James WATKINS, Belinda Watkins, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                                      v.

                            FORD MOTOR COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

                                                No. 98-9165.

                                       United States Court of Appeals,

                                               Eleventh Circuit.

                                                Sept. 29, 1999.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 1:96-cv-3017-WBH),
Willis B. Hunt, Jr., Judge.

Before COX, Circuit Judge, FAY, Senior Circuit Judge, and NANGLE*, Senior District Judge.

        FAY, Senior Circuit Judge:

        Plaintiff-Appellants James and Belinda Watkins, as administrators of the Estate of Brian Watkins,

Stacy Purcell, Rachelle L. Oliver and Joseph Washo appeal the district court's order granting Ford Motor

Company's motion for summary judgment. Raised on appeal are two issues: (1) whether the appellants'

evidence was sufficient to meet the exception in Georgia's statute of repose on the design defect claim; and,

(2) whether the failure to warn claim was subject to the same statute of repose. Because a question of fact

exists regarding whether Ford's actions constituted a "willful, reckless, or wanton disregard for property or

life," we conclude that it was error to dismiss the appellants' design defect claim. Similarly, we find that the

appellants' failure to warn claim was not merely a restatement of their design defect claim and therefore was

not subject to O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11's statute of repose. Accordingly, we reverse.

                                                   I. FACTS

        This is a products liability action stemming from an automobile accident that occurred on November

18, 1994. Plaintiff-appellant Joseph Washo ("Washo") was operating his pre-owned 1986 Ford Bronco II

en route to a restaurant after a high school football game. Accompanying him were plaintiffs-appellants Stacy



   *
    Honorable John F. Nangle, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri, sitting by
designation.
Purcell, Rachelle Oliver and plaintiffs'-appellants' decedent Brian Watkins.

        While traveling in an eastward direction, the right side tires of Washo's Bronco II traveled a short

distance off the road. Attempting to bring the vehicle back onto the road, Washo steered to the left and lost

control. In an effort to regain control of the Bronco II, he steered the vehicle back to the right. At this time

the Bronco II flipped, rolling over approximately two and one half times.

        As a result of the accident, Brian Watkins sustained a severe head injury and died. Rachelle Oliver

sustained severe head injuries with bleeding on the brain, and fractured her hip, ankle, and clavicle. Joseph

Washo and Stacy Purcell were also injured in the accident.

        On November 14, 1996, the plaintiffs filed suit against Ford Motor Company alleging, among other

things, handling and stability defects caused the Bronco II to rollover and that Ford failed to warn of the

known rollover hazards. The district judge granted Ford's motion for summary judgment, finding the

plaintiffs' negligence claims were barred by the statute of repose in O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11. The plaintiffs,

arguing that their negligent design claim fell within the exception to the statute and that their failure to warn

claim was not subject to the statute, filed this appeal.

                                         II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This Court reviews de novo the district court's grant of summary judgment, applying the same legal

standard as the trial court. See Jones v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 

, 535 (11th Cir.1992).

We are required to resolve all reasonable inferences and facts in a light most favorable to the nonmoving

party. See Augusta Iron & Steel Works v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 

, 856 (11th Cir.1988).

                                              III. DISCUSSION

        Appellants brought this action against Ford Motor Company pursuant to Georgia's product liability

statute, O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11, contending that Ford's Bronco II was defectively designed and that Ford failed

to warn of the vehicle's dangerous propensities1. Subsection (c) of § 51-1-11 incorporates a statute of repose,

   1
    Georgia Code § 51-1-11(c) reads, in pertinent part, "[t]he limitation of paragraph (2) of subsection (b)
of this Code section regarding bringing an action within ten years from the date of the first sale for use or

                                                       2
barring claims for negligence if the suit is not brought "within ten years from the date of the first sale."

O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11(c).

        Not all negligence claims, however, are subject to the statute of repose. First, the statute does not bar

claims filed more than ten years from the first date of sale if the plaintiff is able to adduce evidence sufficient

to support a finding that the manufacturer acted with a "willful, reckless or wanton disregard for property or

life." 

statute of repose does not bar claims for failure to warn, regardless of the date of first

purchase. See 

is no dispute that Washo's 1986 Bronco II was first purchased more than ten years prior

to the filing of the instant action. Accordingly, the appellants based their negligent design claim on the

exception to the statute of repose and claim sufficient evidence was present to support a finding of willful,

reckless or wanton disregard. They also assign as error the district court's dismissal of their failure to warn

claim, submitting that the district court erred by holding their failure to warn claim was simply a restatement

of their negligent design claim and therefore subject to the statute of repose. For these reasons, they contend,

this Court must reverse the order of the district court.

                                    A. THE NEGLIGENT DESIGN CLAIM

         As discussed above, negligent design claims filed more than ten years from the date of original

purchase are barred unless the defendant acted with a willful, reckless or wanton disregard for property or

life. See O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11; Chrysler Corp. v. Batten, 

, 

, 212(Ga.1994). In the

instant case, there is no question that Washo's 1986 Bronco II was first purchased more than ten years before

the filing of suit and that, therefore, the appellants must meet an exception of the statute or be barred. The

appellants contend that because a question of fact exists regarding the degree of Ford's culpability, summary



consumption of personal property shall also apply to he commencement of an action claiming negligence of
a manufacturer as the basis of liability, except an action seeking to recover from a manufacturer for injuries
or damages ... arising out of conduct which manifests a willful, reckless, or wanton disregard for life or
property. Nothing in this subsection shall relieve a manufacturer from the duty to warn of a danger arising
from use of a product once that danger becomes known to the manufacturer."

                                                        3
judgement on their negligent design claim was error.

         Georgia courts have defined the key words used in the statute. "Willful conduct is based on an actual

intention to do harm or inflict injury; wanton conduct is that which is so reckless or so charged with

indifference to the consequences ... [as to be the] equivalent in spirit to actual intent." 

(quoting Hendon v. DeKalb County, 203 Ga.App. 750, 

(Ga.Ct.App.1992)).

        In this case, the appellants presented an array of evidence addressing Ford's knowledge of stability

problems with the Bronco II and its decision to forgo recommended safety alterations in the design because

it would either delay production or profits would be sacrificed. For example, the appellants presented

evidence that Ford was aware of a "60 minutes" television program that revealed severe rollover and stability

problems with the Jeep CJ—a vehicle the Bronco II was closely patterned after. Reacting to these stability

problems, Ford engineers submitted five proposals intended to increase the stability of the Bronco II.

Management selected the least expensive proposal, rendering the Bronco II less stable than the Jeep CJ. The

appellants' design expert clearly stated that had Ford chosen proposal # 5, at an additional cost of only $83.00

per vehicle, the Bronco II would have been a stable vehicle. See Affidavit of Melvin K. Richardson R-4-39

at ¶ 32. By selecting the least expensive measure, proposal # 2, Ford made profit a priority over the safety

of the consumers. Such evidence has supported findings of a reckless disregard for property or life. See

Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Conkle, 

, 

, 640 (Ga.1993)(evidence that defendant's engineers

"repeatedly informed ... other divisions ... that the frame rail was inadequate and should be replaced" was

sufficient to support a finding of conscious indifference to consequences); General Motors Corp. v. Moseley,

213 Ga.App. 875, 

, 311-312 (Ga.Ct.App.1994)(notwithstanding defendant's compliance with

federal regulation, award of punitive damages was appropriate because defendant did not implement safety

modifications for economic reasons)(reversed on other grounds); Ford Motor Co. v. Stubblefield, 171

Ga.App. 331, 

(Ga.Ct.App.1984)(the defendant's "conscious decision to defer implementation




                                                       4
of safety devices in order to protect its profits" was sufficient to support punitive damages).2

         Ford contends, notwithstanding this evidence, that Richards v. Michelin Tire Corp., 

(11th Cir.1994), bars a finding of willful, reckless, or wanton disregard for property or life when the National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") conducts a safety investigation into a product and

declines to adopt a standard recommended by the plaintiff. We disagree with Ford's interpretation of

Richards.

        In Richards, the plaintiff's-decedent was killed when attempting to mount a tire3. His death was

caused by an explosion when he "mismatched" a 16-inch tire with a 16.5-inch rim. At trial, the plaintiff

proceeded under theories of wanton design and wanton failure to warn. The jury found for the plaintiff,

finding the failure to warn of mismatches constituted a wanton disregard for life.

        The defendant appealed the verdict, claiming the evidence did not support a finding of wantonness.

Although the manufacturer knew of mismatches, the evidence at trial showed that out of thirteen to fifteen

million 16-inch tires, the manufacturer had knowledge of only four mismatches. This Court agreed with the

manufacturer, and held that this evidence was simply too remote to constitute a wanton failure to warn.

Contrary to Ford's argument, the court did not rule that the NHTSA's failure to adopt the warnings

recommended by the plaintiff precluded a finding of wanton conduct. Indeed, the court specifically noted

that "[h]ad the [manufacturer] been aware of a greater number of mismatch accidents, ... [a different

conclusion] may well have [been] reached." 

. Thus, the holding in Richards did



   2
     We recognize that the case cited here address Georgia's punitive damages statute, O.C.G.A. § 51-12-
5.1(b). Punitive damages will only be awarded if, as shown by clear and convincing evidence, the defendant's
actions constitute "willful misconduct, malice, fraud, wantonness, oppression, or that entire want of care
which would raise the presumption of conscious indifference to consequences." O.C.G.A. § 51-12-5.1(b).
The statute in issue here requires a showing, by the lower preponderance of the evidence standard, that the
defendant's conduct amounts to a "willful, reckless, or wanton disregard for life or property." O.C.G.A. §
51-1-11. Because of the similarity between the two standards, we find these cases instructive when
addressing the standard in O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11.
   3
   Mounting a tire to a rim requires that the person match the tire to the rim. It is extremely important to
match correctly, otherwise the tire is liable to explode.

                                                       5
not bar a claim for wanton conduct because the Agency declined to adopt a minimum standard. Rather, the

evidence was simply insufficient to prove that the manufacturer's conduct was wanton.

        We also find Ford's second argument—that the totality of the evidence bars a finding of willful,

reckless or wanton disregard for property or life—unpersuasive. In making this argument, Ford relies

exclusively on the findings of the NHTSA. It is their contention that these findings so strongly refute the

appellants' case that any finding of reckless or wanton disregard for life or property is untenable.

        Specifically, Ford directs our attention to the NHTSA's rejection of a minimum stability standard.

The NHTSA declined to adopt such a standard because "[t]he Agency does not believe that taking the single

step of prescribing a minimum stability factor is the appropriate solution to the multifaceted problem of

vehicle rollover." 52 Fed.Reg. 49033, 49035 (1987). Notwithstanding that decision, the Agency made clear

that it "does not intend to imply that the stability factor has an insignificant role in rollover involvement," and

further stated that "the stability factor has been shown to have a positive statistical relationship to the

likelihood of a vehicle rolling over in an accident.... Those vehicles with higher stability factors tend to have

lower rollover in a crash." 

53 Fed.Reg. 34866, 34867 (1988).

        Moreover, a deeper reading of the Agency's reports reveals that its decision was based on a variety

of factors, including the fear that the industry would sacrifice other safety features in order to meet the

minimum standard, and concluded that cost-benefit considerations did not justify such a standard. See 52

Fed.Reg. 49033, 49037. The decision not to promulgate such a minimum stability standard was not based

on a finding that the stability ratio of a vehicle does not play a roll in the vehicles propensity to rollover.

Therefore, the NHTSA's findings do not, as Ford contends, so strongly disprove the evidence offered by the

appellants so that no reasonable juror could find that Ford acted with the requisite degree of conduct under

O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11(c). We find that the district court relied too heavily on the findings of the NHTSA to

hold that Ford's actions could not meet the exception carved out in O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11(c). Accordingly, we

reverse and remand that portion of the district court's order.



                                                        6
                                           B. FAILURE TO WARN

         The appellants' next assignment of error is the district court's order granting Ford's motion for

summary judgment on the failure to warn claim. Having found the negligent design claim barred by the

statute of repose, the district court was persuaded that the failure to warn claim was simply a restatement of

that claim and that it could not survive the time limitations. The statute, however, states in clear terms that

"[n]othing in this subsection shall relieve a manufacturer from the duty to warn of a danger arising from the

use of a product once that danger becomes known to the manufacturer." O.C.G.A. § 51-1-11(c). This duty

to warn is a continuing one and may arise "months, years, or even decades after the date of the first sale of

the product." 

.

         And so, although Ford's argument may appear sound at first glance, the basis of the district court's

ruling is contrary to the clear language of the statute and contrary to the interpretation of that language by the

courts of Georgia. As stated by the Georgia Supreme Court, it is possible to have a situation where the

plaintiff is barred from bringing a design defect claim and yet is allowed to proceed with a failure to warn

claim based upon the dangers arising from the same alleged design defect. See 

(although plaintiff was barred from bringing a negligent design claim, her claim "based on negligent failure

to warn of the danger arising from the defectively-designed seat belt" was allowed to proceed to trial). Thus,

even were we to conclude that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to the "willful, reckless, or

wanton" conduct of Ford on the defective design claim, the appellants' failure to warn claim would not be

barred automatically.

         As to the record evidence, the appellants introduced evidence tending to show that Ford, prior to

distribution of the Bronco II, had knowledge of stability problems and that the vehicle had a tendency to

rollover at low speeds. The evidence concerning the vehicle's dangerous propensities after distribution of the

1986 Bronco II is greater still. In 1988, Ford's statisticians reported to management that the Bronco II had

a rollover fatality rate 31/2 times that of a standard utility vehicle. Tests done in that same year showed the



                                                        7
Bronco II tipping at speeds at which other similar vehicles remained stable. In 1991 the NHTSA published

the results of five different static stability tests on 57 production vehicles and the Bronco II rated worst

overall. Ford failed to issue any post-sale warnings regarding these stability problems.

         Ford also argues, in the alternative, that summary judgment was warranted because even had a more

complete warning been given it could not have prevented the accident. This argument is based on the

deposition testimony of the appellants' warning expert, Dr. Edward Karnes. In his deposition, Dr. Karnes

stated that once a user made the decision to drive the Bronco II, no warning could guard against the dangers

of rollover. Ford submits that if no warning is sufficient to prevent the risk of rollover, there can be no

causation.

         We find this reasoning unpersuasive, as it misinterprets what is required to advance a failure to warn

claim. Under Georgia law, a manufacturer breaches its duty to warn if it fails to "adequately communicate

the warning to the ultimate user or (2) fail[s] to provide an adequate warning of the product's potential risks"

Thornton v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., Inc., 

, 289 (11th Cir.1994). The first failure to warn

claim centers on issues such as location and presentation. The focus of the latter claim is on the content of

the warning, inquiring whether the warning is sufficient to apprize the user of the dangers associated with the

use of the product.

         Although a warning may have the net effect of preventing an accident, that is not what is required

by the law. The law merely requires the warning to inform the consumer of the nature and existence of the

hazard, allowing him to make an informed decision whether to take on the risks warned of. See Wilson Foods

Corp. v. Turner, 218 Ga.App. 74, 

, 534 (Ga.Ct.App.1995); RESTATEMENT (Third) OF Torts

(Products Liability) § 10 (1997) ("Whether or not many persons would, when warned, nonetheless decide to

use or consume the product, warnings are required to protect the interest of those reasonable foreseeable users

or consumers who would, based on their own reasonable assessments of the risks and benefits, decline

product use or consumption.").



                                                       8
         In this case, Dr. Karnes' statement does not negate the contention that the warning on the Bronco II

did not properly apprize the consumer of the risk associated with operating the vehicle (in fact it is his opinion

that the warning was insufficient). It simply expresses his belief that nothing may be done to protect the

consumer from risk of rollover once the consumer decides to take on the risk warned of. The question that

must be answered by the fact finder is whether the warning given was sufficient or was inadequate because

it did not "provide a complete disclosure of the existence and extent of the risk involved." 

(internal quotations and citations omitted).

         Ford also argues that because Dr. Karnes found that the warning used on the Bronco II was sufficient

when used on other sports utility vehicles, the problem cannot be with the warnings content. We find this

contention unpersuasive as well. What may be an adequate warning for one product is not necessarily

adequate for the next. It was, of course, precisely because of the Bronco II's greater propensity to rollover

that a reasonable fact finder could conclude that Ford was required to provide a more detailed warning for

this vehicle.

        Because adequate evidence exists to advance appellants' failure to warn claim and because the failure

to warn claim is not simply a restatement of the design defect claim, the district court's grant of summary

judgment was error. Accordingly, we reverse.

                                              IV. CONCLUSION

        We REVERSE the district court's order barring the appellants' claims. The Georgia statute of repose

provides for two exceptions: (1) the existence of willful, reckless, or wanton disregard for property or life;

and (2) a failure to warn claim. We find there is sufficient evidence in the record to give rise to genuine

issues of material facts on both exceptions. Consequently, we vacate the summary judgment entered in favor

of the appellee and remand the matter for trial.

        VACATED, REVERSED and REMANDED.




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