OPINION AND ORDER

CHARLES F. LETTOW Judge.

In this tax case, plaintiff Maria Montiel seeks to obtain a refund for her 2007 and 2008 federal income taxes, which she contends were erroneously collected from her by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). Pending before the court is the government's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims ("RCFC").

BACKGROUND1

Ms. Montiel, a citizen and resident of Mexico, filed suit in this court on November 7, 2013, after her refund claims for overpaid income taxes in 2007 and 2008 were denied by the IRS. The critical question in the case is whether Ms. Montiel is a nonresident alien or a resident alien. This question has jurisdictional implications given the specific factual setting presented.

Tax Year 2007

On March 16, 2008, Ms. Montiel filed a Form 1040, United States Individual Income Tax Return, with the IRS for the tax year 2007, pursuant to the advice and direction of a United States tax return preparer. Compl. ¶ 9.2 The form designated Ms. Montiel's filing status as "resident alien" and listed a family member's address in California as her own, causing the form to be filed at the IRS's Fresno Service Center. Compl. ¶ 10. With the return, Ms. Montiel paid both tax and an estimated tax penalty. Compl. Ex. A, at 2. Subsequently, Ms. Montiel determined that she was a "nonresident alien" for federal tax purposes under 26 U.S.C. ("I.R.C.") § 7701(b)(1)(B), and should have filed a Form 1040NR for 2007. Compl. ¶ 11.3 Accordingly, she set out to amend her original Form 1040 for that year. Compl. ¶ 12.

On June 10, 2011, Ms. Montiel filed a Form 1040X, Amended Individual Income Tax Return for 2007, together with a completed Form 1040NR and a copy of her original Form 1040 for 2007. Compl. ¶ 12 & Ex. B. The submission reflected both an overpayment and a refund request in the amount of $8,772. Id. That request, however, was denied by the IRS on May 31, 2012 as untimely. Compl. ¶ 14 & Ex. D; see also Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 3, ECF No. 14. According to the IRS, Ms. Montiel had to file her amended form by April 15, 2011, that is, within three years of filing her income tax return on April 15, 2008,4 or within two years of paying her 2007 taxes. Compl. Ex. D; see also Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 3. Because Ms. Montiel's submission in June 2011 exceeded that deadline by two months, the IRS deemed her ineligible for a refund. Compl. Ex. D.

Tax Year 2008

Ms. Montiel also filed a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for the 2008 tax year. Compl. ¶ 19. Filed on February 25, 2009, this form similarly designated Ms. Montiel's filing status as "resident alien," and again listed her relative's address in California as her own, resulting in another filing at the IRS's Fresno Service Center. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 20 & Ex. F. As before, she paid both tax and an estimated tax penalty, Compl. Ex. F, at 2, but later amended that return to conform with "nonresident" status. Compl. ¶¶ 21-22 & Exs. G & H; see also Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 3. She filed a Form 1040X, Amended Individual Income Tax Return, on June 13, 2012, attaching a completed Form 1040NR for a "nonresident alien" and a copy of her original Form 1040 for 2008, reflecting an overpayment and refund request for $2,254. Compl. ¶ 22 & Exs. G & H. This request was denied by the IRS as untimely on October 9, 2012, given that it was submitted more than three years after April 15, 2009. Compl. ¶ 24 & Ex. I; see also Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 4.

The Current Suit

Ms. Montiel seeks refunds for the 2007 and 2008 tax years, alleging that they were improperly denied by the IRS. She contends that the effective filing date for her original returns, and thus the start of the IRS's three-year statute of limitations for her amended returns, should have been June 15, the deadline set forth in I.R.C. § 6072(c) for tax returns filed by "nonresident aliens," not April 15, the deadline for returns filed by U.S. residents. See Compl. ¶¶ 15, 25; see also 26 U.S.C. § 6072(c) ("Returns made by nonresident alien individuals . . . shall be filed on or before the 15th day of June following the close of the calendar year.").5 The government, however, argues that because Ms. Montiel originally filed as a "resident alien," the IRS justifiably started her limitations period on April 15 and properly denied her refund claims. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 6-8. Ms. Montiel contends that her tax deadline should have been based on her nonresidency status and not the form she filed, see Pl.'s Opp'n at 8-10, but the government maintains that she forewent a June 15 filing date when she represented herself as a resident of the United States for tax purposes and cannot now use a different status to legitimate her late filing for a refund, see Def.'s Reply Brief in Support of Mot. to Dismiss ("Def.'s Reply") at 8, ECF No. 16.

JURISDICTION

Under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1), the Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction to hear certain monetary claims against the United States government. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) ("The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort."). That said, the Act itself does not create a substantive right to monetary relief. United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Rather, plaintiffs must identify an additional money mandating statute in order to recover damages from the government. United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 216-17 (1983) (citing Testan, 424 U.S. at 400).

Here, I.R.C. § 7422(a) provides the requisite statutory basis for tax refund suits. See Edwards, 92 Fed. Cl. at 280-81 (citing Chicago Milwaukee Corp. v. United States, 40 F.3d 373, 374 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). However, Subsection 7422(a) stipulates that "[n]o suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal revenue tax . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary." I.R.C. § 7422(a) (emphasis added). I.R.C. § 6511 sets forth the requirements for "duly filed" refund claims. Edwards, 92 Fed. Cl. at 281. It states that such claims must be "filed by the taxpayer within 3 years from the time the return was filed or 2 years from the time the tax was paid." I.R.C. § 6511(a). No credits or refunds may be made after that time. I.R.C. § 6511(b)(1).

The filing requirements of Subsection 6511(a), particularly the deadlines for refund claims, constitute a jurisdictional bar. See United States v. Brockamp, 519 U.S. 347, 350 (1997), superseded in part by statute, i.e., the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-206, § 3302(a), 112 Stat. 685, 740-41, as recognized in Brosi v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 5, 12 n.6 (2003); see also Murdock v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 389, 392-93 (2012) (comparing Subsection 6511(a), which is jurisdictional for this court, to Subsection 6511(b), which is not). Consequently, when read together, as suggested by the Supreme Court, Sections 6511 and 7422 bar suits for refunds when the underlying refund claims fail to comply with the time limits imposed by Subsection 6511(a). United States v. Clintwood Elkhorn Mining Co., 553 U.S. 1, 5 (2008); see also Radioshack Corp. v. United States, 566 F.3d 1358, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

STANDARD FOR DECISION

Under RCFC 12(b)(1), a claim should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction if the statute invoked by the plaintiff is not money-mandating, or, if the applicable statute of limitations is jurisdictional and bars the claim presented. Edwards, 92 Fed. Cl. at 282 (citing John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, 552 U.S. 130, 133-34 (2008), and Adair v. United States, 497 F.3d 1244, 1251 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), the court must construe all unchallenged factual allegations in the pleader's favor. Reynolds, 846 F.2d at 747; Montano Elec. Contractor v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 675, 679 (2014) (citing McAfee, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 696, 706 (2013)). The plaintiff, however, must prove any disputed jurisdictional facts by a preponderance of the evidence. McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. of Ind., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936); Reynolds, 846 F.2d at 748; see also Edwards, 92 Fed. Cl. at 282 ("With respect to RCFC 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the court possesses subject matter jurisdiction." (citing Reynolds, 846 F.2d at 748)).

ANALYSIS

Whether Ms. Montiel's refund claims were timely within the statute of limitations set by Subsection 6511(a) depends upon her resident status. I.R.C. § 7701 defines an individual as a nonresident alien if she is neither a citizen nor a resident of the United States. I.R.C. § 7701(b)(1)(B). An alien is deemed a resident for tax purposes if she has been lawfully admitted for permanent residence or has been substantially present in the United States. I.R.C. § 7701(b)(1)(A)(i), (ii). Paragraph 7701(b)(3) stipulates that an individual is substantially present in the United States for tax purposes if she (i) was present in the United States on at least 31 days during the calendar year, and (ii) the sum of the number of days on which she was present in the United States during the current year and the two preceding calendar years (when multiplied by an applicable multiplier) exceeded 183 days. I.R.C. § 7701(b)(3)(A).6

In her complaint, Ms. Montiel alleges that she never qualified as a resident for tax purposes in 2007 or 2008. Pl.'s Opp'n at 6. Rather, she avers that she was a citizen and resident of Mexico, traveling in the United States on a B1/B2 visa for less than 60 days each year. Id. Read in conjunction with I.R.C. §§ 7701(b)(1)(A) and (B), this averment indicates that she should have been considered a "nonresident alien" for tax purposes, and that she should have filed a Form 1040NR for each of the tax years in question. See Treas. Reg. § 1.6012-1(b)(1) (2012) ("[E]very nonresident alien individual . . . who is engaged in trade or business in the United States at any time during the taxable year or who has income which is subject to taxation under subtitle A of the [I.R.C.] shall make a return on Form 1040NR.").

Residency status directly affects the filing deadlines set by Subsection 6511(a). Unlike citizens and resident wage earners, who must file a Form 1040, Individual Income Tax Return, with the IRS by April 15 every calendar year, see I.R.C. § 6072(a), nonresidents have until June 15 to file their comparable Form 1040NR, see I.R.C. § 6072(c). The IRS deems all timely returns as filed on their due dates, regardless of when they are actually submitted. I.R.C. § 6513(a). The statute of limitations imposed by Subsection 6511(a) begins to run on the effective filing date.

Ms. Montiel shows that she filed amended returns on June 10, 2011 and June 13, 2012, within three years of the June 15 filing date for "nonresident aliens." She avers that although she originally filed returns on Form 1040 instead of Form 1040NR for 2007 and 2008, those returns should have been deemed filed June 15, 2008 and 2009, respectively, given her residency status. Pl.'s Opp'n at 9. The government does not dispute that Ms. Montiel is a citizen and resident of Mexico. Instead, the government contends that her filing of resident tax returns governs the time her amended returns were due. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 7 ("Under the plain reading of § 6511(a), the phrase `the return' refers to the form that was actually filed."); see also id. at 8 ("[T]hat a taxpayer does not learn until after the limitations period has run that a tax was paid in error, and that he or she has a ground upon which to claim a refund, does not operate to lift the statutory bar." (citing United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 609 n.7 (1990))).

Consequently, the effective filing dates of Ms. Montiel's tax returns for 2007 and 2008 pose disputed issues of jurisdictional fact, as they ultimately determine whether or not Ms. Montiel complied with the statute of limitations imposed by Subsection 6511(a) and can now file suit for refunds. Notably, Ms. Montiel could have obviated this jurisdictional issue if she had filed her amended returns two months earlier. On the facts presented, however, the government has not shown that Ms. Montiel's filing of returns on Form 1040 precludes her as a matter of law from submitting her requests for refund based on Form 1040NR within the time allowed for nonresident aliens. Its arguments by counsel are based upon precedents of tangential relevancy. To support its argument that Ms. Montiel should be bound by the date her "resident" return was filed, the government conflates the filing of a particular form with the payment of a particular tax. See Def.'s Reply at 4 (citing Little People's School, Inc. v. United States, 842 F.2d 570 (1st Cir. 1988)). Little People's School concerned taxpayers who mistakenly paid taxes, not taxpayers who mistakenly filed incorrect forms. 842 F.2d at 571. The government's other cited precedents are also unpersuasive.7 Because Ms. Montiel has set forth a plausible claim for refunds, provided evidence of her qualifications as a "nonresident alien," and shown her compliance with the filing requirements established for those with "nonresident" status, she has presented triable issues concerning the court's jurisdiction. The government's motion to dismiss accordingly cannot be granted. See Edwards, 92 Fed. Cl. at 285 (denying a motion by the government to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction because "[t]he court's determination of whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim, or is barred from considering the clam because it is outside the statute of limitations, is tied up with its determination of whether plaintiff filed a timely and adequate informal claim for refund); see also Banks v. United States, 741 F.3d 1268, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ("If a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction . . . challenges the truth of the jurisdictional facts alleged in the complaint, the [trial] court may consider relevant evidence . . . to resolve the factual dispute." (quoting Reynolds, 846 F.2d at 747) (internal quotation marks omitted)).8

CONCLUSION

The facts alleged and plausibly supported indicate that Ms. Montiel may well have complied with the tax refund procedures set forth in I.R.C. §§ 6511 and 7422. Given the resulting genuine dispute of jurisdictional fact, the government's motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(1) is DENIED. Trial must be had on the jurisdictional facts.

On or before September 5, 2014, the government shall file its answer to Ms. Montiel's complaint.

It is so ORDERED.