A. HOWARD MATZ, District Judge.
On May 29, 2009, Plaintiff OSKAR Systems, LLC ("Plaintiff" or "OSKAR") filed this suit with one claim for copyright infringement against Club Speed, Inc. ("Club Speed"), Eric Novakovich, Pole Position Raceway, Inc. ("Pole Position"), P2R Karting, Inc. ("P2R"), Ken Faught, and Jason Williams (collectively, "Defendants"). OSKAR alleges that Defendants infringed its copyright in source code for a computer program (the "Oskar Software") used in the operation of go-kart tracks.
On November 18, 2009, the Court struck Plaintiff's claims for statutory damages and attorneys' fees, pursuant to Defendants' motion for judgment on the pleadings. On March 8, 2010, the Court granted Plaintiff's attorneys' motion to withdraw as counsel. On March 22, 2010, Defendants moved to dismiss for lack of prosecution because Plaintiff had not yet retained new counsel. The Court denied that motion as moot on June 16, 2010 after Plaintiff retained new counsel. In the interim,
For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the Motion
For ease of reference, the Court has organized the pertinent facts into a chronology.
Date Event 2000 Michael Conte, a senior executive at Microsoft, forms Champs Karting, LLC ("Champs"), which operated indoor go-kart racing tracks in the Seattle, Washington area. SUF ¶ 1. At the time, Champs was wholly owned by Contemporary Systems, Inc. ("CSI"), which is owned by Conte. SGI ¶ 37. Late 2001-early Conte has CSI author a computer software program (the "Oskar Soft-ware") 2002 to be used in connection with Champs's go-karting facilities. SUF ¶¶ 2-3, SGI ¶ 39. The software has since been updated from timeto-time, but it includes a tool called a "data trail," which can track the revisions of the software over time. SGI ¶¶ 46-50. 2002 (or possibly CSI begins marketing the Oskar Software to third-party businesses later)—2006 operating go-kart tracks. SUF ¶ 3. 2005 Defendants Faught and Williams form Defendant Pole Position Raceway. SUF ¶ 7. Pole Position operates an indoor go-kart track in Corona, California. SUF ¶ 8. (Faught and Williams later (it is undisclosed when) formed Defendant P2R Karting, Inc. for the purpose of licensing the Pole Position Raceway brand and business strategy to other entities interested in developing go-kart tracks throughout the country. Faught Decl. ¶ 4.) June 14, 2005 Pole Position licenses the Oskar Software from CSI for a one-year term. SUF ¶ 12; Faught Decl. ¶ 6. August 2005 The Oskar Systems software is installed at Pole Position's Corona location. SUF ¶ 13. The parties dispute whether Defendants had a way to access the source code (in order to be able to copy it, as Plaintiff alleges happened). See SGI ¶¶ 14, 15, 16, 22. January 2006 Faught and Williams decide to hire Defendant Eric Novakovich (who at the time maintained Pole Position's separate internal computer network) to design and develop a replacement software to operate its track. SUF ¶ 18, SGI ¶ 81. Between January The replacement software, eventually named Speed Sheet, is developed. 2006 and August SUF ¶ 18; SGI ¶ 85. 2006 August 2006 Pole Position declines to renew its license for the Oskar Software, and fully implements the Speed Sheet software. SUF ¶¶ 19-20; Faught Decl. ¶ 9; SGI ¶ 101-102. December 22, Plaintiff OSKAR Systems, LLC is formed. SUF ¶ 4. 2006
October 1, 2007 CSI transfers "all of its business assets related to `Oskar' business operations" to Plaintiff Oskar Systems. Conte Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. A. 2008 Plaintiff OSKAR Systems begins marketing the Oskar Software. SUF ¶ 5. February 17, 2009 Plaintiff first registers a claim of copyright in the Oskar Software. SUF ¶ 28. That registration states that OSKAR Systems, LLC authored the work at issue, that the work at issue was completed in 2002, and that the work was not previously registered. SUF ¶¶ 28, 30-32. The copy of the source code submitted with the copyright office was a portion of the source code as it existed in the latter part of 2008. Livni Decl. ¶ 5. May 29, 2009 Plaintiff files the instant lawsuit. June 21, 2010 Defendants file the Motion for Summary Judgment now before the Court. July 2, 2010 Plaintiff submits a Supplemental Registration to the Copyright Office, attempting to update its registration to reflect that the work deposited in its initial 2009 registration is a derivative, rather than an original work. Angulo Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. I.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) provides for summary judgment when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a "genuine issue of material fact for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to establish, beyond the pleadings, that there is a genuine issue for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
"When the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, it must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial. In such a case, the moving party has the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of fact on each issue material to its case." C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co., Inc. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 213 F.3d 474, 480 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). In contrast, when the non-moving party bears the burden of proving the claim or defense, the moving party can meet its burden by pointing out the absence of evidence from the non-moving party. The moving party need not disprove the other party's case. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Thus, "[s]ummary judgment for a defendant is appropriate when the plaintiff `fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [his] case, and on which [he] will bear the burden of proof at trial.'" Cleveland v. Policy Mgmt. Sys. Corp., 526 U.S. 795, 805-06, 119 S.Ct. 1597, 143 L.Ed.2d 966 (1999) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548).
When the moving party meets its burden, the "adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party's pleadings, but the adverse party's response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). Summary judgment will be entered against the non-moving party if that party does not present such specific facts. Id. Only admissible evidence may be considered
"[I]n ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party's evidence `is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [that party's] favor.'" Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505). But the non-moving party must come forward with more than "the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Thus, "[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citation omitted).
Simply because the facts are undisputed does not make summary judgment appropriate. Instead, where divergent ultimate inferences may reasonably be drawn from the undisputed facts, summary judgment is improper. Braxton-Secret v. A.H. Robins Co., 769 F.2d 528, 531 (9th Cir.1985).
As Plaintiff acknowledges, Defendants developed the allegedly infringing software program between January 2006 and August 2006. SGI ¶ 14. Plaintiff OKAR Systems, LLC was formed on or about December 22, 2006. SUF ¶ 4. In 2007, CSI transferred the entire licensing business, including Oskar Software and the copyright therein, to Plaintiff. Pl's Add'l Facts ¶ 42. The evidence that Plaintiff has come forth with to demonstrate that such an asset transfer occurred is in paragraph five of the Declaration of Mike Conte, and Exhibit A attached thereto. The document attached as Exhibit A provides, in relevant part:
(emphasis added). Plaintiff has not produced the "Exhibit A" referred to in Exhibit A to Conte's Declaration. Defendants argue that because Plaintiff has not provided the referenced "Exhibit A," it is unclear whether the copyright in the Oskar Software was properly transferred from CSI to Plaintiff. See Reply at 8-9. This argument is without merit. Conte declared that the Oskar Software was transferred and Exhibit A to his declaration clearly specifies that all assets related to "Oskar" business operations were to be transferred. However, the Pole Position Defendants are correct that because the alleged infringement occurred before the CSI assets were assigned to Plaintiff, and because the assignment does not expressly include causes of action for infringement, Plaintiff lacks standing to bring the claims which it asserts in the Complaint.
"Only the copyright owner, or the owner of exclusive rights under the copyright, as of the time the acts of infringement occur, has standing to bring an action for infringement of such rights." 3-12 Nimmer on Copyright § 12.02[B]. "A grant of copyright, even if it purports to convey `all right, title and interest,' is generally construed not to assign existing causes of action unless such causes of action are expressly included in the grant." Lanard Toys Ltd. v. Novelty Inc., 511 F.Supp.2d 1020, 1033 (C.D.Cal.2007) (Snyder, J.) (finding that plaintiff could not sue
Plaintiff objects to Defendants' arguing this point because, Plaintiff contends, it was raised for the first time in Defendants' reply memorandum. Not so. Although Defendants did not cite Lanard, a case on which it relied heavily in its Reply, Defendants did argue that Plaintiff lacks standing to sue for infringement because it has not offered evidence of assignment of the relevant copyright interest. Mot. at 8:26-27. Defendants' moving papers quoted Nimmer for the proposition that "[o]nly the copyright owner, or the owner of exclusive rights under the copyright, as of the time the acts of infringement occur, has standing to bring an action for infringement of such rights." Motion at 8:16-18 (emphasis added). The moving papers further argued that CSI (or Mr. Conte) owned the copyright in the work at issue when the alleged infringement occurred, and concluded that "[because] plaintiff evidently has no evidence of any assignment of the relevant copyright interest. . . plaintiff appears to lack standing to proceed with its claim. . . ." Id. at 8:26-9:1. Accordingly, Plaintiff had fair notice of the argument and opportunity to respond.
The Pole Position Defendants argue another reason why Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue its infringement claim: Plaintiff has failed to deposit with the Copyright Office two copies of the work that it now argues forms the basis for its infringement action. Plaintiff initially obtained a copyright for the "OSKAR Go Kart Business Software." The registration certificate for that work was issued on February 17, 2009. It states that the work was initially published on March 1, 2002 and completed in 2002. Compl., Exh. D. Plaintiff, however, submitted for its registration a portion of the source code of the Oskar Software as it existed in the latter part of 2008.
Pursuant to the Copyright Act, "no civil action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work shall be instituted until registration of the copyright claim has been made" with the Copyright Office. 17 U.S.C. § 411(a). A certificate of registration that is obtained within five years of publication is prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright, and "the evidentiary weight to be accorded the certificate of a registration made thereafter shall be within the discretion of the court." 17 U.S.C. § 410(c). As part of the registration requirement, copyright owners must deposit two copies of the work to be registered. The deposit must be of "bona fide copies of the original work," and cannot be a reconstruction of the original work. Kodadek v. MTV Networks, Inc., 152 F.3d 1209, 1211 (9th Cir. 1998) (drawings made in 1993 from memory of drawings originally made in 1991 did not satisfy deposit requirement because they were not made by "directly referring to the originals," nor were they "bona fide copies of the originals"). In Kodadek, the plaintiff, Kodadek, sued MTV for infringing his alleged copyright in the two animated characters on which MTV's animated series "Beavis and Butthead" was based. Beavis and Butthead first aired in 1993, and Kodadek subsequently filed for a copyright registration of the two characters, which he claimed he created in 1991. The issue in Kodadek was whether Kodadek's deposit of a reconstruction (sketched in 1993) of the original images in which he was asserting a copyright (allegedly sketched in 1991) complied with the registration deposit requirement. The court found that because Kodadek's 1993 drawings were made from his memory of the 1991 drawings, and not made by "directly referring to the originals," they were not "bona fide copies of the originals." Id. at 1212. Thus Kodadek could not use the 1993 drawings to obtain a copyright registration in the 1991 drawings. Id. Accord Seiler v. Lucasfilm, Ltd., 808 F.2d 1316, 1322 (9th Cir.1986) (finding that deposit of a recreation of an original drawing did not satisfy the deposit requirement).
Plaintiff contends that its deposit of the 2007/08 source code is sufficient to satisfy the registration requirement because it is a derivative of the work which Defendants allegedly infringed.
Although a derivative work is independent of a preexisting work upon which it is based, see 17 U.S.C. § 103(b) ("... The copyright in [a compilation or derivative] work is independent of, and does not affect or enlarge the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright protection in the preexisting material."), registration of a derivative of a pre-existing work can, in certain circumstances, suffice to register the original work upon which the derivative is based. "While the Ninth Circuit has not decided this issue, the Second Circuit has determined that in general, a registered copyright in a derivative work (such as a catalog containing photographs of items) necessarily encompasses all the original works within the derivative work, if the owner of the copyright in the derivative work also holds all ownership rights in the original works upon which the derivative works are based." Bespaq Corp. v. Haoshen Trading Co., 2005 WL 14841 *2 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 3, 2005). In Streetwise Maps, Inc. v. Van-Dam, Inc., 159 F.3d 739 (2d Cir.1998), map publisher Streetwise sued for infringement of its copyright in a map of New York City. At trial, the plaintiff relied on a certificate of registration filed in 1989 that stated the work it protects is a derivative of a "Streetwise Manhattan map carrying
Id. at 747. Accord, William Patry, 5 Patry on Copyright § 17:89 (March 2010) ("Where the original work is unregistered but the derivative work is registered and the same party owns both the original and the derivative work, registration of the derivative work provides subject-matter jurisdiction to sue for infringement of both works so long as the infringed preexisting material is also contained in the derivative work.").
Defendants argue that the doctrine referenced in Streetwise Maps has "no relevance to what plaintiff is attempting here," because "plaintiff does not allege that any defendant infringed the derivative work itself." Reply at 11. In Streetwise, the alleged copying occurred after the derivative work was fixed in a tangible medium and registered with the Copyright Office. Streetwise, 159 F.3d at 741 (alleged infringement of map occurred in 1995, where original map was created in 1984 and 1985 and derivative work was registered in 1989). Here, by contrast, the alleged copying occurred before the deposited version of the work even existed. Plaintiff has not pointed to any authority that supports what it is attempting here—to register and sue on a version of a software program that was created after the version that Defendants allegedly copied, by belatedly characterizing the registered work as derivative of an earlier work that was created before the alleged infringement. The registration requirement serves in part both an evidentiary function and to protect against fraud. As Defendants point out, each of the plaintiffs in Seiler and Kodadek could have circumvented their inability to deposit a "bona fide copy" of their preexisting original work simply by depositing with the copyright office a derivative work and claiming that the defendants had infringed material carried over into the derivative work from the pre-existing one, even though the defendants' alleged infringement had commenced before the derivative was created. Adopting such a rule would frustrate the purpose of copyright registration and open the door to fraud.
Another consideration that compels the Court to find that Plaintiff's supplemental copyright registration fails to register the 2002 version of the Oskar Software on which Plaintiff now sues is that even the supplemental registration fails to identify the precise work or works from which the registered version is derived or compiled. Other courts have found registration of a derivative work insufficient to encompass the original, preexisting work where the registration certificate failed to properly identify the original work from which the subsequent work was derived (and upon which the infringement claim was based). In I.M.S. Inquiry Management Systems, Ltd. v. Berkshire Information Systems, Inc., 307 F.Supp.2d 521 (S.D.N.Y.2004), for example, the plaintiff sought to enforce the copyright in material on a website. The material that was allegedly infringed existed
Id. at 529.
Although Plaintiff's supplemental registration did more than simply state that the registered work is a derivative, it fails to indicate the "precise underlying or preexisting work" from which the deposited (and registered work) was derived. Section 409 of the Copyright Act requires that an application "include ... in the case of a compilation or derivative work, an identification of any preexisting work or works that it is based on or incorporates, and a brief, general statement of the additional material covered by the copyright claim being registered [.]" 17 U.S.C. § 409(9). Here, Plaintiff's corrected registration states only that "[t]his particular work is actually a derivative work of prior versions of the same computer program and therefore, the actual date of completion for this particular version is 2008, with a publication date of October, 2008." Angulo Decl. Exh. I. It fails to identify upon which prior version(s) of the program the registration is based and when those prior versions were created (or whether the version was one that existed before or after the alleged copying occurred), what the additional material the derivative is claiming, etc. Even the updated registration does not provide this information, and thus, it does not encompass the preexisting work that forms the basis for Plaintiff's lawsuit.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants' motion for summary judgment. The moving Defendants are instructed to lodge a [Proposed] Judgment by not later than five days from the date of this Order.
