United States Court of Appeals,

                                         Eleventh Circuit.

                                           No. 97-2116.

                   Frances W. HORTON, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,

                                                 v.

    RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Provident Life and Accident
Insurance Company, Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees.

                   Frances W. HORTON, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,

                                                 v.

PROVIDENT LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-
Appellee.

                                           May 20, 1998.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (Nos. 90-CV-
30209 LAC, 90-CV-30210 LAC), Lacey A. Collier, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.

       PER CURIAM:

       This appeal involves the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Defendants-

Appellants appeal from the district court's judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee, declaring that

plaintiff is entitled to receive benefits under two insurance policies indemnifying the life of her

husband. We chiefly conclude that, when the evidence is inconclusive as to whether the deceased

died by accidental or intentional means, use of the legal presumptions against suicide and in favor

of accidental death are appropriate. These presumptions are properly part of the pertinent federal

common law; and we affirm.1


   1
    Because we affirm, plaintiff's cross-appeal about the district court's exclusion of certain
evidence is moot.
                                                 I.

       These consolidated cases involve benefit claims arising out of an in-flight fire and airplane

crash that killed Jacob Horton and two pilots. Jacob Horton was insured through his employer by

a Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company accidental death policy and a Provident Life &

Accident Insurance Company business travel accident policy. Plaintiff Frances Horton, widow of

Jacob Horton, sued Reliance and Provident to recover benefits from the two policies in the amounts

of $300,376 and $300,000 respectively. Defendants-Appellants dispute that Mr. Horton's death was

accidental and deny their obligation to provide benefits to Mrs. Horton.

                                                 II.

        We review findings of fact made by the district court for clear error, Anderson v. Bessemer

City, 

, 573, 

, 1511, 

(1985), and conclusions of law de

novo, In re Sublett, 

, 1383 (11th Cir.1990).

A. The Insurance Policies at Issue.

        Mrs. Horton's claim against the defendant insurance companies is brought under section

1132(a)(1)(B) of ERISA. This section allows a "participant or beneficiary" to bring a civil action

"to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of

the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan...." 29 U.S.C.A. §

1132(a)(1)(B). A plaintiff suing under this provision bears the burden of proving his entitlement to

contractual benefits. See Farley v. Benefit Trust Life Ins. Co., 

, 658 (8th Cir.1992).

But, if the insurer claims that a specific policy exclusion applies to deny the insured benefits, the

insurer generally must prove the exclusion prevents coverage. 

.




                                                 2
       Though the coverage provisions of the two policies are worded differently, in substance they

are identical. The Provident policy covers any "injury" sustained while Mr. Horton was on company

business. The policy defines "injury" as an "[a]ccidental bodily injury which: (i) is direct and

independent of any other cause...." The Reliance policy also requires Mr. Horton to be on company

business and pays benefits for any loss "resulting directly and independently of all other causes from

bodily injury caused by accident occurring while this Policy is in force." Both policies contain

exclusions for suicide.

       Mr. Horton's death will come within the terms of the insurance policies unless (1) he was not

engaged in the business of his employer at the time of the crash; or (2) the crash was not accidental.

The parties contest both of these issues;2 but the latter issue is the focus of this opinion.

B. Whether the Legal Presumptions Were Applicable.

       Defendants argue that the district court erred when it used legal presumptions to decide the

case.3 The district court stated that these kinds of presumptions could be incorporated into ERISA

as federal common law; and we agree.

        Although it is a "comprehensive and reticulated statute," Nachman Corp. v. Pension Benefit

Guar. Corp., 

, 361, 

, 1726, 

(1980), ERISA's text is silent

on these presumptions. Courts have the authority "to develop a body of federal common law to




   2
    We conclude that the district court's finding that Mr. Horton was on company business at the
time of the incident is not clearly erroneous and does not warrant further discussion.
   3
    Because the district court concluded that the evidence did not favor one theory over the
other, it decided that the presumptions were outcome-determinative.

              For the sake of discussion only, we assume—as the insurance companies
       encourage us to do—that plaintiff had the burden of persuasion.

                                                  3
govern issues in ERISA actions not covered by the act itself." Kane v. Aetna Life Ins., 

, 1285 (11th Cir.1990). When crafting a body of common law, federal courts may look to state

law as a model because of the states' greater experience in interpreting insurance contracts and

resolving coverage disputes.

        To decide whether a particular rule should become part of ERISA's common law, courts

must examine whether the rule, if adopted, would further ERISA's scheme and goals. Nachwalter

v. Christie, 

, 960 (11th Cir.1986). ERISA has two central goals: (1) protection of the

interests of employees and their beneficiaries in employee benefit plans, id.; and (2) uniformity in

the administration of employee benefit plans, Smith v. Jefferson Pilot Life Ins. Co., 

,

570-71 (11th Cir.1994).

        Both the negative presumption against suicide and the affirmative presumption of accidental

death further ERISA's goals. The presumptions provide courts and juries with uniform rules to

resolve coverage questions where the evidence of how the insured died is inconclusive. The

presumptions favor the protection of the interests of beneficiaries over those of insurance companies,

but this bias is not arbitrary: it is grounded in tested observations of human behavior and in

American legal history.

        A majority of states recognizes the presumptions against suicide and in favor of accidental

death but treat them as rebuttable. See 31A C.J.S. Evidence § 183, at 362-65 (1996); Couch on

Insurance, § 138:66 (3d ed.1997). When Congress enacted ERISA, it was not writing on a clean

slate. See Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 

, 184-85, 

, 1711-12, 

(1988). "Congress is understood to legislate against a background of common-law

adjudicatory principles.... Thus, where a common-law principle is well established ... the courts may


                                                  4
take it as given that Congress has legislated with an expectation that the principle will apply except

when a statutory purpose to the contrary is evident." Astoria Fed. Sav. and Loan Ass'n v. Solimino,

, 108, 

, 2169-70, 

(1991) (internal quotation omitted).

Common law has existed in the United States and England for hundreds of years, and part of that

law is that suicide will not be presumed. See 31A C.J.S. Evidence § 183, at 362-65; Couch on

Insurance, § 138:66.

       This presumption was important because suicide was viewed as "a species of crime or

wickedness—something wrong; a kind of self murder." Life Ass'n of America v. Waller, 

, 536 (1876). One earthly reason that an unexplained death was historically not counted as a

suicide was the law's harsh impact on the deceased's family and heirs, that is, the innocent. Suicide,

a "felo de se," was a felony at common law, punishable by forfeiture of the goods and chattels of the

offender. Stiles v. Clifton Springs Sanitarium Co., 

, 909 (W.D.N.Y.1947); 83 C.J.S.

Suicide §§ 1-2 (1953). We are not persuaded that Congress, by enacting ERISA, meant to change

the established, basic presumptions on the subject of accidental death. It still makes sense not to

deprive innocent heirs (here Mrs. Horton) without sufficient evidence of suicide.

        The presumptions never drop out of the case until the factfinder becomes convinced, given

all the evidence, that it is more likely than not that Mr. Horton committed suicide. Defendants'

evidence about suicide was not so strong that every reasonable fact-finder would have had to find

the death to be a suicide. And, the trial judge—the fact-finder in this case—was not persuaded by

defendants' evidence: "All of the speculation about the arson/suicide theory is just that, speculation.

Much of the evidence supporting this theory is incredible. All of it, credible or not, yields no




                                                  5
conclusive answer." Therefore, the district court's finding of ultimate fact that Mr. Horton's death

was accidental must be affirmed.

       AFFIRMED.




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