice is inherent in any joinder of defendants, if only `some' prejudice is all that need be shown, few, if any, multiple defendant trials could be held." United States v. Vaccaro, 816 F.2d 443, 448 (9th Cir. 1987), abrogated on other grounds by Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988). The test for determining abuse of discretion in denying severance under Rule 14 is "whether a joint trial was so manifestly prejudicial as to require the trial judge to exercise his discretion in but one way, by ordering a separate trial." Jenkins, 633 F.3d at 807 (citing United States v. Decoud, 456 F.3d 996, 1008 (9th Cir. 2006)).

Notably, the Ninth Circuit had acknowledged that a joint trial is "particularly appropriate" when defendants are charged with conspiracy. Id. (citing Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 536-37). This is so "`because the concern for judicial efficiency is less likely to be outweighed by possible prejudice to the defendants when much of the evidence would be admissible against each of them in separate trials'." United States v. Boyd, 78 F.Supp.3d 1207, 1212 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (quoting United States v. Fernandez, 388 F.3d 1199, 1242 (9th Cir. 2004)).

C. The Bruton Rule

In Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), the Supreme Court held that a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is violated when a facially incriminating confession of a non-testifying co-Defendant is introduced at a joint trial, even if the jury is instructed to consider the confession only against the co-defendant. To violate the Confrontation Clause, the co-defendant's confession must directly incriminate the objecting defendant. Id. at 126. However, the Supreme Court later held that "the Confrontation Clause is not violated by the admission of a non-testifying co-defendant's confession with a proper limiting instruction when . . . the confession is redacted to eliminate not only the defendant's name, but any reference to his or her existence." Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987). In Richardson, the Supreme Court declined to extend the Bruton doctrine to "confessions incriminating by connection."'" Id. at 209.

A properly redacted confession of a co-defendant does not violate the Confrontation Clause if the confession does not refer to the defendant. Mason v. Yarborough, 447 F.3d 693, 695-96 (9th Cir. 2006). However, the redacted confession may not reference the co-defendant by implication, for example, by replacing a name with an obvious blank space or symbol or word such as "deleted." Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 196-97 (1998).

In United States v. Parks, 285 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 2002), the Ninth Circuit held that the trial court erred in admitting an improperly redacted confession which included the term "they" in various places from which the jury could infer the existence of a third accomplice. Parks and codefendant Williams were tried and convicted of bank robbery committed by three individuals. Codefendant Williams gave a statement to the FBI which was admitted in redacted form at trial. Williams confessed to the robbery and stated Parks was the individual who collected the money inside the bank. Although all portions of the statement in which Williams made any reference to Parks or the two of them acting together were redacted, two sentences contained the word "they," indicating at least two other individuals were involved other than Williams. The Ninth Circuit found that the jury would naturally conclude that Parks was the name redacted from the confession. "The combination of an obviously redacted statement with the language implying the existence of a third person reasonably could leave the jury to conclude that the unnamed third person must be the co-defendant before them." Id. at 1139. The court held that admission of Williams' redacted statement was error. However, after an exhaustive review of the record it determined that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because there was substantial evidence of Parks' guilt. Id. at 1139-40.

D. Antagonistic Defenses

Antagonistic defenses, "or the desire of one defendant to exculpate himself by inculpating a co-defendant," is not sufficient to require severance. United States v. Throckmorton, 87 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing United States v. Sherlock, 962 F.2d 1349, 1363 (9th Cir. 1992)). A defendant will only be entitled to severance based on mutually antagonistic defenses if "the core of the co-defendant's defense is so irreconcilable with the core of his own defense that the acceptance of the co-defendant's theory by the jury precludes acquittal of the defendant." United States v. Cruz, 127 F.3d 791, 799 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Throckmorton, 87 F.3d at 1072); see also United States v. Tootick, 952 F.2d 1078, 1081 (9th Cir. 1991) (mutually exclusive defenses said to exist when acquittal of one co-defendant would necessarily call for the conviction of the other); United States v. Hernandez, 952 F.2d 1110, 1116 (9th Cir. 1991) (to obtain severance on basis of antagonistic defenses, defendant must show that acceptance of one party's defense will preclude acquittal of the other party). The district court may also "reduce any potential confusion between the defendants by instructing the jury that it should evaluate the evidence against each defendant separately and that the verdict as to one defendant should not control the verdicts of the others." Id. at 800 (citing Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 540-41).

E. Severance for Favorable Testimony from Co-Defendants

A defendant who moves for severance to obtain favorable testimony from a co-defendant must show the following: (1) he would call the co-defendant at the severed trial; (2) that the codefendant would in fact testify; and (3) that the testimony would be favorable to him. United States v. Jenkins, 785 F.2d 1387, 1393-94 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing United States v. Seifert, 648 F.2d 557, 563 (9th Cir. 1980)); see also United States v. Mayo, 646 F.2d 369, 374 (9th Cir. 1981). The district court then must consider "the weight and credibility of the proposed testimony and the economy of severance." United States v. Castro, 887 F.2d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 1989). It is insufficient to state that a co-defendant "likely" would offer exculpatory testimony at a separate trial. Id. Additionally, it is well settled that "a defendant has no absolute right to elicit testimony from any witness, co-defendant or not, whom he may desire." Gay, 567 F.2d at 919; United States v. Roberts, 503 F.2d 598, 600 (9th Cir. 1974). Any witness may invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to testify. Gay, 567 F.2d at 919.

F. Severance for Judicial Economy

A number of circuit courts of appeal, including the Ninth Circuit, have recognized that the district court has broad discretion to organize the size of its cases in the interest of judicial economy and case management. See, e.g., United States v. Kennedy, 564 F.2d 1329, 1334 (9th Cir. 1997); United States v. Casamento, 887 F.2d 1141, 1151-53 (2nd Cir. 1989); United States v. Moya-Gomez, 860 F.2d 706, 754 (7th Cir. 1988). Many district courts have recognized the court's inherent authority to manage its case load and to sever in the interest of efficient administration of justice and judicial economy. See, e.g., United States v. Mancuso, 130 F.R.D. 128 (D. Nev. 1990); United States v. Gallo, 668 F.Supp. 736, 754-58 (E.D.N.Y. 1987), aff'd 863 F.2d 185 (2nd Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1083 (1989).

In Mancuso, 130 F.R.D. 128, Judge Reed recognized the general rule that defendants jointly indicted should ordinarily be tried together, and that co-conspirators in a conspiracy case should ordinarily be tried together. Id. at 130-31. However, his decision thoughtfully reviewed and considered the difficulties of a joint trial in a complex multi-defendant case. The decision pointed out that a complex multi-defendant case is "fraught with problems." Id. at 131. He recognized that a single trial of a complex multi-defendant case imposes enormous burdens on the defendants, defense counsel, prosecutors, jurors, the court, and the judge. Id. Dozens of people are required to be in court every day. Id. Therefore, the absence of any one person may bring the entire trial to a screeching halt. Id. Complex multi-defendant cases involve reconciling the individual calendars of the prosecutors and each defense attorney with the court's docket. Id. Attorneys carrying a full case load have conflicts with other trials, and the longer the case lingers, the more pronounced these conflicts become. Id. Judge Reed noted that a lengthy trial of multiple defendants creates a unique hardship on each party involved. Jurors spend months away from their daily lives, defendants are required to endure months of pretrial incarceration before their case is finally adjudicated, and often significant amounts of time-consuming evidence are presented which are unrelated to a particular defendant. Id. Attorneys are unable to spend significant time on their remaining cases. Id. The court is forced to expend an exorbitant amount of time on a single case, and other litigants must "queue up for the remaining courtrooms." Id. The result is a strain on the court's docket and unconscionable delays of all other cases. Id.

Mancuso also recognized the personal strain on the trial judge in a long complex case. The trial court is required to make rulings as issues come up which often require frequent adjournments necessitated by unavoidable problems associated with multiple jurors, multiple defendants, and their counsel as well as the witnesses and courtroom personnel who are required to be present at all times. Id.

II. Analysis & Decision

The court's case management order set an early deadline for filing motions to sever because, at the case management conference conducted on April 22, 2016, counsel for Dave Bundy stated he would be filing a motion to sever on behalf of his client. An early deadline was set so that the court could evaluate if there was some consensus among the defendants concerning severance. There was not. In their motions to sever, the defendants argued that the deadline for filing motions to sever was premature because voluminous discovery had been produced by the government shortly before the deadline for filing the motions. Virtually all of the defendants' motions to sever indicated they needed time to review the discovery to provide more specific support for their request to sever. Almost all of the defendants asked for leave to supplement their motions to sever after an adequate time to review discovery. As a result, the court held off deciding the motions to sever the defendants filed.

On November 13, 2016, the government filed what it called a "supplement" to its responses to defendants' motions to sever, and its own motion to sever the defendants into three tiers for trial. See ECF No. 971. The government's supplement and motion to sever was filed shortly after the acquittal of the defendants who were also charged in the Oregon prosecution. It is clear to the court this is no coincidence. Clearly, the government expected a different result. Clearly, the government believed that a different outcome of some or all of the Oregon defendants' case would prompt non-trial dispositions in this case. The government's motion was not timely filed. Payne and counsel for other co-defendants correctly point out that the case management order required the government to comply with the same deadline for filing motions to sever as the defendants. However, virtually all of the defendants stated they were unable to support their motions to sever by the initial deadline because they had not had an adequate opportunity to review the discovery. Virtually all of the defendants asked for leave to supplement their motions to sever after reviewing the government's voluminous discovery. All of the defendants have now had more than six months to review discovery in this case, yet none of the defendants have supplemented their motions with any specific support for severance based on Bruton concerns, or antagonistic or mutually exclusive defenses. None of the defendants have met their burden of establishing that they would call a codefendant in a severed trial, that a co-defendant would in fact testify, and that co-defendant's testimony would be favorable.

The defendants are also correct that the government has changed its position regarding severance. In opposing the defendants' motions to sever, the government argued that all 19 defendants were appropriately joined for trial and had not shown that a joint trial would be manifestly prejudicial. The government's responses to the various defense motions argued that this was a conspiracy case, and therefore the paradigm case for a joint trial. The government's responses also argued that the defendants had not met their burden of establishing that any Bruton issues, mutually exclusive defenses, or antagonistic defenses precluded a joint trial. Similarly, the government argued that none of the defendants had met their burden of establishing that any codefendant would testify in a severed trial. The government now argues that joinder of all of the defendants was and is still appropriate and has resulted in efficiently getting this case ready for trial. However, the government now argues that a 17-defendant trial would be too unwieldly. The government asks that the court sever the trial into three groups in the interests of judicial economy and efficient case management. The three tiers suggested correspond to what the government believes the individual defendants' roles in the offenses charged in the indictment were. The three groups are: Tier 1 — Cliven Bundy, Ryan Bundy, Ammon Bundy, Peter Santilli, and Ryan Payne; Tier 2 — Dave Bundy, Mel Bundy, Joseph O'Shaughnessy, Brian Cavalier, Jason Woods, and Micah McGuire; and Tier 3 — Richard Lovelien, Todd Engel, Gregory Burleson, Eric Parker, O. Scott Drexler, and Steven Stewart.

The defendants have also changed their positions with respect to severance. The majority of the defendants filed motions to sever requesting individual trials. Ammon Bundy and Ryan Bundy argued that all of the Bundy brothers should be tried together. Mel Bundy initially indicated he was not willing to be tried with his other brothers. Now that the government is seeking a severance of this case into three separate trials, the majority of the defendants now want a joint trial. Because the court has already indicated that severance will be ordered, the majority of the defendants want to be tried first. A number of defendants who had previously asked to be severed and tried individually now take the position that being tried on February 6, 2017, outweighs their desire to be severed. Those defendants are Eric Parker, Richard Lovelien, Steven Stewart, Joseph O'Shaughnessy, Micah McGuire, and Jason Woods. Some of the defendants are amenable to going to trial with any group of co-defendants as long as they are in the first group set for trial.

In light of the court's indication that the trial would be severed, Ammon and Ryan Bundy requested in their supplements that they be moved to a later group for trial because they have recently returned from defending themselves in Oregon. Brothers Mel Bundy and Dave Bundy want to go to trial first.

Cliven Bundy initially asked the court to sever his case from the trial of all of his codefendants. His response to the government's motion to supplement now states the opposite. He now seeks a joint trial. His response to the government's proposal argues it is the responsibility of the court to ensure a venue for a joint trial of all 17 defendants. He asks the court to prove it is not logistically possible to try all 17 defendants in a joint trial. However, if the court is not going to hold a joint trial, he asks that he be severed and tried last. During oral argument on December 9, 2016, counsel for Bundy stated that he was requesting to go last if any severance was ordered because he expects the defendants will be acquitted and he did not want his co-defendants and their families and loved ones to undergo the hardship of waiting for trial.

During oral argument on December 9, 2016, counsel for the government argued that the government's proposal was the most logical, would result in judicial economy, and conserve resources. The court inquired of counsel for the government why it would be fair to make the defendants in its proposed Tier 3 wait the longest for trial when these were the individuals the government regarded as least culpable. Counsel for the government responded that the sequence of the trial suggested would, in counsel's view, be most logical and conserve resources because trying the Tier 1 leaders and organizers first would give the court an overview of the entire case. Additionally, trying the Tier 1 defendants first would likely resolve a number of legal issues that could be applied to the defendants awaiting trial. The court inquired whether it made more sense to try the Tier 3 defendants first as the evidence in that case would be narrower than the evidence introduced in the trial of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 defendants. The government responded that it was not "wed" to the sequence of the trials. However, government counsel believed trying the Tier 1 defendants first would be most efficient and conserve the most resources.

The court also inquired whether two trials, rather than three trials, would be more efficient. The government responded that it would, of course, try the case in the manner in which the court determined the case should be severed. However, the government believed that a joint trial of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 defendants would be cumbersome and involve a large number of limiting instructions that the jury might find confusing.

The court will order severance in the interests of judicial economy and efficient case management. The court finds that three trials in the groupings proposed by the government is the most logical and will result in the most efficient manner of trying the 17 defendants awaiting trial in this case. However, the court disagrees with the government that it would be less fair to try the least culpable defendants first. The court will order that the Tier 3 defendants be tried first. These are the defendants the government contends are the least culpable of the 3 groups of defendants. In the absence of any compelling reasons for trying Tier 1 or Tier 2 defendants earlier, it seems more fair to try the Tier 3 defendants first. The trial of the Tier 3 defendants will likely be a shorter trial than the trial of either the Tier 1 or Tier 2 defendants. These defendants are primarily involved with the events on April 12, 2014. They are not alleged to be involved in the broader overall conspiracy, or events before or after April 12, 2014. Trial of the Tier 3 defendants will focus on their individual positions and involvement in the events on April 12, 2014. Evidence of the involvement and actions of those the government alleges are the leaders and organizers of the conspiracy can be presented in more summary fashion in a trial of the Tier 3 defendants.

CONCLUSION

Having reviewed and considered all of the moving and responsive papers in connection with the severance issue, the court agrees that the most logical, efficient, and manageable way to try this case is to separate the defendants into three groups corresponding to their alleged roles in the offenses charged in the superseding indictment.

IT IS ORDERED that: