United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                            No. 97-2586.

GIANELLI MONEY PURCHASE PLAN AND TRUST, Penelope Gianelli, Trustee, Plaintiffs-
Appellees,

                                                  v.

                   ADM INVESTOR SERVICES, INC., Defendant-Appellant.

                                            July 22, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 96-469-CIV-
ORL-18), G. Kendall Sharp, Judge.

Before CARNES and HULL, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.

       CARNES, Circuit Judge:

       ADM Investor Services, Inc. ("ADM") appeals the district court's order vacating an

arbitration award in its favor. The district court concluded that the arbitrator had displayed "evident

partiality" because of past business contacts between his employer and ADM's corporate

representative at the arbitration. Because we hold that an arbitrator cannot be guilty of "evident

partiality" absent actual knowledge of a real or potential conflict, we conclude that the district court

erred in vacating the arbitration award. Accordingly, we reverse the district court's order and

remand with instructions to grant ADM's cross-petition for confirmation of the arbitration award.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       ADM is a futures commission merchant licensed with the Commodity Futures Trading

Commission ("CFTC"). Basic Commodities, Inc. ("Basic") is also registered with the CFTC. In

1992, ADM and Basic entered into an agreement under which ADM executed commodities trades

for customers brought in by Basic. The agreement contained an indemnity provision requiring Basic
to indemnify and hold ADM harmless for any damages it incurred because of losses suffered by

Basic clients. Basic president Kent C. Kelley ("Kelley") executed this agreement on behalf of Basic,

and also personally guaranteed Basic's contractual undertakings.

       One of the clients that Basic brought to ADM was the Gianelli Money Purchase Plan and

Trust, Penelope Gianelli, Trustee ("Gianelli").      Gianelli lost approximately $100,000 from

November 1994 through July 1995 as a result of its investments in the futures markets. Gianelli

claims that Kelley's mismanagement of its account caused these losses. In an attempt to recoup its

losses, Gianelli filed a claim against ADM with the American Arbitration Association ("AAA").

It sought to hold ADM liable on an agency theory, asserting that it was liable for the wrongdoings

and mismanagement of Kelley, Basic's president.

       The parties jointly selected Keith Houck ("Houck") as sole arbitrator. Houck has served as

officer manager for the law firm of Gray, Harris & Robinson ("Gray Harris") since 1990.

Immediately prior to the arbitration hearings, Gianelli discovered that Gray Harris had represented

Kelley in a 1992 securities case, the Neilson case. When Gianelli asked about this, Houck asserted

that he was unaware of the case, while Kelley asserted (falsely) that Gray Harris's representation of

him was an isolated incident. In addition, Houck signed an Arbitrator's Oath which stated that he

had nothing to disclose. After receiving these assurances, Gianelli accepted Houck as the sole

arbitrator. Houck conducted the arbitration hearings on January 25 and 26, 1996. Kelley was

present throughout the hearing, and the district court found that Kelley was ADM's corporate

representative at the "mediation." The proceedings were not recorded. On February 7, 1996, Houck

rendered an award in favor of ADM, finding it not liable to the Trust.




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       Gianelli contends that, after Houck rendered the decision in favor of ADM, it discovered

Kelley had frequent contact with Gray Harris. In particular, Gray Harris helped Kelley form three

companies and represented two others in 1976; the firm also represented Kelley as an individual

from 1977 to 1986. On May 2, 1996, Gianelli filed this petition to vacate the arbitration award,

contending that Houck, as an employee of Gray Harris, had displayed partiality to ADM. ADM

subsequently filed a cross-petition to confirm the arbitration award. The matter was referred to a

magistrate judge, who, after hearing oral argument, issued a Report and Recommendation

recommending that the district judge grant Gianelli's petition to vacate the arbitration award. The

district court adopted that Report and Recommendation in its entirety, and vacated the arbitration

award. ADM appeals.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We have previously held that we review an order vacating an arbitration award de novo. See

Robbins v. Day, 

, 681 (11th Cir.1992). We justified that standard of review, which is

more stringent than the abuse of discretion standard under which we reviewed orders confirming

arbitration awards, by relying on the federal policy favoring arbitration and limited review of arbitral

awards. See 

Since we issued our decision in Robbins, however, the Supreme Court has

provided additional instruction about the proper standard that courts of appeals must use to review

orders confirming or vacating arbitration awards. Of course, "[w]here prior panel precedent

conflicts with a subsequent Supreme Court decision, we follow the Supreme Court decision."

Cottrell v. Caldwell, 

, 1485 (11th Cir.1996); accord, e.g., Lufkin v. McCallum, 

, 1107 (11th Cir.1992).




                                                   3
       In First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 

, 947, 

, 1926, 

(1995), the Court indicated that where the district court has confirmed an arbitration

award, the appellate court must review the district court's factual findings for clear error and its

holdings of law de novo. Several other courts of appeals have concluded that First Options

mandates the same standard whether the order being reviewed confirms or vacates the arbitration

award. See, e.g., Wackenhut Corp. v. Amalgamated Local 515, 

, 31 (2d Cir.1997) ("We

review a district court decision upholding or vacating an arbitration award de novo on questions of

law and for clearly erroneous findings of fact."); Barnes v. Logan, 

, 821 (9th Cir.1997)

("Appellate courts review the confirmation or vacation of an arbitration award like any other district

court decision ... accepting findings of fact that are not "clearly erroneous' but deciding questions

of law de novo.") (internal quotes omitted), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 

, 

(1998); Glennon v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 

, 135 (6th Cir.1996) ("When

reviewing a district court's decision to vacate or confirm an arbitration award, we review findings

of fact for clear error and questions of law de novo.").

        We also conclude that First Options requires us to apply the same standard of review to

orders vacating arbitration awards as we apply to orders confirming arbitration awards. Three

considerations that the Supreme Court identified in First Options compel that conclusion. First, the

Court stated that "it is undesirable to make the law more complicated by proliferating review

standards without good reasons." First 

, 115 S.Ct. at 1926. Second, the

Court indicated that the policy considerations that work to create a presumption of validity for

arbitration awards cannot be the basis for a two-tiered review system, depending on whether the

district court confirmed or vacated the award. Specifically, the Court stated,"[T]he reviewing


                                                  4
attitude that a court of appeals takes toward a district court decision should depend upon the

respective institutional advantages of trial and appellate courts, not upon what standard of review

will more likely produce a particular substantive result." See 

omitted). That

statement directly undercuts our position in Robbins that the policy favoring confirmation of

arbitration awards justifies different standards of review depending on whether we are reviewing

an order confirming or vacating an arbitration award. See 

.

        Finally, the Supreme Court stated that the policy giving arbitrators considerable leeway in

their decision making does not mean that reviewing courts should give additional deference to

district courts when they confirm arbitration awards. See First 

, 115 S.Ct.

at 1926. We cannot hold orders vacating an arbitration award to a stricter standard, because doing

so would accord greater deference to orders confirming awards, and First Options prohibits that.

Our Robbins decision and any others providing a dual standard of review for arbitration orders must

yield to First Options. Accordingly, orders vacating arbitration awards, like orders confirming them,

are to be reviewed for clear error with respect to factual findings and de novo with respect to the

district court's legal conclusions.

                                         III. DISCUSSION

        The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") provides that a federal district court can vacate an

arbitration award, but only in extremely narrow circumstances. See 9 U.S.C. § 10. One of the

grounds the FAA expressly sanctions as a basis for vacating an arbitration award is partiality on the

part of the arbitrators:

        In any of the following cases the United States court in and for the district wherein the award
        was made may make an order vacating the award upon the application of any party to the
        application—


                                                  5
(2) Where there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of them.

9 U.S.C. § 10(a). The district court relied on that ground—evident partiality, not corruption—in

vacating the arbitration award in this case. Specifically, it concluded that Kelley's frequent business

contacts with Gray Harris, Houck's employer, would lead a reasonable person to conclude that

Houck "was tainted with evident partiality."

        We begin our analysis by noting that the purpose of the Federal Arbitration Act was "to

relieve congestion in the courts and to provide parties with an alternative method for dispute

resolution that would be speedier and less costly than litigation." O.R. Securities, Inc. v. Prof'l

Planning Assocs., Inc., 

, 745 (11th Cir.1988) (internal quotes omitted). Judicial review

of arbitration awards is "narrowly limited," and the FAA presumes that arbitration awards will be

confirmed. See Davis v. Prudential Securities, Inc., 

, 1188 (11th Cir.1995). Therefore,

the "evident partiality" exception is to be strictly construed, as it must be if the federal policy

favoring arbitration, see, e.g., Booth v. Hume Publ'g, Inc., 

, 932 (11th Cir.1990), is to

be given full effect. The alleged partiality must be "direct, definite and capable of demonstration

rather than remote, uncertain and speculative." Middlesex Mut. Ins. Co. v. Levine, 

,

1202 (11th Cir.1982) (internal quotes omitted); see Scott v. Prudential Securities, Inc., 

, 1015 (11th Cir.1998).

        In vacating the arbitration award in this case, the district court relied heavily on Schmitz v.

Zilveti, 

(9th Cir.1994). In that case, the Ninth Circuit found evident partiality where

an arbitrator, who was also an attorney, did not investigate potential conflicts or disclose that his

firm had performed legal work for one of the parties' corporate parents. See 

Schmitz




                                                  6
held that the arbitrator's failure to investigate could create a reasonable perception of partiality. See

        The district court found Schmitz to be closely analogous to this case. In particular, the court

noted that, as in Schmitz, the arbitrator (Houck) was employed by a law firm (Gray Harris) that had

a long-standing relationship with someone closely connected to one of the arbitrating parties

(Kelley). Furthermore, the district court reasoned that had Houck investigated possible conflicts of

interest as Schmitz requires, he would have discovered the previous work that Gray Harris had

performed for Kelley, and disclosure of that relationship would have afforded Gianelli a more

informed basis upon which to decide whether to proceed with Houck as arbitrator. Therefore, the

district court, following Schmitz, concluded that it should vacate the arbitration award.

        The problem with the district court's analysis is that Schmitz conflicts with the law of this

Circuit. In Lifecare Int'l, Inc. v. CD Medical, Inc., 

(11th Cir.1995), the arbitrator

accused of "evident partiality" became "of counsel" to a law firm that had two contacts with CD

Medical, including one "for the purpose of obtaining representation in the instant dispute." 

This Court noted that even the most routine background check by the arbitrator would have

brought this information to light. However, we also pointed out that there was no evidence that the

arbitrator was actually aware of these past contacts. Because there was no evidence that the

arbitrator had actual knowledge of the past contacts, we confirmed the arbitration award and rejected

the proposition that the arbitrator had a duty to investigate the past contacts to avoid evident



   1
   We note that although Schmitz cites to our decision in Middlesex Mutual Ins. Co. v. Levine,

, 1202 (11th Cir.1982), it does so only for the proposition that "[s]ome courts have
considered an arbitrator's lack of knowledge as a factor in determining whether evident partiality
was present." 

.

                                                   7
partiality. In the present case it was error for the district court to rely on Schmitz, because its holding

that an arbitrator's failure to investigate past contacts with one of the parties may constitute "evident

partiality" is squarely at odds with the position we took in Lifecare.

        Instead of following Schmitz, the district court should have applied the law of our circuit,

which is that an arbitration award may be vacated due to the "evident partiality" of an arbitrator only

when either (1) an actual conflict exists, or (2) the arbitrator knows of, but fails to disclose,

information which would lead a reasonable person to believe that a potential conflict exists. See

; 

(party challenging arbitration award must

establish reasonable impression of partiality that is "direct, definite and capable of demonstration

rather than remote, uncertain and speculative.") (internal quotes omitted). Whether these conditions

have been met ordinarily requires a fact-intensive inquiry. See 

.

        Performance of that inquiry here leads us to conclude that neither of the conditions for

"evident partiality" exists in this case. The district court made a factual finding, supported by the

evidence in the record, that Houck was not actually biased against Gianelli. Therefore, the first

condition under which an award may be vacated for evident partiality, the existence of an actual

conflict, was not present in this case.

        As for the second condition, the district court did not expressly find that Houck was aware

of Kelley's involvement with Gray Harris with the exception of the Neilson case, and Houck became

aware of that only when Gianelli informed him immediately prior to the arbitration hearings.

Gianelli accepted Houck as an arbitrator with full knowledge of Gray Harris' representation of

Kelley in the Neilson case. Therefore, Houck's knowledge of that connection cannot be the basis

for a finding of "evident partiality."


                                                    8
       It is not entirely clear from the district court opinion whether it implicitly found that Houck

was aware of any relationship Kelley had with Gray Harris other than the Neilson case. However,

if the district court did make such an implicit finding, that finding is clearly erroneous. All of

Kelley's contacts with Gray Harris, with the exception of the Neilson case, pre-date Houck's

employment at the firm. There is nothing in the record to indicate that Houck knew of any

connection between Kelley and Gray Harris prior to 1990, when Houck joined the firm. Although

given abundant opportunity to do so, Gianelli, who has the burden of persuasion, has not pointed

to any evidence suggesting that Houck was aware of any relationship between Kelley and Gray

Harris other than the Neilson case. As a result, the only conclusion that the record will support is

that Houck was unaware of any other relationship. Because Houck did not have actual knowledge

of the information upon which the alleged "conflict" was founded, the second "evident partiality"

condition is not present in this case.

       We reverse the district court's order vacating the arbitration award in favor of ADM and

remand with instructions that the district court grant ADM's cross-petition for confirmation of the

arbitration award.

       REVERSED and REMANDED.




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