United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                             No. 97-4801.

                      DEAN WITTER REYNOLDS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                                   v.

                       Wayne FLEURY, Betty Fleury, Defendants-Appellees.

                                           April 13, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 95-8580-CV-
DLG), Donald L. Graham, Judge.

Before COX and HULL, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.

       COX, Circuit Judge:

       Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. appeals the district court's grant of Wayne and Betty Fleury's

motion to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1) of their claims against

Dean Witter. We vacate the district court's order and remand with instructions to dismiss Dean

Witter's complaint and compel arbitration before the NASD.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       Wayne and Betty Fleury opened a securities account at Dean Witter in 1982. Upon opening

the accounts, the Fleurys signed a "Customer Agreement" containing this arbitration clause:

               Any controversy between you [Dean Witter] and the undersigned [the Fleurys]
       arising out of or relating to this contract or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration,
       in accordance with the rules, then obtaining, of either the Arbitration Committee of the
       Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, or the American Arbitration Association,
       or the Board of Arbitration of the New York Stock Exchange, as the undersigned may elect.

(R.1-15, Exhibit G at ¶ 16). The Fleurys also signed an "Account Agreement" containing nearly

identical language.
       The Fleurys purchased three limited partnerships in their Dean Witter account between 1982

and 1985. Unfortunately, the Fleurys became dissatisfied with these investments, and in December

1994 commenced an arbitration proceeding against Dean Witter before the National Association of

Securities Dealers (NASD). The Fleurys alleged that Dean Witter was guilty of wrongdoing in

connection with the purchase of the partnerships and in the ongoing management of the Fleurys'

account. The NASD was not one of the arbitration fora specified either in the Customer Agreement

or in the Account Agreement, but Dean Witter did not contest the choice of forum. Instead, Dean

Witter and the Fleurys signed a "Uniform Submission Agreement" pursuant to the NASD Code of

Arbitration Procedure (the "NASD Code") submitting the Fleurys' claims to arbitration before the

NASD. The Submission Agreement provided in pertinent part:

                The undersigned parties hereby submit the present matter in controversy, as set forth
       in the attached statement of claim, answers, cross claims and all related counterclaims and/or
       third-party claims which may be asserted, to arbitration in accordance with the Constitution,
       By-Laws, Rules, Regulations, and/or Code of Arbitration Procedure of the sponsoring
       organization.

(R.1-15, Exhibit A at ¶ 1). In April 1995 Dean Witter filed an answer to the Fleurys' claims with

the NASD, alleging, among other things, that the claims were barred by § 15 of the NASD Code,

which requires that a claimant file a claim within six years of the occurrence giving rise to the

claim.1 On July 15, 1995, the NASD Director of Arbitration ruled that the six-year period


   1
    The NASD Code was renumbered in 1996, and Section 15 was renumbered Section 10304.
For purposes of consistency, we will refer to the section at issue as Section 15. It states:

                      No dispute, claim, or controversy shall be eligible for submission to
              arbitration under this Code where six (6) years have elapsed from the occurrence
              or event giving rise to the act or dispute, claim or controversy. This Rule shall
              not extend applicable statutes of limitations, nor shall it apply to any case which
              is directed to arbitration by a court of competent jurisdiction.


                                                 2
immediately preceding the filing of the claim had begun on January 31, 1989. The Director

therefore ruled that the Fleurys' claims regarding the purchase of the limited partnerships were

time-barred, as the Fleurys purchased the limited partnerships before the 1989 cutoff date. However,

the Fleurys had also alleged wrongdoing occurring after January 31, 1989; the Director ruled that

their claims as to those allegations could proceed to arbitration.

        In August 1995, a month after the Director's ruling, a panel of this court decided Merrill

Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v. Cohen, 

(11th Cir.1995). In Cohen, a broker-dealer

confronted with an arbitration claim by a client sought to enjoin the arbitration on the ground that

the client's claims were barred by § 15 of the NASD Code. The district court decided in favor of the

client, and entered an order compelling arbitration. We reversed, ruling that the question of § 15

eligibility was in that case for the court, not the arbitrator, to decide.

        Approximately six weeks after Cohen was issued, Dean Witter filed an action in the Southern

District of Florida. Dean Witter contended that all of the Fleurys' claims were ineligible for

arbitration under § 15, and that under Cohen the arbitrator should not have made the § 15 eligibility

determination. Dean Witter requested that the district court conduct an eligibility hearing under

Cohen, issue a declaratory judgment on the § 15 issues, and permanently enjoin the Fleurys from

arbitrating their claims before the NASD if the court found the claims ineligible under § 15. The

Fleurys responded by filing a motion for summary judgment. They characterized Dean Witter's §

15 argument as a refusal to recognize the NASD's jurisdiction over their claims, and contended that



        NATIONAL ASSOC. OF SEC. DEALERS, CODE OF ARBITRATION PROCEDURE § 10304
        (visited April 2, 1998) 611 F.2d 580
, 584 (5th Cir.1980)

("Arbitration is a matter of contract, ... but the initial contract to arbitrate may be modified by the

submission agreement or grievance." (citations omitted)). Under the Federal Arbitration Act, the

Submission Agreement, being an "agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing

controversy," is "valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in

equity for the revocation of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2 (1994).

        The Fleurys argue that Dean Witter abandoned the Submission Agreement. The question

of what constitutes abandonment of an arbitration agreement is a question of fact. See Burton-Dixie

Corp. v. Timothy McCarthy Const., Inc., 
436 F.2d 405
, 407-08 (5th Cir.1971). The district court

made no explicit finding as to whether the contract was abandoned, stating only that "[Dean Witter]

does not recognize the NASD's jurisdiction over the matter." (R.1-21 at 6). To the extent that this

statement may be said to embody a finding of fact that the Submission Agreement was abandoned,


                                                  5
it is clearly erroneous. "The abandonment of a contract may be effected by the acts of one of the

parties thereto where [1] the acts of that party are inconsistent with the existence of the contract and

[2] are acquiesced in by the other party."         McMullen v. McMullen, 
185 So. 2d 191
, 193

(Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1966). Evidence of neither of these elements is present in the record before us.

First, Dean Witter's action in the district court is not inconsistent with the existence of the

Submission Agreement. Dean Witter's complaint only contests the NASD's jurisdiction over the §

15 issues, not the entire dispute. Dean Witter's suit thus asks the district court to conduct a hearing

on the § 15 eligibility of the Fleurys' claims and enter a judgment pursuant to its findings following

that hearing. Had the district court conducted a hearing and found the Fleurys' claims eligible under

§ 15, it would not have gone on to adjudicate the merits; presumably the parties would have

proceeded to arbitrate the merits of the Fleurys' claims before the NASD. Second, even if Dean

Witter's action for injunctive relief were somehow so fundamentally inconsistent with the

Submission Agreement as to constitute abandonment of it, we can find no actions by the Fleurys that

could be construed as acquiescence. Indeed, the Fleurys opposed Dean Witter's action in the district

court. The Submission Agreement is valid, and the district court erred in ordering the claims to be

arbitrated before the AAA.

B. Did the District Court Err in Failing to Hold a § 15 Eligibility Hearing?

        Dean Witter directs our attention to Cohen, which it argues compels the conclusion that the

district court should have held a hearing on the § 15 eligibility of the Fleurys' claims. In Cohen, we

held that § 15 of the NASD Code is not a procedural statute of limitations, but a substantive

eligibility requirement, determining the arbitrability of a given claim. Under the Supreme Court's




                                                   6
decision in First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan,2 courts, not arbitrators, should decide questions

of arbitrability unless there is "clear and unmistakable evidence" that the parties intended to submit

such questions to an arbitrator. We could find no such evidence in Cohen, and remanded the case

to the district court with instructions that it conduct a hearing on the § 15 eligibility of the claims

in that case.

        Dean Witter argues that the record does not contain sufficient evidence of intent to submit

the § 15 issues to the NASD, and that the arbitrator's ruling on the § 15 issues represents "[u]nilateral

and unsolicited action by the NASD." Appellant's Reply Brief at 4. This is a disingenuous reading

of the record, which is replete with evidence that Dean Witter intended the NASD to resolve the §

15 issues. When the Fleurys filed their grievance with the NASD, Dean Witter's immediate reaction

was to file a responsive pleading with the NASD. In that pleading Dean Witter not only argued the

§ 15 issues to some extent but also indicated that it would submit further argument on that point as

soon as the Fleurys would provide more specific factual allegations regarding their claims. (R.1-15,

Exhibit B at 2-3).3 In a letter dated April 24, 1995, the NASD directed the Fleurys to respond to "the

Section 15 issue raised by Dean Witter," indicating that the responses "will be forwarded to the

Director of Arbitration for decision." (R.1-15, Exhibit D). Dean Witter received a copy of this

letter, yet did not object to the NASD's jurisdiction to decide the § 15 issues. Instead, seemingly

dissatisfied with the vague factual allegations underlying the Fleurys' claims, Dean Witter contacted



   2
    
514 U.S. 938
, 943, 
115 S. Ct. 1920
, 1924, 
131 L. Ed. 2d 985 
(1995).
   3
    By comparison, in Cohen the brokerage firm's first reaction upon receiving a grievance was
to immediately request an injunction from the district court. 
Cohen, 62 F.3d at 382
. Dean Witter
did not file its action in district court until September 1995, nine months after the Fleurys filed
their grievance with the NASD.

                                                   7
the Fleurys' counsel and negotiated an agreement by which the Fleurys would amend their Statement

of Claim to include greater factual detail and Dean Witter would raise its § 15 issues before the

arbitrator at a later date. Indeed, Dean Witter notified the NASD of this arrangement in a letter

dated May 19, 1995. (R.1-15, Exhibit F at 2). However, the NASD's Director of Arbitration

evidently felt that she had sufficient information before her, and ruled on the § 15 issues, notifying

the parties in a memo dated July 7, 1995. (R.1-15, Exhibit E). Dean Witter points out that in a

subsequent letter it complained to the Director that her § 15 ruling was "premature." (R.1-15,

Exhibit F at 1). This could be taken as a protest to the NASD's jurisdiction, were it not for the very

next sentence of the letter, in which Dean Witter informed the Director that "[Dean Witter] fully

wish[es] to argue the Section 15 issue once an Amended Statement of Claim has been filed by the

[Fleurys] as agreed." (R.1-15, Exhibit F at 1) (emphasis added). Dean Witter's conduct throughout

the arbitration provides "clear and unmistakable evidence" that it intended to submit the § 15 issues

to the NASD, any belated protests to the contrary notwithstanding.4 Under Cohen the NASD

therefore had jurisdiction to resolve the § 15 issues, and Dean Witter's suit must be dismissed.

                                        III. CONCLUSION




   4
    Cf. Piggly 
Wiggly, 611 F.2d at 584 
("In this case, neither party questioned the arbitrability
either of the dispute stated in the grievance or of the issues set forth in it; the entire grievance
was presented to the arbitrator with reservation. It was only after he had decided the ... issue
adversely to the employer that it sought to raise the question of his jurisdiction.... Whether in
technical legal terms the surrender of the possible argument that a certain dispute is not covered
by the promise to arbitrate should be considered a waiver is not of present moment. On
whatever basis it rests, waiver, estoppel or new contract, the result is that the grievance
submitted to the arbiter defines his authority without regard to whether the parties had a prior
legal obligation to submit the dispute.")

                                                  8
       For the reasons stated above, we VACATE the district court's order compelling arbitration

before the AAA, and REMAND this case with instructions that the district court dismiss Dean

Witter's complaint and issue an order compelling arbitration before the NASD.

       VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.




                                               9