MEMORANDUM OPINION REGARDING MOTION FOR AWARDS OF ATTORNEYS' FEES AND EXPENSES AGAINST NETFLIX, INC.

MICHAEL E. WILES, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE.

Relativity (defined below) and Mr. Ryan Kavanaugh have filed a motion seeking reimbursement of attorneys' fees and expenses they incurred during litigation against Netflix, Inc. [Docket No. 1963]. The litigation resulted in an Order and Injunction [Docket No. 1932] that was issued for the reasons set forth in a written bench decision dated June 1, 2016. [Docket No. 1948]. The Court holds that Relativity is entitled to an award of attorneys' fees and expenses as to Relativity's own counsel, but that Mr. Kavanaugh and Relativity are not entitled to reimbursement of fees and expenses incurred by Mr. Kavanaugh's counsel. The Court also holds that the amount that Netflix is obligated to pay to Relativity is $818,547.48, consisting of $795,732.50 in reasonable attorneys' fees and $22,814.98 in litigation expenses. This award is without prejudice to further applications to recover fees and expenses incurred in connection with Netflix's appeals from this Court's Order and Injunction.

Background

Relativity Media, LLC entered into a License Agreement with Netflix dated June 1, 2010. The License Agreement described terms under which first run, theatrically released films would later be made available for distribution by Netflix. In exchange, Netflix agreed to pay license fees that were tied to the theatrical box office receipts. Amendments to the License Agreement assigned the licensor's rights to RML Distribution Domestic, LLC ("RML") and granted certain rights to affiliates of RML as to films in which they had interests. Those affiliates include Armored Car Productions, LLC and DR Productions, LLC, who own rights regarding the films Masterminds and The Disappointments Room. RML, Armored Car Productions, LLC and DR Productions, LLC were debtors in these cases, and for ease of reference these three debtors will be referred to here as "Relativity."1

Relativity and Netflix executed "Notices of Assignment" under which certain of Relativity's rights regarding license fees for Masterminds and The Disappointments Room were assigned to secured creditors. In the Notices of Assignment, Netflix agreed that minimum license payments would be made to the secured lenders by no later than a specified date, regardless of whether a theatrical release of the films had occurred by that date. After the plan of reorganization in these cases became effective Relativity asked Netflix to execute "Date Extension Amendments" to these Notices of Assignment. The amendments were based on the revised agreements with the secured creditors that had been incorporated in the confirmed plan, and they postponed the dates when Netflix was required to make payments to the secured creditors in light of the new planned theatrical release dates for the two films. However, Netflix refused to execute the proposed amendments. Netflix took the position that it had the contractual right to make payments to the secured lenders in June 2016 and then immediately to distribute Masterminds and The Disappointments Room through Netflix's own delivery services, without waiting for prior theatrical releases of the films.

After a trial, this Court held that Netflix's claimed contractual rights were inconsistent with positions that Netflix had taken during prior hearings and with findings the Court previously made. The Court therefore held that Netflix was barred by res judicata and by judicial estoppel from asserting that Netflix had the contractual rights to distribute the films before they had been theatrically released. The Court also held that Netflix's asserted contract rights were not consistent with the terms of the parties' written agreements and with the evidence at trial, which made clear that Netflix had no right to distribute licensed films without a prior theatrical release.

Paragraph 10.2 of the License Agreement provides that the "prevailing party" in any litigation "arising out of or relating to" the agreement is entitled to reimbursement of its reasonable costs and expenses, including reasonable outside attorneys' fees. Relativity contends that it was a "prevailing party" in the litigation against Netflix. Mr. Kavanaugh (Relativity's CEO and a plan proponent) contends that he, too, was a party to the litigation and that his own attorneys' fees and expenses should be paid by Netflix. Alternatively, Mr. Kavanaugh and Relativity contend that Relativity was obligated to reimburse Mr. Kavanaugh for his fees and expenses and that Mr. Kavanaugh's legal expenses therefore are "expenses" of Relativity that Netflix is contractually obligated to pay. Relativity seeks $795,732.50 in fees and $22,814.98 in expense reimbursements for periods ending May 27, 2016. Mr. Kavanaugh seeks $427,727.50 in fees and $17,775.63 in expense reimbursements for the same period. Relativity and Mr. Kavanaugh also have reserved their rights to seek additional awards of fees and expenses incurred after May 27, 2016 as a result of continuing litigation, including Netflix's appeals from the Order and Injunction. See Transcript, September 15, 2016 [Docket No. 2075] at 19.

Netflix contends that the underlying litigation was an effort to enforce the confirmed plan of reorganization and was not an action "on a contract," and that Netflix has no obligation to pay its opponents' fees and expenses. Netflix further argues that Mr. Kavanaugh was not a moving party or a prevailing party in the underlying litigation; that Mr. Kavanaugh is not a party to the License Agreement and therefore has no rights to seek fees or expense reimbursements under that agreement; and that Relativity's obligation to reimburse Mr. Kavanaugh for his expenses as plan proponent does not entitle Relativity to seek those amounts from Netflix. Netflix also asserts that the fee requests are excessive, and that Relativity is barred from seeking litigation "expenses" (other than taxable costs) through a post-trial motion.

The Submitted Record

Rule 54 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure applies to the motion for awards of attorneys' fees. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7054, 9014; Fed. R. Civ. P. 54. The parties have submitted numerous exhibits, declarations and briefs, and for the most part they have agreed that the Court should resolve the motions based on the submitted materials and the arguments of counsel, without the need for oral testimony or cross-examination. See Transcript, August 18, 2016 [Docket No. 2045] at 12-13 (confirming parties' agreement as to the procedure); 10-54 Moore's Federal Practice — Civil § 54.157[3] (confirming that requests for attorneys' fees may be resolved by motion and based on briefs and evidentiary submissions and without the need for a trial). The exceptions are as to the requests to recover "expenses" other than taxable court costs. As noted above, Netflix contends that a request to recover nontaxable expenses is a contractual damage claim that cannot be made through a post-trial motion.

Section 1717 of the California Civil Code

The License Agreement is governed by California Law. Section 1717 of the California Civil Code provides in relevant part:

Cal. Civ. Code § 1717.

Section 1717 "was originally enacted to establish mutuality of remedy when a contract makes recovery of attorney fees available only for one party and to prevent the oppressive use of one-sided attorney fees provisions." PLCM Group, Inc. v. Drexler, 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1090-91, 95 Cal.Rptr.2d 198, 997 P.2d 511 (Cal. 2000). Section 1717 entitled a contracting party to attorneys' fees in an action "on a contract" whenever the other contracting party would have had a contractual right to such fees if it had prevailed. "Unilateral" contractual rights to recover fees were automatically made mutual.

Section 1717 has engendered much litigation over the years, and two principles have emerged from the California court decisions that are relevant to the motion before this Court.

First, the California courts have ruled that section 1717 is applicable to all requests for awards of attorneys' fees that arise in actions "on a contract." Accordingly, for example, the rules in section 1717 regarding the identification of a "prevailing party" — including the rule that there is no prevailing party in an action that is voluntarily dismissed or that is settled — apply to all actions "on a contract" in which parties seek to recover attorneys' fees, no matter what the parties' contract says. Santisas v. Goodin, 17 Cal.4th 599, 616-17, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 830, 951 P.2d 399 (Cal. 1998). In this regard section 1717 may expand some rights under a contract (by conferring a right to fees upon a party who otherwise does not have them) while restricting other contractual rights (by barring fee awards in cases that are settled).

Second, section 1717 applies only to actions that are "on a contract." Parties may agree, in a contract, to be liable for fees and expenses that are incurred in other kinds of actions. Accordingly, the California Supreme Court confirmed in Santisas that section 1717 does not limit in any way the enforcement of a contractual right to attorneys' fees in litigations that are not "actions on a contract." Id. at 615, 617, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 830, 951 P.2d 399. If a litigation is not an "action on a contract," then a party's contractual right to recover fees is determined solely by the contract itself. Id.

Discussion

I. Relativity May Recover its Own Reasonable Fees and Expenses

Netflix contends that Relativity may not recover fees and expenses because the litigation was not an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717, but instead was a request for relief under section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code. Netflix similarly contends that Relativity did not prevail on a contract claim, but instead prevailed only on a claim under section 1142. In this respect Netflix urges the Court to adopt a highly restrictive interpretation of what constitutes an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717. Netflix argues that it is not enough that Netflix asserted contract rights and that the litigation involved contract issues; instead, in Netflix's view, "[e]ven if there were ancillary issues relating to the contract, it is the characterization of the moving parties' action that controls" in deciding whether 1717 is applicable. See Netflix Opposition [Docket No. 1997] at 21 (emphasis in original). Netflix believes that Relativity's invocation of section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code as a basis for relief requires this Court to conclude that the underlying dispute was not an action "on a contract."

Netflix's argument is a curious one in at least one respect. By its terms, Civil Code section 1717 only applies if the underlying action was an "action on a contract." If Netflix were right — if the invocation of section 1142 meant as a technical matter that the dispute before this Court was not an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717 — that would just mean that section 1717 does not apply at all. In that case, Relativity would still have rights to recover fees and expenses on its section 1142 motion so long as its contract with Netflix provided for such fees and expenses. See Santisas v. Goodin, supra, 17 Cal.4th at 615, 617, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 830, 951 P.2d 399. During argument, Netflix's counsel acknowledged that section 1717 would not limit any contractual right to fees that Relativity might have to the extent the parties' dispute was not a dispute "on a contract." See Transcript, July 21, 2016 [Docket No. 2012] at 33.

Here, section 10.2 of the License Agreement provides that the prevailing party is entitled to recover fees and expenses "in any litigation or other proceeding arising out of or relating to" the License Agreement. Netflix argues that the mere fact that a dispute is "related" to a contract, or "involves" contract issues, does not make it an "action on a contract" for purposes of section 1717. But Netflix itself has consistently argued that the parties' disputes did "arise out of" and "relate to" the parties' License Agreement. See, e.g., Netflix Opposition [Docket No. 1868] at ¶¶ 10, 20-21, 34, 60-73; Netflix's Motion to Compel Arbitration [Docket No. 1892] at ¶¶ 1, 13, 18-19; and Netflix's Motion In Limine to Exclude Extrinsic Evidence [Docket No. 1906] at ¶ 1. So even if Netflix were right in its restrictive interpretation of the words "on a contract," that would just mean that section 1717 is not relevant, and Netflix's own repeated admissions that the parties' disputes arose out of and related to the License Agreement would still entitle Relativity to recover its fees and expenses.

In any event, Netflix also is wrong in its contentions about what constitutes an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717, and as to whether Relativity was a "prevailing party."

A. The Dispute between Relativity and Netflix Was "On a Contract" for Purposes of Section 1717

The question of whether an action is "on a contract" is liberally construed by the California courts. Turner v. Schultz, 175 Cal.App.4th 974, 979, 96 Cal.Rptr.3d 659 (2009). So long as a dispute "involves" a contract, or "arises out of, is based upon, or relates to an agreement by seeking to define or interpret its terms or to determine or enforce a party's rights or duties under the agreement," the dispute is an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717. Douglas E. Barnhart Inc. v. CMC Fabricators, Inc., 211 Cal.App.4th 230, 241-42, 149 Cal.Rptr.3d 440 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist.2012); see also Hjelm v. Prometheus Real Estate Group, Inc., 3 Cal.App.5th 1155, 1169-70, 208 Cal.Rptr.3d 394 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2016).

In addition, under section 1717 a party "prevails" on a contract claim if the party successfully resists an assertion of contract rights, even if the party does so by arguing "the inapplicability, invalidity, unenforceability, or nonexistence of the same contract." Santisas v. Goodin, supra, 17 Cal.4th at 611, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 830, 951 P.2d 399 (quoting N. Associates v. Bell, 184 Cal.App.3d 860, 865, 229 Cal.Rptr. 305 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 1986)). In other words, a party does not even have to acknowledge that a contract exists in order to be a prevailing party in an action "on a contract." Prevailing in a dispute over the claimed application of a contract, where such contract contains a fee provision, is sufficient. This is because the party who unsuccessfully asserted contract rights would have been entitled to fees if it had prevailed in establishing such rights, and under section 1717 that right must be mutual. Id.; see also Turner v. Schultz, 175 Cal.App.4th at 980, 96 Cal.Rptr.3d 659; Shadoan v. World Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 219 Cal.App.3d 97, 107, 268 Cal.Rptr. 207 (1990); IMO Dev. Corp. v. Dow Corning Corp., 135 Cal.App.3d 451, 464, 185 Cal.Rptr. 341 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. 1982).

Netflix nevertheless argues that the mere invocation of section 1142 is enough to take the parties' dispute outside the ambit of section 1717. It contends that "courts applying California law have consistently held that a party has no right to contractual attorneys' fees in a proceeding seeking relief under the Bankruptcy Code, as opposed to relief on a contract." See Netflix Opposition [Docket No. 1997] at 3, 19-22. In other words, Netflix suggests that the Court should look only at the name of the motion and the statute or rule under which it was filed, and that the Court should ignore the nature of the defenses that Netflix raised and the source of the rights that Netflix claimed. Netflix's argument is not consistent with the California authorities cited above. It is also a misstatement of what prior federal court decisions have held.

Federal courts in the Ninth Circuit have held that an action is not "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717 if the issue decided by a bankruptcy court did not involve litigation over a contract's meaning or enforceability. In Bos v. Board of Trustees, 818 F.3d 486 (9th Cir. 2016), for example, a chapter 7 creditor argued that a debtor should not be discharged from a judgment because the debt allegedly had been incurred through "fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement or larceny." Id. at 488. The debtor prevailed, and then sought to recover attorneys' fees under the parties' contract. The Court of Appeals held that the dischargeability action was not itself an "action on a contract" because the proceeding "in no way required the bankruptcy court to determine whether or to what extent the Trust Agreements or the Note were enforceable against Bos, or whether Bos had violated their terms." Id. at 190, 268 Cal.Rptr. 207.

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals distinguished Bos from its decision just one year earlier in Penrod v. AmeriCredit Financial Services, Inc., 802 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2015), while affirming the continued validity of the Penrod decision. In Penrod, a creditor argued that a proposed chapter 13 plan was not consistent with the creditor's contractual rights and therefore could not be confirmed. The debtor ultimately prevailed, and then sought reimbursements of attorneys' fees under the parties' contract. The Court of Appeals held that the underlying litigation was an "action on a contract" because the creditor had sought to enforce a claimed contractual right when it objected to confirmation of the chapter 13 plan. Id. at 1088. Since "[t]he only possible source of [AmeriCredit's] asserted right was the contract," and since the only issue in the litigation was whether the relevant contract provision was in fact enforceable under its own terms or was made partially inapplicable in bankruptcy, the debtor had prevailed on a claim "on a contract" for the purposes of § 1717. Id. This was true even though the bankruptcy court had not resolved any dispute over the interpretation of the contract.

The decision in Penrod makes clear that Relativity's dispute with Netflix qualifies as an action "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717. The License Agreement, and the Notices of Assignment, were the sole source of Netflix's contentions: (1) that Netflix did not have to execute the Date Extension Amendments; (2) that Netflix could distribute Masterminds and The Disappointments Room on its own networks in June 2016; and (3) that Relativity was not entitled to relief. The parties' contracts were also the sole source of Netflix's contention that the dispute should be arbitrated. It is true that Relativity sought relief under section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code, but Netflix did not challenge the application of section 1142 on any ground other than Netflix's claimed contractual rights. The Court held that Netflix was barred from asserting the contractual rights that it claimed, that arbitration was not required, and also that Netflix's contractual claims were wrong on the merits. Under California and Ninth Circuit precedents, that judgment resolved a dispute "on a contract" for purposes of section 1717.

B. Relativity Was the Prevailing Party

Netflix argues that Relativity only obtained relief under section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code and not under the contract, and therefore Relativity was not a "prevailing party" for purposes of section 1717. Netflix's argument cannot be squared with the Penrod decision, which confirmed that a debtor who obtained confirmation of a chapter 13 plan nevertheless was the prevailing party in a dispute "on a contract" because contract issues were the only grounds for a creditor's objection to the proposed plan. Netflix's argument also cannot be squared with the Santisas decision, which confirmed that a party "prevails" in a dispute "on a contract" if the party successfully defeats the assertion of a claimed contractual right. Santisas v. Goodin, supra, 17 Cal.4th at 611, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 830, 951 P.2d 399. See also In re Branford Partners, LLC, 2008 WL 8444795, at *8 (9th Cir. BAP 2008) (action was "on a contract" and fees were awarded after asserted equitable liens were dismissed based on their avoidability under the Bankruptcy Code); In re Martin, 491 B.R. 122, 127-30 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2013) (action was "on a contract" and fees were awarded after a deed of trust was found to be unenforceable based on the operation of the Bankruptcy Code); Weber v. Langholz, 39 Cal.App.4th 1578, 1585-86, 46 Cal.Rptr.2d 677 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 1995) (action was "on a contract" where defendant sought rescission of a loan under the Federal Truth in Lending Act).

In this case, Netflix never quarreled with the proposition that section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code allows the Court to compel parties to execute instruments necessary to implement a confirmed plan of reorganization. Netflix's asserted contractual defenses were the sole ground on which it resisted the requested relief under section 1142. Relativity prevailed in the litigation over those claimed contractual defenses. More particularly, Relativity prevailed on the res judicata, judicial estoppel and substantive contract issues, as well as on Netflix's contention that the contract required arbitration of the dispute. The Court did not compel Netflix to execute the specific Date Extension Amendments that Relativity had proffered, because further proceedings in another court would be needed to determine the appropriate new "outside date" to be included in such amendments. In all important respects, however, the Court granted Relativity the relief that it sought. See Merced Production Credit Ass'n v. Sparkman (In re Sparkman), 703 F.2d 1097, 1100 (9th Cir. 1983) ("the party who obtains a favorable judgment is deemed to be the prevailing party even though he did not successfully obtain all the relief which he sought in the action"); see also Hsu v. Abbara, 9 Cal.4th 863, 877, 39 Cal.Rptr.2d 824, 891 P.2d 804 (Cal. 1995) (party can be the prevailing party even if some relief is denied, so long as the party has "achieved its main litigation objective").

C. No Apportionment of Fees and Expenses Is Proper or Necessary

Netflix argues that the request for relief under section 1142 was the equivalent of a "cause of action" that was separate from contract issues and that Relativity's attorneys' fees and expenses should be "apportioned" so as to eliminate those attributable to the section 1142 issues. But in this case, as noted many times above, Netflix never opposed relief under section 1142 on any grounds other than contractual grounds. Netflix's contention that there was a "separate" litigation over the application of section 1142 is therefore unfounded. In addition, no apportionment would be proper even if the motion for relief under section 1142 were viewed as a separate or parallel cause of action. The California Supreme Court has made clear that attorneys' fees need not be apportioned when incurred in the litigation of an issue that is common to both a contractual cause of action and another cause of action. Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson, 25 Cal.3d 124, 129-30, 158 Cal.Rptr. 1, 599 P.2d 83 (Cal. 1979). The California courts similarly have held that apportionment is not required when claims are so intertwined that it would be impracticable, if not impossible, to separate the attorneys' time into compensable and noncompensable units. Hjelm v. Prometheus Real Estate Group, Inc., 3 Cal.App.5th at 1178, 208 Cal.Rptr.3d 394. Since contractual defenses were the only issues raised in opposition to the requested relief under section 1142, there is no "apportionment" that is required or that would be practicable.

II. Mr. Kavanaugh Has No Right to Reimbursement Under Section 1717

Mr. Kavanaugh contends that under Civil Code Section 1717 the presence of an attorneys' fee provision in the License Agreement entitles him to attorneys' fees based on his participation in the litigation against Netflix, even though he is not a party to the License Agreement. The Court disagrees.

A. Mr. Kavanaugh Was a Moving Party

Netflix contends that Mr. Kavanaugh was not a "moving party" and thus could not have been a "prevailing party" in the litigation. The record on this point is far more muddled that it should have been. The name and address of Mr. Kavanaugh's counsel appear on the cover page and the signature page of the initial motion for relief under section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code and on many other supporting papers. See Reorganized Debtors' Motion for Relief [Docket No. 1859]; Reorganized Debtors' Motion to Shorten Time [Docket No. 1860]; Reorganized Debtors' Reply to Netflix Opposition [Docket No. 1877]; Reorganized Debtors' Prehearing Brief [Docket No. 1904]. However, the text of each of those documents identifies the "Reorganized Debtors" as the moving parties, and each document describes relief that the "Reorganized Debtors" sought. The cover pages and signature pages, in which counsel are identified, are the only places in which Mr. Kavanaugh's name even appears in these documents.

Netflix, in at least some of its opposition papers, treated the motion for relief as having been filed by Relativity and also by Mr. Kavanaugh. See Netflix Opposition [Docket No. 1868] at 1; see also Declaration of Scott McNutt Regarding Availability of Witnesses [Docket 1870] at 2; Netflix's Trial Brief [Docket No. 1910] at 1. In other filings, however, Netflix referred to the pending motion as though it had been filed only by Relativity. See Netflix's Motion to Compel Arbitration [Docket No. 1892] at 1; Netflix's Further Objection to Improper Forum and Demand for Trial by Jury [Docket No. 1905] at 1; Netflix's Motion In Limine to Exclude Extrinsic Evidence [Docket No. 1906] at 1-2.

The issue arose at trial on two occasions. At the opening of the trial, Netflix asked for clarification as to who claimed contract rights as against Netflix. See Transcript, May 19, 2016 [Docket No. 1921] at 8-9. At that point the parties confirmed that the three entities defined in this Memorandum Opinion as "Relativity" were the contracting parties, though Relativity's counsel added that "we think that Relativity Media, the parent, also has an interest, because of the plan issues." Id. On the next day, however — after Mr. Kavanaugh's counsel raised an issue during the examination of a witness — Netflix's counsel objected that Mr. Kavanaugh's counsel should not be heard because Mr. Kavanaugh was not a party to the contracts. Relativity's counsel responded that Mr. Kavanaugh was "a party to the motion," and Mr. Kavanaugh's counsel confirmed that "[w]e did join in the motion, Your Honor, and obviously we're a very key party-in-interest." See Transcript, May 20, 2016 [Docket No. 1938] at 18.

While the moving parties certainly should have been clearer, in context it was clear that Mr. Kavanaugh, in his capacity as a plan proponent, was a "moving party" with respect to the motion seeking relief under section 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code, though he did not contend that he personally was a party to any of the contracts with Netflix or that he had rights thereunder.

B. Mr. Kavanaugh Is Not Entitled To Reimbursement of Fees and Expenses

A contractual right to attorneys' fees normally benefits only the parties to the contract, and this is true under section 1717 as well. See Super 7 Motel Assoc. v. Wang, 16 Cal.App.4th 541, 544-45, 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 193 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. 1993). The California courts have recognized exceptions to this rule where (1) the non-signatory stands in the shoes of a party to the contract, or (2) the non-signatory party is a third party beneficiary of the contract. See generally Cargill, Inc. v. Souza, 201 Cal.App.4th 962, 966, 134 Cal.Rptr.3d 39 (Cal. Ct. App. 5th Dist. 2011); Exarhos v. Exarhos, 159 Cal.App.4th 898, 903-07, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 409 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. 2008) (non-signatory sued as successor in interest); Wholesale Material Supply, Inc. v. Norm Wilson & Sons, Inc., 96 Cal.App.4th 598, 601, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 390 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2002) (suit by assignee of contract rights). Neither of these exceptions applies here.

Mr. Kavanaugh had good reasons to want Relativity to succeed in the litigation before this Court, but he did not "stand in the shoes" of Relativity for that purpose. He was not an assignee of Relativity's rights, and he was not a successor, by operation of law, to any of those rights. Similarly, no party alleged that Mr. Kavanaugh was a "third party beneficiary" of the License Agreement. He is not mentioned in the License Agreement, and made no effort to show that he satisfied any of the tests that would need to be met in order to make him a third party beneficiary. In fact, the License Agreement states clearly that there are no third party beneficiaries, actual or intended. Docket No. 1997, at 5 (citing Hearing Ex. 43-A, at § 10.13); see also Sessions Payroll Management v. Noble Const. Co., 84 Cal.App.4th 671, 680-81, 101 Cal.Rptr.2d 127 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2000) (disclaimer of creation of third party beneficiary rights precluded third party from recovering attorneys' fees under a contract).

The California courts have also applied section 1717 in cases where a non-party has defeated a contention that he or she is bound by a contract. They have done so on the theory that the other party would have been entitled to recover fees if it had succeeded in its claim that the party was bound by the contract, and that right must be mutual under section 1717. In Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson, 25 Cal.3d 124, 158 Cal.Rptr. 1, 599 P.2d 83 (Cal. 1979), for example, a creditor alleged that the shareholders of a company should be held liable, on alter ego theories, for the promissory note obligations of the company they owned. Those promissory notes included attorneys' fees provisions. The defendants prevailed, and then were awarded fees. The court reasoned that since the defendant shareholders were sued as though they were liable under the notes as alter egos of the corporation, the defendants would have had to reimburse the plaintiff's fees and expenses if the plaintiff had succeeded. Id. at 129, 158 Cal.Rptr. 1, 599 P.2d 83. "Since [defendants] would have been liable for attorney's fees pursuant to the fees provision had plaintiff prevailed, they may recover attorney's fees pursuant to section 1717 now that they have prevailed." Id.

Mr. Kavanaugh seeks to fit himself into the rule announced in Reynolds. He argues that if Netflix had prevailed in the litigation it would have sought fees from Mr. Kavanaugh, and so Mr. Kavanaugh should be allowed to do the same. See Motion [Docket No. 1963] at 18-19. However, the baldly stated premise of this argument — that Netflix could and would have claimed fees from Mr. Kavanaugh if Netflix had prevailed — is offered without any explanation or support, and it is simply wrong. Netflix never contended that Mr. Kavanaugh was a party to the License Agreement, or that he had any rights under that contract, or that Netflix had any contractual rights against Mr. Kavanaugh. To the contrary: Netflix made clear that it believed that only Relativity had contractual rights and obligations. See, e.g., Transcript, May 19, 2016 [Docket No. 1921] at 9; Transcript, May 20, 2016 [Docket No. 1938] at 18.

Mr. Kavanaugh never entered into a contract with Netflix. He never claimed that he had rights under the License Agreement, and he was never accused of owing obligations under that contract. Under the prevailing American rule Netflix would have had no right to collect fees from him if Netflix had prevailed. Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 549 U.S. 443, 448, 127 S.Ct. 1199, 167 L.Ed.2d 178 (2007). Since Netflix would not have had a right to a fee award, Mr. Kavanaugh cannot claim "mutual" rights under section 1717. See, e.g., Hsu, 9 Cal.4th at 870-71, 39 Cal.Rptr.2d 824, 891 P.2d 804 (section 1717 applies to a non-contracting party if "that party would have been liable under the contract for attorney fees had the other party prevailed"); Real Property Svcs. Corp. v. City of Pasadena, 25 Cal.App.4th 375, 377-78, 383-84, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 536 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 1994) (same).

III. Relativity's Obligation to Indemnify Mr. Kavanaugh Does Not Make His Fees A Recoverable Litigation Expense of Relativity Itself

Relativity also argues that it has indemnified Mr. Kavanaugh for his attorneys' fees and expenses and that those items are litigation "expenses" of Relativity that Netflix must reimburse.

A. Netflix's Procedural Objection

Netflix argues that with the exception of fees and taxable court costs a party may not recover "expenses" through a post-trial motion, but instead must seek recovery of such amounts through a plenary proceeding. See, e.g., Hsu v. Semiconductor Systems, Inc., 126 Cal.App.4th 1330, 1341, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 82 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2005) (holding that a party who sought to recover expert witness fees needed to plead and prove its entitlement to such fees at trial rather than through a post-trial motion). In Hsu, the court explained that although section 1717 permits attorneys' fees and taxable "costs" to be awarded in a post-trial motion, a dispute over the right to recover nontaxable "expenses" may raise issues of contract interpretation and must be submitted to a trier of fact "pursuant to a prejudgment evidentiary proceeding, not a summary post-judgment motion." 126 Cal.App.4th at 1341-42, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 82 (citations omitted).

Most of the California appellate courts have adopted a rule similar to that followed in the Hsu decision, and have held that in the California courts a request to recover "nontaxable" expenses may not be made through a post-trial motion. See, e.g., Steiner v. Thexton, 2016 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 6039 (Cal. Ct. App. 3d Dist. 2016), at *41-42; Harbison-Mahony-Higgins Builders, Inc. v. Argonaut Constructors, 2012 WL 294427, 2012 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 741 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2012); Unzipped Apparel, LLC v. Apparel Distrib. Servs., LLC, 2010 WL 2674806, 2010 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 5121 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2010); Jones v. Union Bank of Cal., 127 Cal.App.4th 542, 551, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 783 (Cal. Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2005); Carwash of America-PO LLC v. Windswept Ventures No. I, LLC, 97 Cal.App.4th 540, 544, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 536 (Cal. Ct. App. 3d Dist. 2002); First Nationwide Bank v. Mountain Cascade, Inc., 77 Cal.App.4th 871, 92 Cal.Rptr.2d 145 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2000). However, one California appellate court has held that a nontaxable "expense" may be sought in a post-trial motion, at least where the contract explicitly authorizes the recovery of that expense. Thrifty Payless, Inc. v. Mariners Mile Gateway, LLC, 185 Cal.App.4th 1050, 111 Cal.Rptr.3d 173 (2010) (holding that a post-trial motion is sufficient for the recovery of expert witness fees in cases where the parties' agreement authorized the recovery of such witness fees).

A separate question (which the parties have not addressed) is whether the rule set forth in Hsu is a procedural rule that is not applicable here. Section 1717 of the California Civil Code provides a post-trial procedure for the recovery of attorneys' fees and "costs," but as noted in the Hsu decision section 1717 does not provide for the recovery of "nontaxable" expenses through a post-trial motion. By contrast, Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which applies in this Court, states that attorneys' fees as well as "non-taxable" expenses "must" be sought through a post-trial motion. The only exception is where "the substantive law requires those fees to be proved at trial as an element of damages." Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d).

Five Circuit Courts of Appeal have held that a request to recover fees and expenses under a "prevailing party" provision in a contract is not an "element of damages" for purposes of Rule 54(d) and that fees and expenses therefore are properly sought in a post-trial motion. See Richardson v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 740 F.3d 1035, 1039-40 (5th Cir. 2014); Heavy Petroleum Partners, LLC v. Atkins, 457 Fed.Appx. 735, 748 (10th Cir. 2012); Wiley v. Mitchell, 106 Fed.Appx. 517, 522-23 (8th Cir. 2004); Rissman v. Rissman, 229 F.3d 586, 588 (7th Cir. 2000); Capital Asset Research Corp. v. Finnegan, 216 F.3d 1268, 1271 (11th Cir. 2000). As the Court explained in Rissman:

229 F.3d at 588. We have found no reported decisions on this question in the Second Circuit. However, lower courts in other Circuits have followed the reasoning in Rissman.2

Does the decision in Hsu mean that the California courts disagree with the Rissman decision and with the reasoning of the federal Courts of Appeals in the cases cited above? Do the California courts believe that contractual "expense" claims inherently are "damage" claims, no matter what the procedural rules say? Or does Hsu merely stand for the proposition that section 1717 only allows a post-trial motion to recover attorneys' fees and taxable costs, so that procedurally the only way to seek nontaxable expenses in a California court is to do so through a plenary case? The Hsu decision could be read either way. If one traces back through the decisions cited in Hsu one will find decisions that predate the enactment of section 1717 and that held that requests to recover fees and expenses under a contract are items of "special damages" that must be proved at trial. See, e.g., Cirimele v. Shinazy, 124 Cal.App.2d 46, 52, 268 P.2d 210 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 1954). The more recent Thrifty decision, on the other hand, states quite emphatically that there is nothing about a contractual request to recover non-taxable expenses that makes it inherently a "damage" claim that can only be litigated at trial and that cannot be raised after trial. The court held, in Thrifty, that there is "no reason" why a contractual claim to recover nontaxable expenses must be presented "at trial" rather than through a post-trial motion, at least where the contract provides for the recovery of those expenses. 185 Cal.App.4th at 1066-67, 111 Cal.Rptr.3d 173.

Federal court decisions in the Ninth Circuit that have awarded fees and expenses under section 1717 do not help in resolving this issue. We have found numerous decisions by courts in the Ninth Circuit that have applied section 1717 and that have approved awards of nontaxable "expenses" that have been sought through post-trial motions. However, most of these decisions do not discuss the procedural issues, and many do not even mention the Hsu decision. See, e.g., Dollar Leasing, Inc. v. Thornwood Lease Plan, Inc., 1992 WL 33678, at *4-5, 1992 U.S. App. LEXIS 3986, at *12-13 (9th Cir. 1992) (approving district court's allowance of photocopying, word processing, messenger and clerical overtime costs pursuant to section 1717); NuVasive, Inc. v. Madsen Med., Inc., 2016 WL 5118325, at *7-8, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 86870, at *23 (S.D. Cal. July 1, 2016) (district court awarded some nontaxable items as expenses reasonably incurred in connection with the litigation, including travel expenses, and did so in ruling on a post-trial motion); Genesis Merch. Partners, LP v. Nery's USA, Inc., 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190983, at *38 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2013) (district court awarded nontaxable costs through post-trial motion in a matter governed by section 1717).

At least one federal court in California has followed the rule in Hsu and has refused to consider a post-trial motion to recover nontaxable costs that had not been sought at trial. See RD Legal Funding, LLC v. Erwin & Balingit, LLP, 2011 WL 90222, at *5, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2137, at *14 (S.D. Cal. January 10, 2011). However, at least one other federal court in California has declined to follow the holding in Hsu. See Cataphora Inc. v. Parker, 2012 WL 174817, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6449 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2012). The court held, in Cataphora, that it would "waste judicial resources and inject confusion" to require each party to plead and prove its ongoing litigation expenses at trial, before a prevailing party had even been determined. Id., 2012 WL 174817, at *2, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6449 at *8.

There is considerable merit to the reasoning of the decisions in Rissman, Cataphora and Thrifty. The contractual right to recover fees and expenses is triggered only when a party becomes a "prevailing party," and the "prevailing party" is not identified until after the trial is concluded. See also Rockland Trust, 2008 WL 3824791, at *5-6, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61687, at *16-17. If parties were required to prove their litigation expenses at trial, then in this case both Netflix and Relativity would have needed to do so in order to preserve their rights, which would have been inefficient and wasteful. Furthermore, the amounts of fees and expenses that are incurred during a trial change as the trial progresses. Forcing parties to quantify their fees or expenses as "damages" would create a litigation example of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: the very effort to quantify the damages would cause the damages to change. It therefore would be highly peculiar to require, notwithstanding the procedures authorized under Rule 54(d), that the fees or expenses incurred during a trial must be quantified during the trial itself.

The procedural issue discussed above may be more troublesome in cases where juries are impaneled. Here, the underlying dispute was tried to the court, and the request for an award of expenses is being presented to the same court. There is no risk of inconsistent decisions. Instead, there is only a timing issue. The same outcome (from a timing perspective) could just as easily have been accomplished by a bifurcation of the trial so that "expense" reimbursement issues would be determined only after the consideration of other issues and after a prevailing party had been identified. In fact, that is certainly the procedure the Court would have required if the parties had attempted to prove their respective fees and expenses during the prior trial.

In addition, although Rule 54(b) permits fees and expenses to be awarded without an evidentiary hearing, it does not prohibit the Court from holding such a hearing if the circumstances warrant one. In this case, the Court made clear to the parties that it would hold an evidentiary hearing and would take testimony and other evidence on any issues that the parties believed required such a hearing. See Transcript, July 21, 2016 [Docket No. 2012] at 35-37. The current procedure, then, has presented the issues to the Court in exactly the same order that the Court would have considered them if the expenses had been treated as "damage" claims and with the same procedural rights to an evidentiary hearing if one was needed.

Accordingly, in this case the Court believes that it is fully consistent with the federal procedures and the Rissman, Thrifty and Cataphora decisions, and does no violence to the substantive law of California, for this Court to consider the claim for "expense" reimbursements after the prior trial.

B. This Court Has Power to Decide the Motion Under Stern v. Marshall

Netflix argues that requests for reimbursement of nontaxable expenses raise contract issues that needed to be raised can only be decided in a separate litigation and that this Court lacks jurisdiction and power to decide them under Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 131 S.Ct. 2594, 180 L.Ed.2d 475 (2011). The applicable federal rules make clear that Relativity's motion for an award of attorneys' fees and expenses incurred in the underlying litigation is a proceeding that is collateral to the underlying litigation, and is to be decided by the Court that entered the relevant judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54; Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7054, 9014. This Court has the Constitutional power to resolve the collateral issues regarding attorneys' fees for the same reasons that it had the Constitutional power to resolve the underlying litigation. See Bench Decision at 33-34.

C. The Merits of the Claim to Recover Indemnification Payments

Although the Court believes that Relativity is entitled to seek nontaxable "expenses" in a post-trial motion, the Court also believes that Relativity's request to recover its indemnification payments, on the theory that they are litigation expenses covered by the License Agreement, is unfounded. The License Agreement provides that in the event of litigation the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover "its" reasonable costs and expenses, including reasonable outside attorneys' fees. In context that language must be interpreted as referring to the prevailing party's own litigation expenses, not someone else's.

Relativity argues that the prevailing party provision in the License Agreement entitles Relativity to recover any "fees" for which Relativity is or becomes liable, including those for which it is liable by way of indemnity. In support Relativity cites the decision in Trope v. Katz, 11 Cal.4th 274, 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 241, 902 P.2d 259 (Cal. 1995). However, Trope does not stand for the proposition for which it is cited. In Trope, the court held that an attorney litigating in propria persona was not entitled to receive attorneys' fees under section 1717 because those costs were incurred in his representation of himself. In explaining its decision, the Supreme Court of California noted that section 1717:

Trope, 11 Cal.4th at 280, 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 241, 902 P.2d 259 (emphasis original, internal citations omitted). Trope merely stands for the proposition that there is no right to recover an attorney's fee if the client has no obligation to pay an attorney, because in that context the client has not "incurred" a fee. Relativity has taken language out of context in urging that Trope stands for the proposition that a party may treat, as its own attorneys' fees, any fee incurred by another party that is subject to an indemnification provision. No such issue was present in Trope.

Relativity has not offered any applicable precedent, or any evidence, in support of its contention that an indemnity agreement between Relativity and Mr. Kavanaugh is sufficient to make Netflix liable for Mr. Kavanaugh's fees and expenses. If the reference to "expenses" in the License Agreement were to be interpreted this broadly, it would have the effect of unilaterally making Mr. Kavanaugh a third party beneficiary of the attorneys' fee provision in the License Agreement, without any agreement by Netflix that Mr. Kavanaugh would have such rights. It would also reach many other parties whose fees Relativity is obligated to pay, including the secured lenders and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, who monitored the Netflix dispute and submitted papers in connection with it. It strains credulity to think that the parties contemplated such a result when they agreed that litigation "expenses" would be reimbursed.

The general rule is that a party is not entitled to recover attorneys' fees from an adverse party. A contract may vary that rule, but under California law, as explained above, it does so only as to the parties to the contract. Non-parties may not recover fees except in specific circumstances that are not applicable here. Allowing Relativity to expand Netflix's obligations through an indemnity agreement, without Netflix's consent or approval, would do violence to this ordinary principle. The attorneys' fee provision in the License agreement authorizes a prevailing party to recover "its" own reasonable fees and litigation expenses, but that is all. It does not reach other parties whom Relativity has indemnified.

IV. Amount of Reasonable Fees to be Awarded

The parties have agreed that under California law, New York State law and federal law courts used the same "lodestar" method to determine the reasonableness of fees. See Transcript, September 15, 2016 [Docket No. 2075] at 30-31, 37-38; see also Nisselson v. Empyrean Investment Fund, L.P. (In re MarketXT Holdings Corp.), 2006 WL 2583644, at *4 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2006); Gorman v. Tassajara Development Corp., 178 Cal.App.4th 44, 63-64, 100 Cal.Rptr.3d 152 (Cal. Ct. App. 6th Dist. 2009).3 The lodestar method evaluates the reasonableness of an attorney fee by considering "the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate." In re MarketXT Holdings, 2006 WL 2583644, at *4; see also Cruz v. Local Union No. 3 of Intern. Broth. of Elec. Workers, 34 F.3d 1148, 1159 (2d Cir. 1994). The reasonableness of an hourly rate, in turn, is established through comparison with prevailing rates in the legal community "for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation." Id.; see also Ingram v. Oroudjian, 647 F.3d 925, 927-28 (9th Cir. 2011).

Netflix initially challenged the reasonableness of the claimed fees on many grounds, but in later submissions Netflix agreed to narrow its challenges to the following items.

A. Use of Premium Counsel

Netflix argues that Relativity was entitled to hire expensive counsel at Relativity's own expense if that is what Relativity wished, but that under the License Agreement Relativity should only be allowed to recover the fees that less expensive attorneys might have charged. As Netflix was fond of putting it, Relativity should not be allowed to recover the cost of a Cadillac (or a Ferrari) if a Honda Civic would have done the job. See Netflix Supplemental Opposition [Docket No. 2049] at ¶¶ 5, 7; Transcript, September 15, 2016 [Docket No. 2075] at 29, 48. The Court finds that Netflix's arguments about the reasonableness of Relativity's use of the Jones Day firm, and of the reasonableness of the fees that it incurred as a result, are without merit.

The License Agreement requires Netflix to reimburse Relativity for its "reasonable" attorneys' fees. The reasonableness of a party's choice of counsel, and the reasonableness of the attorneys' fees that are thereby incurred, depends on the complexity and importance of the matter being handled. A complicated, fast-paced, "bet the company" litigation requires counsel of higher caliber (and expense) than a routine case that has little at stake. A party may not need a Ferrari to go to the corner grocery store, but winning a Grand Prix race is a different matter.

In this case, the issues that needed to be litigated were of the utmost importance to Relativity. Netflix itself made clear, at confirmation, that it understood that the planned revenues from the distributions of Masterminds and The Disappointments Room, and future payments under the Netflix License Agreement generally, were essential to Relativity's financial forecasts and the feasibility of its reorganization plan. Netflix's actions threatened to cut the legs out from under those financial forecasts and from the reorganization itself. The matter also had to be litigated at a fast pace and under great pressure. The litigation required sophisticated counsel who could devote a great amount of specialized resources to the task on short notice.

In addition, Relativity was represented by the Jones Day firm during the confirmation hearing. It would not have made sense for Relativity to hire different counsel to handle the post-confirmation dispute with Netflix. Familiarity with the prior confirmation proceedings was essential to the litigation of the post-confirmation dispute. Bringing in new counsel would only have hampered the litigation effort. In making a "reasonable" choice of counsel (and in reasonably incurring the associated attorneys' fees) Relativity surely was not obliged to hamper its own litigation efforts. In fact, it is dubious that any substantial savings would have been obtained even if Relativity had retained counsel with lower hourly rates, because such new counsel would have had to spend the additional time needed to become familiar with the entire prior record of the confirmation hearing and with all of the information, evidence and legal research relevant to the License Agreement that Jones Day had already developed.

Furthermore, this Court has previously found that Netflix did not make its post-confirmation contractual arguments in good faith. Bench Decision at 24. Instead, Netflix completely reversed course in its interpretation of the parties' agreement, in the hopes that by doing so Netflix could exert so much financial pressure on Relativity that it might coerce a modification of the License Agreement. Netflix is hardly in a position to criticize the "reasonableness" of the litigation response that Netflix's own conduct made necessary.

Netflix is wrong when it suggests that the "lodestar" calculation requires the court to ignore these factors and instead to compute the "average" fees that all attorneys in the community charge for all kinds of cases. See, e.g., Netflix Supplemental Opposition [Docket No. 2049] at ¶ 10. Billing rates differ widely among firms, and differ widely for different types of matters. Clients regularly (and reasonably) retain large firms, at high billing rates, to handle important and complex cases. As the Supreme Court held in Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984):

A reasonable fee cannot be calculated except in reference to the importance of the issues raised by the case and the fees normally charged by the firm that was retained and by firms of similar caliber and size, and that is precisely what the "lodestar" calculation contemplates. See Farbotko v. Clinton County, 433 F.3d 204 (2d Cir. 2005) (reasonable hourly rate determination "contemplates a case-specific inquiry into the prevailing market rates for counsel of similar experience and skill to the applicant's counsel."); Syers Properties III, Inc. v. Rankin, 226 Cal.App.4th 691, 700, 172 Cal.Rptr.3d 456 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2014) (in California, courts generally look to "equally difficult or complex types of litigation to determine which market rates to apply").

Netflix is also wrong in suggesting that as a matter of law Relativity's own reasonable choice of high-priced counsel should be disregarded in computing a reasonable fee. A "reasonable" attorney's fee "means a fee that would have been deemed reasonable if billed to affluent plaintiffs by their own attorneys." Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 286, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989) (quoting City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 591, 106 S.Ct. 2686, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)); see also In Time Products, Ltd. v. Toy Biz, Inc., 38 F.3d 660, 667 (2d Cir. 1994) ("A district court's award of attorneys' fees pursuant to a contractual fee-shifting provision must be reasonably related to the fee arrangement that the prevailing party would have made with counsel absent a fee-shifting agreement."). Many courts have held that the client's own willingness to pay an attorney at a particular rate is strong evidence of the reasonableness of the attorney's fees. See, e.g., U.S. Bank N.A. v. Dexia Real Estate Capital Mkts., 2016 WL 6996176, at *8-9, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165268, at *26-27 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2016) (approving hourly rates that ranges from $250 to $1055 per hour in part by noting that the client had agree to pay those rates); Tomazzoli v. Sheedy, 804 F.2d 93, 98 (7th Cir. 1986) ("For private counsel with fee-paying clients, the best evidence is the hourly rate customarily charged by counsel or by her law firm.").

Netflix's contention — that "reasonable" attorneys' fees never cover "premium" counsel, and can never cover fees that outside of the middle of the spectrum — would effectively amount to a determination that as a matter of law it is never "reasonable" to retain large firms who charge high billing rates. Such a rule would be arbitrary, and contrary to market practice.

B. Billing Rates

It was appropriate for Relativity to retain the Jones Day firm to handle the dispute with Netflix, for each of the reasons stated above. The applicable case law plainly calls for the Court to determine the reasonable hourly rates for counsel of similar experience and quality to the counsel that Relativity actually and reasonably employed in this case. See Kirsch v. Fleet Street, Ltd., 148 F.3d 149, 172 (2d. Cir. 1998) (rates used for lodestar calculation should be based on prevailing market rates "for comparable attorneys of comparable skill and standing in the pertinent legal community"); see also Kerin v. USPS, 218 F.3d 185, 190 (2d Cir. 2000) (same when suing under a statute which provides for attorney's fees for the prevailing party); Gesualdi v. J.H. Reid, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87705, at *17-18 (E.D.N.Y. June 29, 2016) (same); Savoie v. Merchants Bank, 166 F.3d 456, 463 (2d Cir. 1999) (same when suit confers a benefit upon a class of people); Popal v. Slovis, 646 Fed. Appx. 35, 36-37 (2d Cir. 2016) (same when parties were unable to present a written legal services agreement, basing rate on what the attorney had previously charged clients in similar cases). California courts similarly look to the rates charged by comparable firms for similar types of work. Cabral v. Martins, 177 Cal.App.4th 471, 491, 99 Cal.Rptr.3d 394 (Cal. Ct. App. 1st Dist. 2009) (when awarding attorney's fees pursuant to a statutory fee-shifting provision, lodestar determination in California requires consideration of prevailing hourly rates "for similar work.").

Many courts have held that the best evidence of the reasonableness of the "market" value of a particular law firm's services (and therefore the reasonableness of its fees) are the fees that the law firm normally charges its clients in other matters. Rozell v. Courtney Ross-Holst, 576 F.Supp.2d 527, 544 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (rates that attorneys actually charge their clients is "obviously strong evidence of what the market will bear"); In re Stock Exchanges Options Trading Antitrust Litigation, 2006 WL 3498590, at *9, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87825, at *31 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2006) ("the applicant attorney's customary billing rate for fee-paying clients is ordinarily the best evidence of the market rate"); Anderson v. YARP Rest., 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1106, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 1997) (same). The Court is also entitled to rely on its own experience and knowledge of prevailing rates, In re MarketXT Holdings Corp., 2006 WL 2583644, at *5 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. July 21, 2006), and may take judicial notice of hourly rates approved in other cases involving matters of similar complexity. Townsend v. Benjamin Enters., 679 F.3d 41, 59 (2d. Cir. 2012).

Here, the hourly rates charged by Relativity's counsel were the rates that the Jones Day firm normally charges, and Netflix has not contended otherwise. In addition, this Court has previously approved Relativity's retention of the Jones Day firm as counsel and has approved the fee applications made by the Jones Day firm. Sections 327 and 328 of the Bankruptcy Code only permit a debtor to retain counsel on "reasonable" terms (including reasonable hourly rates), and the approval of compensation under section 330 of the Bankruptcy Code requires the Court to consider whether fees are reasonable in light of the "rates charged" and "the customary compensation charged by comparably skilled practitioners in cases other than cases under this title." 11 U.S.C. §§ 327, 328, 330(a)(3)(B) and (F). The Court of Appeals has emphasized that in making these "reasonableness" determinations a bankruptcy court is supposed to be guided by prevailing market practices. In re Ames Dep't Stores, Inc., 76 F.3d 66, 71 (2d Cir. 1996) (explaining that in section 330 Congress took "the position that `compensation in bankruptcy matters be commensurate with the fees awarded for comparable services in non-bankruptcy cases'"); see also In re United Artists Theatre Co., 315 F.3d 217, 229 (3d Cir. 2003). There is no substantive difference between the market-based determinations that this Court has made under sections 327 through 330 of the Bankruptcy Code and the assessment of a market-based "prevailing" rate for purposes of a lodestar calculation. See In re Northwest Airlines Corp., 382 B.R. 632, 645 (S.D.N.Y. 2008), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Lazard Freres & Co. LLC v. Adams (In re Northwest Airlines Corp.), 399 B.R. 124 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ("Section 330 of the Bankruptcy Code incorporates the lodestar analysis ..."). The Court's prior approvals of the Jones Day billing rates (both at the time of the firm's initial retention and in the approval of fee applications) were based on determinations that those rates were consistent with market rates.

This Court is also well aware of fees that have been approved for comparable counsel in other bankruptcy cases. Relativity offered examples of bankruptcy court approvals of hourly rates charged by other firms that are comparable with those charged by Jones Day. Countless similar examples can easily be found through a review the fees that the judges of this district have approved in other bankruptcy cases. See, e.g., In re MF Global Holdings Ltd., Case No. 11-15059 (MG) (approving retention of Jones Day with partner billing rates ranging from $675 to $1,000 per hour); In re Fairway Group Holdings Corp., Case No. 16-11241 (MEW) (approving retention of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP with partner billing rates ranging from $910 to $1,350 per hour); In re SunEdison, Inc., Case No. 16-10992 (SMB) (approving retention of the Skadden firm with partner billing rates ranging from $935 to $1,425 per hour); In re Sabine Oil & Gas Corp., Case No. 15-11835 (SCC) (approving retention of Kirkland & Ellis LLP with partner billing rates ranging from $665 to $1,375 per hour). As noted above, these billing rates could not have been approved except upon findings that they were consistent with prevailing rates, in the market, for firms of similar capacity and quality for similar matters.

The only material cited in support of Netflix's contrary contentions about "prevailing" rates are its citations to some prior decisions in intellectual property cases in which parties sought reimbursement for lower fees and such requests were approved. See, e.g., TufAmerica Inc. v. Diamond, 2016 WL 1029553, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2016) (considering a statutory fee request in a copyright infringement suit and noting that New York district courts had approved "rates for experienced partners in the range of $500 to $800 per hour"); River Light V, L.P. v. Lin & J Int'l, Inc., 2015 WL 3916271, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2015) (observing, in a Lanham Act case, that courts in this District have observed that rates of $390 to $470 fall at the very top of the spectrum of reasonable hourly rates for associates "in a trademark action"). But neither of these decisions purported to rule on the "prevailing" rates charged by firms for bet-the-company litigations of the kind involved here. Netflix surely must know that the hourly rates involved in TufAmerica and River Light are not the "peak" of the rates that clients ordinarily are willing to pay in cases that threaten the clients' very survival, or that clients ordinarily are willing to pay for the services of the Jones Day firm and firms of similar stature.

Netflix also contends that "based on Netflix's research" the highest partner billing rate that has been approved in this District is $870 per hour. See Netflix Supplemental Opposition [Docket No. 2049] at 28. More recently, however, the District Court has approved an award of fees based on higher billing rates. See U.S. Bank N.A. v. Dexia Real Estate Capital Mkts., 2016 WL 6996176, at *8, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165268, at *26 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2016) (approving hourly rates that ranged from $250 to $1,055 per hour); see also Themis Capital v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2014 WL 4379100, at *7, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124208, at *23 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 4, 2014) (observing that partner billing rates "in excess of $1,000 an hour" are "not uncommon in the context of complex commercial litigation."). Furthermore, Netflix's observation about the billing rates that have been approved in other cases in this District can only be true if Netflix's researchers elected to limit themselves to District Court decisions, and to ignore the legions of cases in which the bankruptcy courts in this district have approved higher billing rates.

The Court in TufAmerica made clear that the determination of a "prevailing" rate must be made with reference to "lawyers of comparable skill, experience, and reputation" and also varies depending on the complexity and difficulty of the case, the resources needed to prosecute the case effectively, and the timing demands of the case. 2016 WL 1029553, at *5 (quoting Miroglio S.P.A. v. Conway Stores, Inc., 629 F.Supp.2d 307, 314 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)). The Court in River Light similarly held that a reasonable hourly rate is "what a reasonable, paying client would be willing to pay, given that such a party wishes to spend the minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively." 2015 WL 3916271, at *11 (quoting Bergerson v. N.Y. State Office of Mental Health, Cent. N.Y. Psychiatric Ctr., 652 F.3d 277, 289 (2d Cir. 2001)). Here, Relativity reasonably was willing to pay the hourly rates charged by Jones Day throughout the bankruptcy case and in the critical post-confirmation battle with Netflix.

C. Time Spent and Assignments of Tasks to Senior Attorneys

Netflix initially criticized the overall staffing of the litigation but ultimately reduced its criticisms to those involving the tasks performed by specific attorneys. Many of the criticisms involved the work of lawyers from the Skadden firm who acted as counsel to Mr. Kavanaugh. In light of the Court's rulings above those issues are moot. Netflix asserted only two criticisms as to the time spent by the Jones Day attorneys and as to the assignments of tasks among those attorneys. First, Netflix argues that Ms. Lindberg (an associate) took notes and tracked exhibits, and that "[t]hese tasks appear to be ones that would generally be proper for a paralegal, not an associate billing at $450 per hour." See Netflix Supplemental Opposition [Docket No. 2049] at 12. Second, Netflix contends that Ms. Wiener (a Counsel with the firm) performed tasks that "appear largely duplicative of those performed by Ms. Lindberg, and again appear more appropriate for a paralegal than an attorney billing at $825 per hour." Id. Netflix also contends that Ms. Lindberg and Ms. Wiener did not both "reasonably" need to attend the trial. Id.

The evidence before the Court includes the daily time records of Ms. Lindberg and Ms. Wiener, plus declarations that describe the work they did. It is plain from those materials that Netflix has understated the nature and importance of the work that these attorneys did.

Ms. Lindberg's work did not just include her attendance at trial. Prior to trial, she drafted witness declarations, helped to prepare witness outlines, and helped to identify documents that would be useful as exhibits during witness examinations. See Declaration of Christina Lindberg [Docket No. 2044] at 2-3. She attended the trial to provide continued assistance with the witness examinations and with the ongoing task of identifying exhibits — which, as anyone who has been a trial lawyer knows, can very much be a "moving target" as a witness testifies, particularly in a fast-moving dispute like this one that has not been preceded by extensive discovery or by any depositions. It is true that Ms. Lindberg took notes, but she did so for the purpose of assisting in cross-examinations and redirect examinations. Notes were essential because the trial was recorded on an audio system and daily transcripts were not available. The tasks that Ms. Lindberg performed required judgment and legal training and were not matters that should have been assigned to paralegals, as Netflix wrongly contends.

Ms. Wiener had previously been involved in the litigation (during confirmation proceedings) of issues relating to the Netflix License Agreement. It was only natural, and an efficient use of personnel, for her to be involved in the post-confirmation dispute. She researched and drafted the initial motion papers that Relativity filed; researched and assisted in drafting papers in opposition to Netflix's arbitration demands; and drafted other briefs and submissions on behalf of Relativity. She had principal responsibility for the preparation of Relativity's pre-hearing brief. She assisted in outlining the closing argument to be presented by Relativity's lead attorney, and supervised many other attorneys (not only Ms. Lindberg but also many attorneys from the Skadden firm) in the hectic work of gathering exhibits for use during witness examinations and ensuring that required materials were in evidence. It is unfair for Netflix to treat her participation as if she merely prepared a passive chronicle of the events that were occurring. It is obvious from the daily time entries, and her declaration, that Ms. Wiener did far more than that.

Trials can be a chaotic experience even under good circumstances. Trials that occur on an accelerated schedule, with no discovery and with far less than the normal amount of time to get organized, are particularly challenging. Handling multiple witnesses properly in such circumstances requires multiple attorneys to prepare examination outlines and to make a careful review and selection of potential exhibits. Those are tasks that require judgment, experience and skill. They are not merely clerical tasks. Under the circumstances the Court finds nothing in the time entries of Ms. Lindberg and Ms. Wiener, or in the nature of the tasks that they were asked to perform, that requires a reduction to the fees sought by Relativity.

Furthermore, in considering the reasonableness of the time spent and the allocation of tasks in this case, the Court is mindful of Justice Kagan's advice that "trial courts need not, and indeed should not, become green-eyeshade accountants." Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 180 L.Ed.2d 45 (2011). Instead, "[t]he essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to do rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection. So trial courts may take into account their overall sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney's time." Id. Netflix, in fact, has urged the Court to dispense with a meticulous ruling on individual time entries and instead to apply a general percentage reduction to the requested fees, based on the Court's sense of how the litigation was conducted. See Netflix, Inc.'s Supplemental Opposition [Docket No. 2049] at ¶¶ 17-19. But the Court does not believe that any such reduction is appropriate. In fact, in considering the efficiency with which the proceedings were handled it should be remembered that a very large part of the work that the Jones Day firm would have been justified in doing was instead allocated to the Skadden firm. This Court has determined that Mr. Kavanaugh is not entitled to a fee award, and so the Skadden firm's time has already been excluded from the computation of fees that Netflix must pay. See Transcript, September 15, 2016 [Docket No. 2075] at 37 ("[i]f I were to not allow the Skadden time ... that would be a little more than the thirty percent [reduction] you've asked for"). Further reductions would not be called for, either based on the Court's review of the time records or based on a consideration of the overall efficiency of the trial effort.

V. Costs and Other Expenses

Finally, Relativity seeks reimbursement of the following expenses that it incurred in connection with the Netflix litigation:

Air Fare                $ 6,147.40
Court reporter fees     $   454.80
Duplication charges     $ 3,100.40
Meals and beverages     $   669.58
Hotel charges           $10,349.31
Late work meals         $    97.64
Late work taxi          $    24.83
Mileage expenses        $    17.28
Parking                 $   233.00
Taxis                   $ 1,457.74
Car services            $   263.00

Total                   $22,814.98

Most of the expenses are travel-related costs that were incurred due to the fact that the Jones Day attorneys who represented Relativity in these cases were mostly based in Los Angeles, and the trial was held in New York. The backup information shows that meal expenses were capped at $20 per person per meal, so that the above charges reflect a lower figure than the amounts actually incurred. Hotel expenses also were capped at $500 per night, which in some instances means that the requested compensation is less than the amounts actually incurred.

Netflix has opposed the requests for an award of these expenses on the ground that they exceed the items that would normally be taxable as costs. However, the License Agreement is not limited to the reimbursement of "taxable costs." Instead, it covers "expenses" incurred, including reasonable attorneys' fees.

Netflix also contends that to the extent the requested "expenses" cover matters other than taxable costs, they needed to be pleaded and litigated at the trial on the merits, and not raised in a post-trial motion. The Court has already addressed this argument in part III.A. above.

The question remains, however, whether a prevailing party fee provision in a contract covers travel costs that are incurred when out-of-state counsel are asked to handle a New York case. The parties have paid little attention to this issue in their papers and have offered no citations to case law.

Here, as noted above, Netflix did not act in good faith when it adopted a new contract interpretation after confirmation of the plan, and Netflix had to expect that the Los Angeles attorneys who had handled the confirmation hearing would handle the post-confirmation litigation as well. It is reasonable under these circumstances to provide compensation for the travel expenses. See Genesis Merch. Partners, LP v. Nery's USA, Inc., 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190983, at *38 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2013) (awarding compensation for lodging, travel and meal expenses for an attorney's attendance at trial "where reasonably necessary to conduct litigation" and citing other cases in which similar compensation had been allowed); see also Northcross v. Board of Ed. of Memphis City Schools, 611 F.2d 624, 639 (6th Cir. 1979) (authority to award a reasonable attorneys' fee includes the authority to aware "those reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the attorney which are normally charged to a fee-paying client," including photocopying and travel costs). Similar expenses are regularly charged to (and paid by) clients, and in the underlying bankruptcy case the Court has regularly approved compensation for similar out-of-pocket expenses. A party might quibble over some items (such as the mileage charge for weekend work), but a great number of voluntary deductions have already been taken and on the whole the requested expense reimbursements are reasonable.4

The Court will enter a separate Order that reflects the rulings in this Opinion.