LUCY H. KOH, United States District Judge.
Plaintiff Richard Katzman ("Plaintiff") brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against defendant Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority ("Defendant"), alleging deprivation of property without due process of law, denial of equal protection of the law, conspiracy to deny him equal protection of the law, and impairment of contracts, in violation of his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, § 10 of the U.S. Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the California Constitution. Before the Court is Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Mot.), ECF. No. 45, and Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def.'s Mot."), ECF No. 63. Having considered the record in this case, applicable law, and the parties' briefs, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment and DENIES IN PART AND GRANTS IN PART Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.
Plaintiff is a resident of Campbell, California, and a retired former employee of the Defendant. Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl."), ECF No. 48, ¶¶ 1-2.
Defendant first hired Plaintiff in 1986. Katzman Decl. ¶ 3. Defendant subsequently re-hired Plaintiff in 1988. Katzman Decl. ¶ 3. As part of his employment contract with Defendant, Defendant promised to pay Plaintiff a pension. Katzman Decl. ¶ 4. In 1995, Plaintiff left his job with Defendant to take a job with the County of Los Angeles. Katzman Decl. ¶ 6. On June 30, 1995, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendant stating that under the terms of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income Plan ("Plan"), any employee terminating employment with Defendant after 5 ¾ years of service had a vested interest in the Plan. Exhibit A to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. A"), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. The letter further advised Plaintiff that because he was vested in the Plan, Plaintiff needed to make an irrevocable selection to either have his contributions returned, or leave
Plaintiff retired in 2007. Katzman Decl. ¶ 9. Upon retirement, Plaintiff received an application for deferred retirement benefits from Defendant titled, "LACMTA Non-Contract Employees Retirement Income (New) Plan." Id. The application informed Plaintiff that he could elect to receive his pension in monthly payments of $639.86, or a lump sum payment of $89,937.44. Exhibit B to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. B"), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. Plaintiff elected to receive monthly payments. Id. On May 21, 2007, Plaintiff received a letter from Defendant regarding his "Retirement Estimate." Exhibit C to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. C"), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. The letter informed him that he would receive a monthly pension of $639.86 per month for his lifetime. Id. At some point, Plaintiff received a booklet from Defendant that contained general information about Defendant's retirement income plan for non-contract employees. Katzman Decl. ¶ 9.
After Plaintiff retired, he received several other sources of income besides the Defendant's pension. Beginning in either 2008 or 2009, Plaintiff worked for a forensics accounting firm until December 2013. Deposition Excerpts of Plaintiff's Deposition in Support of Defendant's Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Dep."), ECF No. 52-2, Tr. 12:11-13:1. Plaintiff earned between $5,000 and $20,000 a year from this job, earning $7,000 in 2013. Katzman Dep. Tr. 14:1-15:1. Plaintiff also receives a pension from Los Angeles County that started at $729 per month, and is now approximately $780 a month. Katzman Dep. Tr. 15:21-16:3. Plaintiff also receives a pension from the California Public Employees' Retirement System of approximately $3,500 per month. Katzman Dep. Tr. 16:4-:17. Finally, Plaintiff receives approximately $30,000 per year in rental income from a single property. Katzman Dep. Tr. 56:17-:24.
Currently, there are approximately 2,500 people who receive a pension from Defendant. Declaration of Janice Olsen in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Olsen Decl."), ECF No. 63-2, ¶ 5. Defendant performs a bi-annual audit of its pensioners by mailing each pensioner an audit form letter every two years. Id. ¶ 4. The letter is sent via standard mail of the United States Post Office. Id. ¶ 6. The pensioners are required to fill out the letter, sign it, have it notarized, and return it to Defendant within 30 days. Id.; see also Exhibit D to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. D"), ECF No. 49-1, at 1. If a pensioner fails to return the audit letter, Defendant suspends the pensioner's payments. Olsen Decl. ¶ 4. Should the pensioner subsequently fill out, notarize (or otherwise have the pensioner's signature verified), and return the letter, Defendant reinstates the pension and provides any missed payments in one lump sum. Id.
Defendant conducted its first bi-annual audit in approximately 1983, and it has conducted approximately 15 bi-annual audits to date. Exhibit B to the Declaration of G. Whitney Leigh in Support of Plaintiff's Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Whitley Decl. Ex. B"), ECF No. 55-2, at 5. In a March 2, 2012 letter provided to Plaintiff, Defendant stated that the Joint Pension Plan Committee approved the bi-annual audit policy at an April 21, 1983 meeting. Exhibit 3 to Defendant's
Among the reasons Defendant conducts a bi-annual audit of its pensioners are: to prevent fraud by ensuring that the individuals who are receiving the pension payments are in fact the retirees who are entitled to them, Olsen Decl. ¶ 9; to ensure that Defendant has up-to-date contact information for its pensioners, id. ¶ 10; and to ensure that, if a pensioner dies, joint survivor benefits are paid, id. ¶ 12. In discovery, Defendant claimed the bi-annual audit had uncovered five instances of fraud. Whitley Decl. Ex. B at 6. In one instance, after Defendant suspended a pensioner's payments due to failure to return an audit letter, a man not authorized to receive pension payments contacted Defendant to inquire as to why his relative did not receive her monthly pension payment. Olsen Decl. ¶ 11. The man stated that the pensioner had died two years before Defendant suspended pension payments. Id. The man also said that prior to calling Defendant, he had closed the pensioner's account, thereby preventing Defendant from recovering payments. Id.
In 2011, Defendant sent bi-annual audit letters to approximately 2,300 pensioners. Id. ¶ 16. As a result of the audit, Defendant suspended 197 pensions. Id. Subsequently, "191 of those suspended pensions were reinstated or the recipient was determined to be deceased." Id. In 2013, Defendant sent bi-annual audit letters to approximately 2,500 pensioners. Id. ¶ 15. As a result of that audit, Defendant suspended 186 pensions. Id. Subsequently, "166 of those suspended pensions [were] reinstated or the recipient was determined to be deceased." Id.
Plaintiff claimed that none of the documents Defendant sent to Plaintiff informed him of a policy regarding bi-annual audits. See Katzman Decl., Exs. A, B, C. The booklet that Plaintiff said he received from Defendant containing general information about Defendant's pension policies similarly did not disclose such a policy. See Exhibit H to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. H"), ECF No. 49-1.
Prior to implementing the audit procedure it uses currently, Defendant had a different procedure whereby it would send an initial audit letter to pensioners notifying them of the audit and the due date for a response. Id. ¶ 13. If a pensioner did not promptly respond, Defendant would send several reminders over several months that the audit form was due. Id. According to Defendant, this practice was
In June 2009, Plaintiff received a form from Defendant titled "2009 Pension Recipient Audit Form." Katzman Decl. Ex. D. The form stated that in an "effort to protect the assets in [the] Pension Plan and to protect all the recipients of pension benefits, we are conducting our bi-annual audit of pension plan recipients." Id. The form instructed the recipient to complete the form, sign it, have the signature notarized, and return it before July 31, 2009. Id. The form further stated that if it is not convenient for the recipient to have his signature notarized, Defendant can verify the recipient's signature at the office of the Pension and Benefits Department, if the recipient brings the form in person and shows identification. Id. The form then stated: "Failure to return a properly completed audit form will result in the suspension of your pension benefits." Id. Plaintiff filled out the form and signed it, but did not have it notarized. Id.; see also Katzman Decl. ¶ 11. Around the time Defendant received Plaintiff's form, Plaintiff had several conversations with Defendant's staff regarding the notarization requirement. Olsen Decl. ¶ 19. Defendant decided to exempt Plaintiff from the notarization requirement for that audit period after a staff member verified Plaintiff's identity over the phone. Id.
Approximately two years later, around October 2011, Plaintiff noticed his pension payment had not been electronically-deposited into his bank account as usual. Katzman Decl. ¶¶ 12-13. Plaintiff contacted Defendant, and two of Defendant's staff told Plaintiff that he had failed to return an audit form Defendant mailed that year. Id. Plaintiff stated he never received the audit form mailed in 2011, id. ¶ 13, although during the course of this litigation Plaintiff obtained a copy of it, see Exhibit I to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. I"), ECF No. 49-1. The 2011 audit form is similar to the 2009 audit form, except the 2011 form is preceded by a letter that states, among other things, that the pensioner can also have his or her signature verified by a bank. Id. at 1. In November 2011, Plaintiff notified Defendant's staff that he would not complete the 2011 audit form. Olsen Decl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff eventually provided a signed audit form in 2012. Id.
In August 2012, Plaintiff's attorney raised several concerns about the audit process with Defendant in an email. Exhibit E to the Declaration of Richard Katzman in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Katzman Decl. Ex. E"), ECF No. 49-1. Among the concerns was that Plaintiff traveled frequently and that mail service at his home was "spotty," and therefore a single audit letter provided insufficient notice to Plaintiff that his pension might be suspended. Id. at 2. The email suggested that Defendant put additional notice procedures in place before suspending pension payments due to a pensioner's failure to timely return an audit letter. Id. Plaintiff also objected that he be forced to pay the notarization fee. Id.
In a response to that email, Defendant stated that it sends audit letters in mid-April; therefore, Defendant advised Plaintiff that if he had not received an audit letter by the end of April, he should contact the Defendant's pension benefits department.
Plaintiff filed his Complaint, ("Compl."), ECF No. 1, against Defendant and County of Los Angeles on January 31, 2013. Defendant and County of Los Angeles answered on April 1, 2013. ECF No. 5. On April 2, 2013, County of Los Angeles filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state claim, and a motion to change venue. ECF No. 6. On July 29, 2013, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed County of Los Angeles from the case, ECF. No. 23, and this Court subsequently denied as moot County of Los Angeles' motion to dismiss and motion to change venue, ECF No. 24.
Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment on March 11, 2014 as to his claim that Defendant violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Defendant filed its opposition ("Def.'s Opp'n") on March 25, 2014. ECF No. 52. Plaintiff filed his reply ("Pl. Reply") on April 1, 2014. ECF No. 54. The parties filed various declarations and exhibits in support of their arguments regarding Plaintiff's motion. In support of his motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff filed the Richard Rymer Declaration, ("Rymer Decl."), ECF No. 46; the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, ECF No. 47; and the Richard Katzman Declaration with nine exhibits, ECF No. 49-1. In support of its opposition Defendant filed the Janice Olsen Declaration with two exhibits, ECF No. 52-1, and excerpts of Plaintiff's deposition transcript, ECF No. 63-3. In support of his reply, Plaintiff filed the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, with two exhibits, ECF Nos. 55, 55-1 & 55-2.
Defendant subsequently filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on May 21, 2014 as to all four of Plaintiff's claims for relief: (1) violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) conspiracy to violate Plaintiff's Equal Protection rights; and (4) violation of Article 1, § 10 of the U.S. Constitution, and Article 1, § 9 of the California Constitution. Plaintiff filed his opposition ("Pl. Opp'n") on June 25, 2014. ECF No. 66. Defendant filed his reply ("Def. Reply") on July 9, 2014. ECF No. 69. Again, the parties filed declarations and exhibits in support of their arguments regarding Defendant's motion. In support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant filed the Abraham Escareno Declaration, ECF No. 63-1; the Janice Olsen Declaration, ECF No. 63-2; and seven exhibits, ECF No. 63-3. In support of his opposition, Plaintiff filed the G. Whitney Leigh Declaration, ECF No. 67, with five exhibits, ECF Nos. 67-1, 67-2, 67-3, 67-4, & 67-5. Plaintiff also filed the Richard Katzman Declaration, ECF No. 68, with seven exhibits, ECF Nos. 68-1, 68-2, 68-3, 68-4, 68-5, 68-6, & 68-7.
Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there are no
The moving party bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of the pleadings, discovery, and affidavits that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Where the moving party will have the burden of proof on an issue at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party, but on an issue for which the opposing party will have the burden of proof at trial, the party moving for summary judgment need only point out "that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case." Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548; accord Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmoving party must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
A plaintiff asserting a claim under § 1983 must demonstrate that (1) the action occurred "under color of state law," and (2) the action resulted in the deprivation of a constitutional or federal statutory right. Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 632-33 (9th Cir.1988) (internal citations omitted). The parties do not dispute that Defendant, a state chartered regional transportation planning and operating agency, acted under color of state law. They dispute only whether Defendant in fact violated any of Plaintiff's U.S. or state constitutional rights.
Plaintiff moved for summary judgment as to his Due Process claim, see Pl. Mot., on the ground that Defendant suspended his pension with insufficient notice, and therefore deprived Plaintiff of his property in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, Compl. ¶¶ 20-26. Defendant denied Plaintiff's motion on two grounds. First, Defendant claimed that Plaintiff does not have a property interest in his pension and therefore has no protection from the Due Process Clause. Second, even if Plaintiff did have a property interest in his pension, Defendant argued its mailing of the bi-annual audit letter provided Plaintiff with constitutionally adequate process. Def. Opp'n, ECF No. 52, at 5-14. Plaintiff bears the burden of proof at trial on his § 1983 claims. Therefore,
An individual has a property interest in a government benefit only if he or she has a legitimate claim of entitlement to it. Knudson v. City of Ellensburg, 832 F.2d 1142, 1144 (9th Cir.1987) (citing Board of Regenets v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)). A mere abstract need or desire is not enough. Id. The underlying substantive interest can be created by "`existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law,'" id. (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701), or from written contracts that serve as "clear evidence of a formal understanding supporting a claim of entitlement," San Bernardino Physicians' Servs. Med. Group, Inc. v. County of San Bernardino, 825 F.2d 1404, 1408 (9th Cir.1987). However, federal constitutional law determines whether that interest constitutes "property" protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1144-45.
Not every state entitlement rises to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest. See, e.g., San Bernardino Physicians' Servs., 825 F.2d at 1408-09 (supplier of medical services to county did not have a constitutionally protected entitlement in its services contract.) However, under Ninth Circuit precedent, "the deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property." Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 905-07 (9th Cir.1993) (emphasis in original); see also Kaplan v. Cal. Pub. Employees' Retirement Sys., No. C98-1246 CRB, 1998 WL 575095, at *9 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 3, 1998) ("The Ninth Circuit has held that the complete deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property.") (Breyer, J.).
Defendant argued that Plaintiff does not have a constitutionally protected property interest in his pension because he does not have a "legitimate claim of entitlement" to it. Instead, Defendant claimed that Plaintiff's only interest is the right for payment under contract. Def. Opp'n, at 7, 9. In support, Defendant cited Lujan v. G & G Fire Sprinklers, Inc., in which a state agency pursuant to state law withheld payment from a subcontractor on public works projects, due to the subcontractor's violations of the California Labor Code. 532 U.S. 189, 191-93, 121 S.Ct. 1446, 149 L.Ed.2d 391 (2001). The Supreme Court held that G & G had no present entitlement to the money G & G claimed was owed; all G & G had was a claim that it complied with the Labor Code and was therefore owed payment in full, a claim that could "be fully protected by an ordinary breach-of-contract suit." Id. at 196, 121 S.Ct. 1446. Defendant also cited DeBoer v. Pennington, 287 F.3d 748 (9th Cir.2002) (Pennington II), which involved the termination of a services contract between a city and the operating company of a city-owned cemetery. DeBoer v. Pennington, 206 F.3d 857, 860-62 (9th Cir. 2000), vacated by City of Bellingham v.
Neither Lujan or DeBoer is applicable here. Both cases involved plaintiffs who lacked a "present entitlement" to the claimed property. Here, Defendant conceded that "Plaintiff's retirement in 2007 triggered an obligation to pay a public pension." Def. Opp'n at 1. Furthermore, in its responses to Plaintiff's first request for admission ("Admit that Katzman's pension vested prior to August 2011"), Defendant responded, "Admit." Exhibit A to the Declaration of G. Whitney Leigh in Support of Plaintiff's Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Whitley Decl. Ex. A"), ECF No. 55-2, at 2. Indeed, Defendant sent Plaintiff a letter dated June 30, 1995 confirming that Plaintiff was vested in the pension plan and that, upon his retirement and successful application for benefits, he would be entitled to receive payments under the plan. Katzman Decl., Ex. A, at 1. Once his pension vested, Plaintiff had a present entitlement to it. See Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1147 (equating a regular pension with a disability benefit, and noting that once a disability benefit vested, the recipient "is entitled under [state] law to receive the benefit").
The Court finds that Plaintiff has a present entitlement to his pension, the deprivation of which amounts to a deprivation of constitutionally protected property.
Whether Plaintiff has a constitutionally protected property interest does not end the inquiry. Next, the Court must employ a balancing test to determine what process is due. Due process is a flexible
In applying the Mathews factors, it is clear that Plaintiff has not carried his burden of identifying the absence of a genuine issue of any material facts. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Under the first factor of the Mathews v. Eldridge test, the Court weighs the private interest Plaintiff has in the uninterrupted receipt of his pension. Relevant to this inquiry is the degree of "hardship imposed upon the [recipient] of the erroneously terminated" governmental benefit once the benefit ends. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 342, 96 S.Ct. 893. For instance, an individual "at the very margin of subsistence" or who relies on his benefits for "the very means by which to live" has a relatively strong private interest in the uninterrupted receipt of his benefit. Id. at 339, 96 S.Ct. 893 (internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast, one whose benefits "are not based upon financial need" is likely to have a weaker private interest. Id. at 340, 96 S.Ct. 893; see also id. at 343, 96 S.Ct. 893 (degree of private interest diminished where individual has "other potential sources of ... income"); Parente v. Town of W. Warwick, 685 F.Supp. 873, 876 (D.R.I.1988) (applying Mathews test and finding that the plaintiff has a "substantial" private interest in his pension benefits when they "constitute a large portion of plaintiff's post-retirement income"). Also relevant in assessing the impact of official action on the private interest is "the possible length of wrongful deprivation of ... benefits," or the time between when the benefits are terminated and when the individual may have a hearing on the benefits' restoration. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 341-42, 96 S.Ct. 893 (citing Fusari v. Steinberg, 419 U.S. 379, 389, 95 S.Ct. 533, 42 L.Ed.2d 521 (1975)).
Here, Plaintiff argued that he has a "compelling interest" in his pension, but cited no facts or federal law to this effect. See Pl. Mot. at 9. Plaintiff also stated that he "depends on his pension benefits from the MTA as one his few sources of post-retirement income," but cited to no part of the record in support of this. Id. at 5. Indeed, the record demonstrates that while it is technically true that Plaintiff has few other sources of post-retirement income, Defendant's pension payments constituted approximately 8 percent of Plaintiff's total income in 2013. Katzman Depo. Tr. 14:1-15:1; 15:21-16:17; 57:17-:24. In addition, the record demonstrated that when Defendant suspends a pensioner's payments because of failure to respond to an audit letter, Defendant restores those payments when it receives a completed and notarized letter. Olson Decl. ¶ 4. In sum, Plaintiff has not carried his burden to show the absence of a genuine issue with regards to the degree of his private interest in the uninterrupted payment of his pension.
The second factor of the Mathews v. Eldridge test is the risk that the MTA's existing audit procedure will erroneously deprive a pensioner of his pension. Here, the Court focuses on "the generality of
In the instant case, Defendant claimed to have conducted approximately 15 bi-annual audits, Leigh Decl., Ex. B, at 5, but Defendant provided approximate statistics for only two of its most recent audits, in 2011 and in 2013, Olsen Decl. ¶¶ 15-16. In 2011, Defendant sent approximately 2,300 bi-annual letters, and as a result of the audit suspended 197 pensions. Olsen Decl. ¶ 16. Defendant subsequently reinstated 191 of those suspended pensions, or determined that the recipient was deceased (although the MTA does not specify how many pensions were reinstated and how many recipients were determined to be deceased.) Id. In 2013, Defendant sent approximately 2,500 bi-annual audit letters, and suspended 186 pensions as a result. Olsen Decl. ¶ 15. Defendant subsequently reinstated 166 of those suspended pensions, or determined that the recipient was deceased (although, again, the separate numbers are not provided.) Id.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Defendant, the Court finds that there is a genuine issue as to the risk that Defendant's existing procedures will erroneously deprive pensioners of their pensions. In his motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff cited Defendant's biannual audit statistics from 2011 and 2013 to argue that the bi-annual audit had an error rate of over 90 percent. See Pl. Reply at 4-5. To arrive at this figure, Plaintiff took the number of pensions that the Defendant reinstated after its audit for each year, and divided by the total number of pensions suspended in that year. Id. Plaintiff's statistical argument is unpersuasive. First, the statistics provided by the Defendant are imprecise. Presumably, if Defendant suspended a pension as a result of its biannual audit, and subsequently reinstated that pension, Defendant suspended that pension in error. However, Defendant combined the number of "suspended pensions... reinstated" with the number of instances where "the recipient was determined to be deceased." Olsen Decl. ¶¶ 15-16. Therefore, because the numbers were combined, it is difficult to determine the error rate, even for the years that Defendant provided statistics. Second, the universe of statistics Defendant provided is limited. Defendant provided approximate audit statistics for only two of Defendant's 15 bi-annual audits. This is too small a sample to conclude that Defendant's biannual audit process has an unreasonably high risk of error. Finally, Plaintiff applied the wrong denominator in its statistical argument. To determine the error
The third and final factor in the Mathews test is the fiscal and administrative burdens that any additional procedural requirements would entail. Relevant to this inquiry is the degree of Defendant's interest in "preventing ... fraud and in avoiding erroneously providing benefits." Ching v. Mayorkas, 725 F.3d 1149, 1158 (9th Cir.2013). Also relevant is the cost of making changes to Defendant's process, although "`[f]inancial cost alone is not a controlling weight in determining whether due process requires a particular procedural safeguard.'" Id. at 1159 (quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 348, 96 S.Ct. 893). Although Plaintiff does not address it, Defendant has a substantial interest in preventing fraud as to its pension system; indeed, Defendant uncovered five instances of fraud through its audit procedure. Whitley Decl. Ex. B at 6. Plaintiff similarly does not directly address the fiscal and administrative burdens that any changes to Defendant's audit procedure would entail, though Plaintiff does suggest several possible modifications. Among Plaintiff's proposed changes are: (1) sending a letter alerting beneficiaries in advance of the biannual audit, Pl. Mot. at 13; (2) instituting a second mailing, id.; (3) using certified mail, id.; (4) establishing a consistent schedule for when Defendant will issue audit letters, id. at 13-14; (5) taking steps to ascertain why a pensioner did not return a letter, id. at 14; and (6) notifying a pensioner that his or her pension has in fact been terminated, id. Defendant disputed the efficacy and practicality of some of these proposals. Defendant did not identify what fiscal or administrative burdens would be entailed by using certified mail, and instead argued that Plaintiff cited no authority requiring use of certified mail. Def. Opp'n at 13. However, in an email submitted as an exhibit to Plaintiff's declaration, Defendant stated that to use certified mail would be "unduly burdensome." Katzman Decl., Ex. F, at 2. Defendant also stated that the MTA does not send multiple audit letters because it would likewise be "unduly burdensome." Katzman Decl., Ex. F, at 2. In addition, Defendant claimed that it has used multiple notices in the past to little effect because a significant proportion of pensioners would wait until the last reminder to provide Defendant with the audit form. Olsen Decl. ¶ 13. Defendant further stated,
Plaintiff failed to show that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Defendant's policy of mailing bi-annual audit letters provided constitutionally deficient process. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment.
Defendant has moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's Due Process claim. Def. Mot. at 6-13. Defendant's motion on this claim is virtually identical — in its language and cited authorities — to the opposition Defendant filed to Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. See Def. Opp'n. Defendant makes essentially two arguments: first, that Plaintiff did not have a constitutionally protected property interest in his pension; second, that Defendant provided Plaintiff with adequate process. Def. Mot. at 6-13. Plaintiff bears the burden of proof at trial on his § 1983 claims. Therefore, as the moving party who will not have the burden of proof at trial, Defendant need only point out that there is an absence of evidence in Plaintiff's case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. As discussed more fully below, the Court finds that Plaintiff does have a property interest in his pension. However, construing all evidence in favor of Plaintiff, the non-moving party, the Court also finds that a triable issue exists as to whether Defendant's bi-annual audit policy provided Plaintiff with constitutionally deficient process. Therefore, the Court DENIES Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's Due Process claim.
As discussed, in Part III.A.1, supra, the Court finds that Plaintiff has a constitutionally protected interest in his pension. Under Ninth Circuit precedent, "the deprivation of pension or disability benefits amounts to the deprivation of constitutionally protected property." Portman, 995 F.2d at 905-07 (emphasis in original). Here, there is no dispute that Plaintiff's pension had vested prior to the events at issue; indeed, Defendant conceded that Katzman's "retirement in 2007 triggered an obligation to pay a public pension." Def. Mot. at 2; see also Katzman Decl., Ex. A at 1 (letter from Defendant confirming that Plaintiff was vested in Defendant's pension plan). Once his pension vested, Plaintiff "is entitled ... to receive the benefit" and therefore has a present entitlement to it. Knudson, 832 F.2d at 1147.
The substantive standard that determines what process is due is the same Mathews v. Eldridge test discussed in Part II.A.2, supra. The standard of proof, however, is different. Here, because Defendant does not have the burden of proof at trial, Defendant need only point out that there is an absence of evidence to support
For purposes of Defendant's motion, the Court assumes, without deciding, that Plaintiff did not have a significant private interest in his pension under the first prong of the Mathews test. Even accepting this as true, Defendant has failed to show an absence of evidence to support Plaintiff's claim with respect to the second and third factors of the Mathews test (respectively, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the property interest through the procedure used, and the fiscal and administrative burdens that any additional procedural requirements would entail.) Defendant advanced two arguments as to why its existing bi-annual audit procedures do not have a substantial risk of an erroneous deprivation of a pension. First, Defendant argued that notice by mail satisfies due process requirements. See, e.g., Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 226, 235-38, 126 S.Ct. 1708, 164 L.Ed.2d 415 (2006) (notice is constitutionally sufficient "if it was reasonably calculated to reach the intended recipient when sent," but holding in this particular case that notice by certified mail was insufficient). While it is true that in some instances notice by mail is constitutionally sufficient, it does not follow that such notice will be constitutionally sufficient in all instances. See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593 ("[D]ue process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.") Second, Defendant pointed to its bi-annual audit statistics from 2011 and 2013 to argue that its error rate is low. Def. Mot. at 12-13; Def. Reply at 3. The Court discussed in detail the deficiencies of Defendant's statistics in Part II.A.2, supra. In sum, the somewhat unclear statistics from only two of 15 bi-annual audits do not show an absence of evidence to support Plaintiff's case. As for the fiscal and administrative burdens that additional procedural requirements would entail, Defendant did not address this point in its moving papers or its reply. See Def. Mot. at 6-13; Def. Reply at 3-4. The record reflects that Defendant told Plaintiff that it would be unduly burdensome for Defendant to send its bi-annual audit letters via certified mail, Katzman Decl. Ex. F at 2, or to send multiple audit notices to pensioners, id. although Defendant does not detail why this would be the case. At the very least, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to what burden would be imposed on Defendant by adopting additional procedural safeguards.
Defendant failed to show that there is an absence of evidence supporting Plaintiff's case. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant's motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's Due Process claim.
In his complaint, Plaintiff alleges that when he transferred employment from Defendant to County of Los Angeles, Defendant excluded Plaintiff from a pension increase granted to all other of Defendant's similarly situated employees. Compl. ¶ 19. Plaintiff therefore brought a claim under § 1983 alleging that Defendant violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Compl. ¶¶ 28-30. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to this claim, arguing that there is no legal basis for Plaintiff to assert an Equal Protection violation. Def. Mot. at 13. Plaintiff's opposition fails to respond.
When a public employee asserts that he or she was arbitrarily treated differently from other similarly situated employees, with no assertion that the different treatment was based on the employee's membership in any particular class (a so-called "class-of-one" theory of equal protection),
Plaintiff made no attempt to identify any evidence in the record that would suggest a genuine issue of material fact as to Plaintiff's Equal Protection claim. Indeed, Plaintiff's opposition fails to respond to Defendant's motion as to this claim. See Pl. Opp'n. Moreover, the Court has not found any evidence in the record to support Plaintiff's Equal Protection claim. Because there is an absence of any evidence to support Plaintiff's claim, and because a "class of one" claim is barred in the public employment context, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's Equal Protection claim.
Plaintiff claimed that when he left the employment of Defendant to take a job with the County of Los Angeles, Defendant colluded with the County of Los Angeles to deny Plaintiff a pension increase that was granted to other similarly-situated employees. Compl. ¶ 19. Accordingly, Plaintiff asserts a conspiracy claim under § 1983 to violate Plaintiff's Equal Protection rights. Id. ¶¶ 32-34. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's conspiracy claim, arguing that because Plaintiff's underlying Equal Protection claim lacked merit, the conspiracy claim was necessarily deficient. Def. Mot. at 14. Plaintiff's opposition fails to address Defendant's motion as to the conspiracy claim.
Conspiracy is not itself a constitutional tort under § 1983. Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 935 (9th Cir.2012) (citing Cassettari v. Nev. County, 824 F.2d 735, 739 (9th Cir.1987)). "Conspiracy may, however, enlarge the pool of responsible defendants by demonstrating their causal connections to the [§ 1983] violation; the fact of the conspiracy may make a party liable for the unconstitutional actions of the party with whom he has conspired." Id. However, because conspiracy is not itself a tort under § 1983, a claimed conspiracy to violate § 1983 must always have an underlying constitutional violation. Id. Therefore, if a plaintiff's underlying § 1983 violation is deficient, any alleged conspiracy based on that defective § 1983 claim is precluded. Cassettari v. County of Nevada, 824 F.2d 735, 739 (9th Cir.1987); Dooley v. Reiss, 736 F.2d 1392, 1395 (9th Cir.1984) ("The absence of an actual deprivation implies that plaintiffs also failed to state a section 1983 claim
Here, Plaintiff's "class-of-one" Equal Protection claim is insufficient to state a claim for deprivation of Plaintiff's Equal Protection rights under § 1983. See Part III.C, supra. Therefore, Plaintiff's conspiracy claim is legally precluded. Moreover, just as there is an absence of evidence to support Plaintiff's Equal Protection claim, there is an absence of evidence to support Plaintiff's conspiracy claim. In addition, Plaintiff does not point to any genuine issues of material fact that would support his conspiracy claim. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's conspiracy claim.
Plaintiff claimed that Defendant enacted its bi-annual audit procedure after Plaintiff's pension had vested, and that Defendant modified Plaintiff's pension contract. See Compl. ¶¶ 35-40. Therefore, Plaintiff argued Defendant violated U.S. and California Constitutional provisions barring the impairment of contracts. Id. Defendant moved for summary judgment as to this claim, arguing that there was no change in law because Defendant's bi-annual audit procedures were already in place at the time Plaintiff's pension vested. Def. Mot. at 14-16. Defendant also argued that the Impairments Clause of both the U.S. and California Constitutions bar legislative actions that impair contracts, and that the actions of Defendant are not legislative. Id. Finally, even if Defendant's actions were legislative, and Defendant did enact its bi-annual audit policy after Plaintiff's pension rights vested, Defendant argued its bi-annual audit policy does not substantially impair Plaintiff's contractual rights. Id. Plaintiff opposed Defendant's motion as to the Impairments Clause claim. Plaintiff argued that Defendant has delegated legislative authority to enact procedures governing its pensions, and therefore its act constituted legislative action. Pl. Opp'n at 21. Plaintiff also argued that Defendant failed to establish that its bi-annual audit policy was in place at the time Plaintiff's pension vested,
The Contracts Clause of the U.S. Constitution states in relevant part: "No State shall ... pass any ... Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts."
The threshold inquiry is whether the state law has caused a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship. Energy Reserves Group, 459 U.S. at 411, 103 S.Ct. 697. Total destruction of contractual rights is not necessary for a finding of substantial impairment. United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey, 431 U.S. 1, 17, 97 S.Ct. 1505, 52 L.Ed.2d 92 (1977). Yet, the impairment must be "substantial" or the constitutional inquiry ends. Allied Structural Steel v. Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 245, 98 S.Ct. 2716, 57 L.Ed.2d 727 (1978). To rise to the level of substantial impairment, the impairment must "deprive[] a private party of an important right, thwart[] performance of an essential term, defeat[] the expectations of the parties, or alter[] a financial term." S. Cal. Gas Co. v. City of Santa Ana, 336 F.3d 885, 890 (9th Cir.2003). "`Minimal alteration of contractual obligations may end the inquiry at its first stage.'" Nw. Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. Tahoe Reg'l Planning Agency, 632 F.2d 104, 106 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Allied Structural Steel, 438 U.S. at 245, 98 S.Ct. 2716).
Here, the undisputed facts show that any impairment which resulted from Defendant's audit policy was minimal. The bi-annual audit policy required pension recipients, once every two years, to notarize the audit form, a service which even Plaintiff acknowledged costs only ten dollars. See Katzman Dep. Tr. 36:18-:23; see also Cal. Gov't Code § 8211 (setting a maximum fee of ten dollars for a notary public "taking an acknowledgment or proof of a deed, or other instrument, to include the seal and the writing of the certificate"). Defendant also offered to verify the signatures of pensioners for free if the pensioner visits Defendant's offices in Los Angeles. Katzman Decl Ex. D. In addition, Defendant would accept a bank's certification of a pensioner's signature in lieu of
Plaintiff appears not to dispute that the direct costs imposed by Defendant's audit procedure are small. Rather, Plaintiff argued that pensioners also have to bear "the costs of traveling to a notary" and the "loss of time expended obtaining notarization." Pl. Opp'n at 23. But this ignores the fact that a pensioner can have his or her signature verified at no cost by a bank or the Defendant, and therefore need not travel to a notary. Moreover, Plaintiff does not offer any evidence as to what the costs of traveling to a notary are, and therefore fails to show that there is a material issue as to the costs imposed by Defendant's audit policy. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (once party moving for summary judgment meets its initial burden, nonmoving party must set forth "specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.")
Plaintiff, citing California law, also argued that if Defendant modified its pension system in a way that creates disadvantages to pensioners, those must be offset by affording pensioners comparable advantages. Pl. Opp'n at 23. Under California law, an employee's vested pension rights may be modified prior to the employee's retirement for the purpose of, among other things, "maintain[ing] the integrity of the system." Betts v. Bd. of Admin., 21 Cal.3d 859, 148 Cal.Rptr. 158, 582 P.2d 614, 617 (1978). Such modifications must be reasonable. Id. "To be sustained as reasonable, alterations of employees' pension rights must bear some material relation to the theory of a pension system and its successful operation," and any changes which "result in disadvantage to employees should be accompanied by comparable new advantages." Id. California courts have held that the "preservation or protection" of a pension system are reasonable justifications for modifications to that system. Int'l Assn. of Firefighters v. City of San Diego, 34 Cal.3d 292, 193 Cal.Rptr. 871, 667 P.2d 675, 680 (1983); Claypool v. Wilson, 4 Cal.App.4th 646, 6 Cal.Rptr.2d 77, 88-89 (1992). Here, again assuming that Defendant modified its audit procedure after Plaintiff's pension right vested, the reason Defendant offered for its audit policy — to prevent fraud and therefore protect the integrity of its pension system — is reasonable. See Claypool, 4 Cal.Rptr. at 88-89. Imposing such a policy offers pensioners the advantage of drawing from a pension fund that is less susceptible to fraud. Moreover, any disadvantages to pensioners are slight: they are merely required to have their signatures verified once every two years, a service that costs anywhere from nothing to ten dollars. Therefore, to the extent that Plaintiff challenged Defendant's policy for being unreasonable, or not offering pensioners any advantages comparable to attendant disadvantages, Plaintiff's argument fails.
Defendant's bi-annual audit procedure does not substantially impair Defendant's contractual relationship with its pensioners. Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's claim under the Contracts
For the foregoing reasons, the Court: