United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                            No. 97-9032.

                        UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                  v.

                           David Omer SPENCE, Defendant-Appellant.

                                            Dec. 31, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 1:97-CR-79-
ODE), Orinda D. Evans, Judge.

Before ANDERSON and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and HILL, Senior Circuit Judge.

       ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

       David Omer Spence appeals his conviction and sentence for firearms offenses, arguing that

the district court abused its discretion by excusing an ill juror and proceeding with only eleven jurors

who rendered the verdict against him. We reverse and remand for a new trial.

       Spence was tried before a jury in federal district court for three counts of firearms violations.

The trial began on Thursday, May 29, 1997. Both sides rested toward the end of the day on Friday,

May 30. The jury was excused for the weekend and returned on Monday, June 2, for the closing

arguments and the charge to the jury. The jury began deliberations about 11:20 a.m. on that day.

At about 3 p.m. on that day, the court was advised that one of the jurors had taken ill. This juror had

become nauseated and requested the assistance of a nurse. The nurse determined that the juror was

experiencing a reaction to an antibiotic medication because she had not eaten that morning.

       The court consulted with counsel regarding how to proceed. Defense counsel suggested that

the jury be sent home for the day, given the possibility that the ill juror might be well enough in the

morning to be available. The court disagreed, concerned that postponing deliberations until the
morning might cause some jurors to lose interest, and noting that the three-day trial had already been

broken up by a weekend. Over Spence's counsel's objection, the court excused the ill juror from the

case and instructed the remaining eleven jurors to continue their deliberations pursuant to

Fed.R.Crim.P. 23(b).

        The eleven-person jury returned a verdict of guilty on Count Three, possession of firearms

by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).1 Spence was sentenced to 105 months

imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. Spence filed a timely appeal from his

conviction and sentence, alleging, among other things, that the district court abused its discretion

by proceeding with the eleven-person jury.

        We review the district court's decision to permit an eleven-member jury to deliberate to a

verdict for abuse of discretion.2 United States v. Shenberg, 

, 1472 (11th Cir.1996), cert.

denied, --- U.S. ----, 

, 

(1997); United States v. Wilson, 

, 1250 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1990). The

district court's decision in this regard was predicated on Fed.R.Crim.P. 23(b). That Rule provides

in pertinent part:

        [I]f the court finds it necessary to excuse a juror for just cause after the jury has retired to
        consider its verdict, in the discretion of the court a valid verdict may be returned by the
        remaining 11 jurors.




   1
    The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict on the first and second counts of the
indictment. Therefore the court declared a mistrial as to those counts.
   2
   We note at the outset that no constitutional issues are raised by this case. See Williams v.
Florida, 

, 102-03, 

, 1907, 

(1970) (holding that the
number 12 has no constitutional significance and that access to a 12-member jury is not a
constitutional right of defendants); United States v. Gabay, 

, 1543 (11th Cir.1991)
("We agree ... that Rule 23(b) is constitutional. It is clear that under appropriate circumstances
twelve-member juries are not required.").
This provision was added to Rule 23(b) in 1983.3 The advisory committee notes pertaining to the

1983 amendment explain the basis for this grant of discretion:

       This situation is that in which, after the jury has retired to consider its verdict and any
       alternate jurors have been discharged, one of the jurors is seriously incapacitated or
       otherwise found to be unable to continue service upon the jury. The problem is acute when
       the trial has been a lengthy one and consequently the remedy of mistrial would necessitate
       a second expenditure of substantial prosecution, defense and court resources....

                It is the judgment of the Committee that when a juror is lost during deliberations, ...
       it is essential that there be available a course of action other than mistrial.

Fed.R.Crim.P. 23, 1983 adv. comm. note. The note also sums up the trial court's options. First, "[i]f

the trial has been brief and not much would be lost by retrial, the court might well conclude that the

unusual step of allowing a jury verdict by less than 12 jurors absent stipulation should not be taken."

the trial has been protracted the court is much more likely to opt for continuing with

the remaining 12 jurors." 

that there was not just cause for the dismissal of the juror. Rule 23(b) itself

does not define "just cause." The cases dealing with Rule 23(b) have been highly fact-intensive, and

do not lend themselves easily to general precepts. The leading case on point in this circuit is United

States v. Wilson, 

(11th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1990). In Wilson, on the sixth day (a Friday) of the jury's deliberations in a nine-week

criminal trial of multiple defendants for various drug offenses, one juror became ill. She was unable

to return to continue deliberations on the following Monday because of her continuing illness—an

abscessed tooth that could not be treated with medication because she was pregnant. When she

called the court clerk on Sunday to inform him of the circumstances, "[s]he expressed hope that she



   3
    Prior to 1983, Rule 23(b) authorized juries or fewer than 12 only upon stipulation of the
parties. The 1983 amendment conferred discretion upon the trial court to proceed with fewer
than 12 sua sponte.
would be able to return on Tuesday." 

On Monday, the district judge excused the juror

for just cause under Fed.R.Crim.P. 23(b) and allowed the remaining eleven jurors to continue their

deliberations. The eleven-member jury returned a unanimous verdict convicting the defendants.

        On appeal, the defendants made arguments similar to those made by Spence in the instant

case: "that the district court invoked Rule 23(b) too hastily" and that "the district court had an

affirmative duty to investigate the juror's absence by contacting the juror or her doctor." 

We held that the district court did not abuse its discretion by excusing the ill juror and continuing

deliberations with the remaining eleven. In Wilson, the health problems that culminated in the

juror's having to leave on the sixth day of deliberations were not a new phenomenon; the district

court had observed this juror battling health problems throughout the course of the trial, and her

capability to continue to serve had been in question because of past illness. At one point, the juror

appeared to be ill and was crying. When she was late for court on another occasion due to a flat tire,

the other jurors reported that she had been feeling ill on the previous day. A few days later she

informed the court that she had been taken to the hospital the previous evening, and that her doctor

was afraid she might miscarry her baby. Under these circumstances, "the district judge was entitled

to conclude that [the juror] might not return the following day as she had hoped, and that even if she

had she might become ill again, further delaying the deliberations." 

       The Wilson opinion distinguished United States v. Essex, 

(D.C.Cir.1984).

There, the D.C. Circuit had imposed on trial judges an affirmative duty to investigate the

circumstances surrounding a missing juror's absence before continuing with 11. The Wilson opinion

noted that the trial court in Essex had made no investigation regarding the missing juror and had

made no express finding of just cause. By contrast, in Wilson, the district court had made a clear

finding of just cause, and the record supported the finding. The juror had become ill during jury
deliberations on Friday, causing the court to recess early for the weekend. Then, in a telephone call

on Sunday, the juror reported her continuing illness and explained that her abscessed tooth could

not be treated with medication because she was pregnant. Noting that the district court's dismissal

of the juror was based upon the foregoing information about her most recent illness, and also the

juror's history of illness throughout the trial, we held that the district court had conducted "sufficient

.4

        Wilson suggests that our review of a district court's decision to dismiss a juror for just cause

and proceed with 11 jurors pursuant to Rule 23(b) should afford appropriate deference to the district

court which is obviously in a better position to evaluate the circumstances,5 and that we should

reverse only for abuse of discretion. However, Wilson also indicates that a district court's finding

of just cause should be based upon "sufficient inquiry." See 

; accord

(affirming the dismissal of a juror under circumstances similar to those

obtaining in Wilson and holding that the district court had "sufficient information" to make an

informed decision).6

         Thus, we must decide in this case whether the district court's decision was based upon

sufficient inquiry. Our concern in this case focuses on the fact that everything that the district court



   4
    Wilson also indicates that another factor may be relevant—i.e., whether there is any reason to
believe that the juror is a holdout. The parties do not argue that this factor is relevant in the
instant case.
   5
   See United States v. Gonzalez-Soberal, 

, 68 (1st Cir.1997); United States v.
Gibson, 

, 259 (2d Cir.1998) (per curiam).
   6
    We need not decide whether the "sufficient inquiry" standard adopted in Wilson, and
confirmed here, is significantly different from the affirmative duty standard mentioned by the
D.C. Circuit in Essex and other cases. See United States v. Patterson, 

, 1129
(D.C.Cir.1994); United States v. Araujo, 

, 934 (7th Cir.1995). We need only decide
in this case whether there has been "sufficient inquiry."
knew in this case indicated that the juror would be able to return in the morning. The nurse had

indicated that the juror was experiencing a reaction to an antibiotic medication because she had not

eaten earlier that morning. There is no indication that this problem, or any other problem, might

recur.7 The instant case is very different from Wilson, where there was a history of health problems

and ample indication that retaining the juror would risk substantial delay. Unlike Wilson, there is

nothing in this record to support a conclusion that the juror might not return the following day. We

are also concerned in this case because the district court's decision was made at approximately 3

p.m. in the afternoon, and thus a recess for the remainder of the day would have cost only a loss of

two hours.8

       Notwithstanding the broad deference we properly accord to a district court's decision in this

context, we cannot conclude that the record reveals just cause, when the record indicates a likelihood

that the juror could return the next day and thus the dismissal would probably save merely two hours

of trial time. We have found no cases which have approved dismissal of a juror under circumstances

similar to this case. To the contrary, cases involving similarly short periods of delay and comparable

likelihood of the indisposed juror's return have reversed a district court's Rule 23(b) dismissal of a

juror. See United States v. Araujo, 

(7th Cir.1995) (absent juror telephoned, was having

problems with his automobile, and was stranded on the side of the road); United States v. Tabacca,

(9th Cir.1991) (absent juror informed the court that his wife had taken his car keys and

that he had no other transportation to reach the courthouse that day).

       In light of our conclusion that the district court abused its discretion by dismissing the juror



   7
    Indeed, in objecting to the district court's decision, defense counsel made this very point.
   8
   Defense counsel also made this point in his objection, noting that the court would normally
have recessed in any event at 5 p.m., which was just two more hours.
without just cause, we need not reach the several other arguments asserted by appellant on appeal.

The judgment of the district court is reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial.

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.