[PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                      FILED
                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               JUNE 15 2000
                                                            THOMAS K. KAHN
                        Nos. 97-4573 and 97-5061                 CLERK
                       ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 88-01338-CV-EBD

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

ONE PARCEL OF REAL ESTATE AT

Street, Miami, FL,

                                                                       Defendant,

ESTELLA BORROTO,

                                                           Claimant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________
                              (June 15, 2000)

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, CARNES, Circuit Judge, and RONEY, Senior
      Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:
      Ricardo Borroto, on behalf of his deceased wife Estella Borroto, contests the

denial of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) relief in this civil forfeiture action.

In order to bring an end to the protracted litigation of this case, we do not base our

decision here on the problems concerning Borroto’s standing to continue to prosecute

this appeal after his wife died. We hold that (1) the order of civil forfeiture action

against Estella Borroto’s house did not abate upon her death pending this appeal; and

(2) the district court correctly held that forfeiture of claimant’s house did not violate

the Excessive Fines Clause.

      A jury found Ricardo Borroto guilty of several cocaine offenses. He was

sentenced to 262 months imprisonment. In unpublished opinions, this Court affirmed

Borroto’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal, see United States v. Borroto, No.

89-5308 (11th Cir. Mar 4., 1991), and on appeal from the denial of his motion to

vacate, set aside or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, see Borroto v.

United States, No. 93-4207 (11th Cir. April 11, 1995).

      In July 1988, the government filed a civil complaint seeking forfeiture of the

Borroto’s home pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7), and the district court entered a final

judgment of forfeiture to the United States in October 1989. Among the district

court’s findings and conclusions: (1) Ricardo Borroto failed to file any claim to the

property and therefore could not challenge the forfeiture; (2) Estella Borroto was the


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only proper claimant;(3) Ricardo had delivered 15 kilos of cocaine to a cooperating

individual at the property; and (4) Estella was not an innocent owner: she acted as a

greeter, served as “hostess” for the transaction and was fully aware of the specific

transaction and her husband’s history as a substantial drug dealer.

      Ricardo, Estella, and Hector Alvarez, Estella’s son, appealed the court’s entry

of a judgment of forfeiture. This Court affirmed the judgment of the district court in

an unpublished opinion.     See United States v. One Parcel of Real Estate at 10380

Southwest 28 St., Miami, Florida, No. 89-6105 (11th Cir. Sept. 5, 1990).

      In March 1992, Estella Borroto filed a Rule 60(b) motion with the district court

seeking relief from the court’s order of forfeiture, which the district court denied.

This Court initially dismissed Estella’s appeal on jurisdictional grounds, but then

reinstated the appeal, United States v. One Parcel of Real Estate at 10380 Southwest

28 St., Miami, Florida, No. 92-5142. On April 14 and 30, 1993, this Court denied

motions seeking to substitute Ricardo as claimant.

      On appeal of the Rule 60(b) denial, this Court rejected all of Estella’s claims

except her claim that the forfeiture of her home violates the Excessive Fines Clause.

Estella had not raised this claim in district court. In the period between the district

court’s decision and the appeal, however, the Supreme Court ruled that the Excessive

Fines Clause applied to civil forfeiture proceedings, see Austin v. United States, 509


                                          

(1993), and this Court determined that analysis of Excessive Fines claims is

a pure question of law, see United States v. One Single Family Residence, 13 F.3d

1493,1497 (11th Cir. 1994). The court vacated and remanded this case to allow

further development of the factual record in light of these decisions. See United States

v. One Parcel of Real Estate at 10380 Southwest 28 St., Miami, Florida, No. 92-5142

(11th Cir. July 1, 1994)(unpublished).

      From mid-December 1995 until January 1997, the parties attempted to negotiate

a settlement. When negotiations broke down, the government requested and the

Borrotos opposed the interlocutory sale of the property. Ultimately, the district court

approved the sale and on January 23, 1997, the house sold for $119,000. The United

States Marshal’s Service, after satisfying an innocent third party lien holder, realized

a net profit of about $40,000, which was deposited with the district court clerk.

      On March 18, 1997, the district court entered its final order on remand, holding

that the forfeiture of a $119,000 house as a result of a sale of 15 kilos of cocaine did

not violate the Excessive Fines Clause. The district court denied Estella’s motion to

stay release of the proceeds to the Marshal’s Service pending appeal of the order, and

her emergency motion for interlocutory appeal. Estella appealed the court’s order on

the remanded Excessive Fines Clause issue, Appeal No. 97-4573 and the denial of the




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motion for stay pending appeal, Appeal No. 97-5061. After these appeals were filed,

Estella died.

      1.        Abatement

      Ricardo Borroto and Hector Alvarez argue that because Estella Borroto died

after these appeals were filed, the forfeiture of the house should be abated. The

argument is that in essence 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7) is a penal statute, and that forfeiture

proceedings should therefore abate upon the death of the claimant, in the same manner

that the appellate proceedings must be abated and the conviction and sentence vacated

when a criminal defendant dies while his conviction and sentence are on appeal. See

Schreiber v. Sharpless, 110 U.S. 76,80 (1884). The death of a criminal defendant

“during the pendency of his direct appeal renders his conviction and sentence void ab

initio; i.e., it is as if the defendant had never been indicted and convicted.” United

States v. 

(11th Cir. 1997)(as to deceased defendant,

conviction would be vacated, even though restitution was involved).

      In all of the cases cited by Borroto, it was the defendant, the alleged wrongdoer

who died, and the cases addressed abatement as it related to a sanction imposed as part

of a sentence, see United States v. Wright, 160 F.3d 905,908 (2d Cir.1998)(abatement

applies to cases involving punitive sanctions); United States v. Mmahat, 106 F.3d

89,93 (5th Cir. 1997)(restitution order abates if its purpose was penal); or a criminal


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forfeiture, see United States v. Oberlin,, 718 F. 2d 894,896 (9th Cir. 1983)(forfeiture

order abated as “essentially penal” even though some aspect may have been

compensatory).

      These abatement cases involving criminal defendants have never been applied

to civil forfeiture cases under 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7). It is doubtful that the rationale

which governs the decision in criminal cases would ever apply to a civil forfeiture.

The purpose of the abatement rule is to protect the deceased defendant from being

branded a felon without his conviction having become final. 

;

. The focus of an in rem narcotics forfeiture is not the guilt

of any person or the attempt to punish a person, but the “guilt” of the property, i.e.,

whether the property had been used in connection with illicit drug activity. See

Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663,683(1974); United States

v. One Parcel of Property Located at 427 and 429 Hall Street, 

, 1169

(11th Cir. 1996).   We need not decide, however, that the abatement rule would never

apply to a civil forfeiture procedure. There is simply no reason to apply it in this case.

First, the “conviction” of the property that makes it properly forfeitable under 21

U.S.C. § 881(a)(7) is final after a prior appeal and is not an issue on this appeal.

Second, the failure of claimant Estella Borroto to show that she is an innocent owner

of the property was established while she was living by a prior final appeal and is not


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an issue in this case. Third, Ricardo Borroto, who was convicted of the crimes on the

premises that subjected the property to forfeiture, and whose interest in the property

has been forfeited, presumably would profit from a vacation of the forfeiture

proceedings. Fourth, this is unlike a direct appeal which questions the validity of a

judgment of forfeiture in its entirety. This is an appeal of a denial of a Rule 60(b)

motion, the disposition of which will neither confirm nor establish any new fact about

Estella Borroto herself.

      The only issue on this appeal that stands between the government and the

forfeited property is whether the forfeiture violated the excessive fine prohibition of

the U. S. Constitution. Borroto argues that the Supreme Court determined that all civil

forfeitures are in effect criminal and punitive, and thus subject to the criminal

abatement precedents, when it held in Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602,622

(1993) that the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment applies to civil

forfeitures under § 881(a)(7). That holding, however, does not give forfeitures under

§ 881(a)(7) the benefit of criminal precedent. That opinion made clear that it was

simply extending to civil proceedings the protection of the Excessive Fines Clause.

See United States v. Ursery, 

, 281(1996)(In Austin, “[w]e began our

analysis [of whether the excessive fines clause applies to § 881(a)(7)] by rejecting the




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argument that the Excessive Fines Clause was limited solely to criminal

proceedings.”).

         The Supreme Court has made clear in Ursery that forfeitures under § 881(a)(7)

specifically and in rem civil forfeitures in general are neither punishment nor criminal

for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. See 

. Assuming

the forfeiture here does not violate the constitution, it should not be construed as being

either punishment or punitive as it relates to Estella, who was never convicted of any

crime.

         This distinction between civil forfeiture and criminal cases explains the

inapplicability of B.B. Rogers v. Douglas Tobacco, 244 F.2d 471,483 (5th Cir. 1957)

which Borroto cites. The case involved an action for treble damages for alleged

violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Court held that the cause of action for

actual damages survives the death of a defendant but that the “trebling of the damages

is in the nature of a penalty for a public wrong,” and is therefore 

. The treble damage claim was against the wrongdoer who died. Estella Borroto

has not been adjudicated as a wrongdoer. She simply was unable to sustain her claim

to the property against forfeiture as an innocent owner.

         One circuit has addressed the question whether a civil forfeiture is punitive in

the abatement context since Ursery was decided. The Eighth Circuit in United States


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v. One Hundred Twenty Thousand Seven Hundred Fifty One Dollars (120,751.00),

(8th Cir. 1996), applied the test in Ursery to hold that § 881(a)(6)

forfeitures of currency are not punitive in the abatement context. Two other circuits

had arrived at the same conclusion prior to the Ursery decision. See United States v.

$84,740.00 Currency, 981 F.2d 1110,1113 (9th Cir. 1992); Case of One 1985 Nissan,

300ZX, 

, 1319 (4th Cir. 1989)(en banc).

      Borroto has cited no case, nor did we find any in which the abatement doctrine

was applied in a civil forfeiture case. We therefore hold that in this case the death of

Estella Borroto does not require that the appeal abate and the order of forfeiture be

vacated.

      2.     Excessive Fines Clause

      Borroto contends that the forfeiture of the property constitutes an excessive fine

in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Forfeiture

under the statute involved in this case, 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7), is limited by the Eighth

Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause. See Austin v. United States, 509 U.S.

602,622(1993); United States v. 

Drive, Wilton Manors, Florida 

, 1309 (11th Cir. 1999). A fine is excessive “if it is grossly disproportional

to the gravity of a defendant’s offense.” United States v.Bajakajian, 

(1998); Wilton 

. We noted in Wilton Manors that Congress


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and the United States Sentencing Commission have provided us with the monetary

terms by which we can proportion the value of forfeited property: “If the value of

forfeited property is within the range of fines prescribed by Congress, a strong

presumption arises that the forfeiture is constitutional . . . [I]f the value of the property

forfeited is within or near the permissible range of fines under the sentencing

guidelines, the forfeiture almost certainly is not excessive.” Wilton 

-10.

       In this case, Borroto’s sentence resulted from a sentencing guideline offense

level of 38. That guideline level suggests a fine of $250,000. U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(c)(2)-

(3). At sentencing, Borroto faced a maximum statutory fine of $4,000,000 under 21

U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). The guidelines state that where a statute authorizes a

maximum fine of greater than $25,000, the maximum fine imposed by the guidelines

does not apply and the statutory maximum applies instead.                 See U.S.S.G. §

5E1.2(c)(4). It is clear that under both the sentencing guidelines and the statute, a fine

of $119,000 could not be considered grossly disproportionate to Borroto’s crimes.

The forfeiture of a $119,000 property based on his crimes, therefore, does not violate

the Eighth Amendment. We affirm the denial of the motion for stay pending appeal.

       AFFIRMED.




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