LINN, Circuit Judge.
Akamai Technologies, Inc. and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (collectively, "Akamai") appeal the district court's judgment as a matter of law ("JMOL") overturning a jury verdict of infringement by Limelight Networks, Inc. ("Limelight") of claims 19-21 and 34 of U.S. Patent No. 6,108,703 (the "'703 patent"). See Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc., 614 F.Supp.2d 90 (D.Mass.2009) ("JMOL Opinion"). Akamai also appeals the district court's construction of claim 1 of U.S. Patent No. 7,103,645 (the "'645 patent") and claims 8, 18, and 20 of U.S. Patent No. 6,553,413 (the "'413 patent"). Limelight cross appeals the district court's denial of JMOL relating to the jury's award of lost profits. See Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc., Nos.2009-1372, -1380, -1416, -1417, 2010 WL 331770 (Fed.Cir. Jan.27, 2010) (finding Limelight's cross appeal in this case proper as to the lost profits determination).
Because Limelight did not perform all of the steps of the asserted method claims, and the record contains no basis on which to attribute to Limelight the actions of its customers who carried out the other steps, this court affirms the finding of noninfringement and does not reach Limelight's cross-appeal regarding damages. This court also affirms the district court's judgment of noninfringement of the '645 and '413 patents based on its rulings on claim construction.
Information is typically delivered over the Internet from websites. Websites are collections of documents written using a standard page description language known as Hypertext Markup Language ("HTML"). Each web page is a separate HTML file with an identifying string of characters known as a Uniform Resource Locator ("URL"). Typically, a full URL (e.g., "http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/forms") consists of several elements: a protocol (e.g., "http://"); a domain name (also referred to herein as a "hostname") (e.g., "www.cafc.uscourts.gov"); and sometimes a path (e.g., "/forms"). A typical web page consists of a base HTML document that includes text interspersed with various types of content such as images, video, and sound—referred to as objects. Most of these objects are not incorporated into the web page in their entirety, but instead are simply included as links, in the form of separate URLs, which reference the actual object stored elsewhere on the same computer or another computer in the same domain (a group of networked computers that share a common domain name). These objects are referred to in the patents
The Internet maintains a Domain Name System ("DNS"), which uses computers, known as domain name servers ("DNS servers"), to convert the hostname of a URL into a numeric Internet Protocol ("IP") address, which identifies one or more computers that store content ("content servers"). This conversion process is referred to as "resolving." A user requesting a web page using a web browser (e.g., Netscape Navigator® or Microsoft Internet Explorer®) will receive an IP address from a local DNS server that corresponds to the content server for the requested web page. In response, the user's computer sends a request for the web page directly to that content server using the IP address. The content server sends the requested web page—the base HTML document and any embedded objects' URLs—to the user's computer. The user's web browser then requests each embedded object from the content provider's server using that object's URL in the same manner that it requested the web page until all of the objects have been retrieved and the web page is fully displayed on the user's computer.
This process of retrieving web content can be slow and unreliable. For example, Internet congestion problems may occur when a single content server receives many simultaneous requests for the same web page—sometimes referred to as "flash crowds." In addition, users may experience poor content delivery performance when the user's computer is located far away from the content server it is accessing. One known solution to these content delivery problems is called mirroring, in which an entire website is replicated on multiple servers in different locations. Mirroring, however, has scalability problems, including costs required by the multiple hosting facilities, additional overhead associated with keeping mirror sites synchronized, and a ceiling on the number of website copies that may be maintained concurrently. '703 patent col.1 ll.34-61.
All three patents include method claims directed to a content delivery service that delivers the base document of a web site from a content provider's computer while individual embedded objects of the website are stored on an object-by-object basis on a Content Delivery Network ("CDN"). CDNs are systems of computers strategically placed at various geographical locations to maximize the efficient delivery of information over the Internet to users accessing the network. The embedded objects are stored on and served from the CDN's "hosting" or "ghost" servers. Instead of maintaining identical copies of the entire web site content at a single location or at multiple locations by mirroring as taught by the prior art, only embedded objects are replicated on and served from
Akamai and Limelight operate and compete in the market for CDN services. Limelight's accused service delivers content providers' embedded objects from its CDN. According to Limelight's contracts with its content provider customers, to use Limelight's CDN service, the content provider must perform several steps. First, the content provider must choose which embedded objects, if any, it would like to be served from Limelight's CDN. The content provider must then tag the URL of each chosen object as instructed by Limelight. Limelight then replicates the properly tagged objects on some or all of its servers and directs a user's request for one of these objects to an appropriate Limelight server.
On June 23, 2006, Akamai sued Limelight in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts asserting infringement of the '645, '703, and '413 patents. After a trial on infringement of independent claims 19 and 34 and dependent claims 20-21 of the '703 patent, a jury returned a verdict of infringement and awarded $40.1 million in lost profits and $1.4 million in reasonable royalty damages. The two independent claims asserted at trial cover methods that require tagging at least some embedded objects in a content provider's web page so that requests for those objects resolve to a domain name other than the content provider's domain name. Claim 19 also requires serving the requested web page from the content provider's domain. Claims 19 and 34 read as follows, with steps at the heart of this dispute emphasized:
'703 patent col.19 ll.6-20.
34. A content delivery method, comprising:
'703 patent col.20 ll.32-52.
It is undisputed that Limelight does not itself perform every step of the asserted claims. JMOL Opinion at 116. Limelight provides the information necessary for its customers, the content providers, to modify their web pages or Internet address routing information to use the Limelight service. However, the content providers perform the actual tagging step (emphasized above) themselves. There are two tagging methods used by Limelight's customers. As described by the district court:
JMOL Opinion at 117 n. 23. The content provider also serves the web page from its own domain. Limelight performs the rest of the steps of the asserted claims. This divided process is explicitly set forth in Limelight's standard customer contract, which states:
and
J.A. 17807.
Because Limelight itself does not perform all the steps of the asserted claims, Akamai presented a theory of joint liability at trial. Akamai relied on the reasoning expressed by this court in BMC Resources that while "[i]nfringement requires, as it always has, a showing that a defendant has practiced each and every element of the claimed invention," joint liability may be found when one party "control[s] or direct[s]" the activities of another party. BMC Res., Inc. v. Paymentech, L.P., 498 F.3d 1373, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2007). The district court, following BMC Resources, instructed the jury that Limelight could only be found to infringe if "the content provider, when [tagging objects], acts under the direction and control
Following the verdict finding infringement, Limelight moved for JMOL of noninfringement on the ground that substantial evidence did not support the verdict that Limelight directs or controls all the steps in the asserted claims. Initially, the district court denied the motion "because, unlike in BMC Resources, here there was evidence that not only was there a contractual relationship between Limelight and its customers, but that it provided those customers with instructions explaining how to utilize its content delivery service." JMOL Opinion at 119. Subsequently, this court issued its decision in Muniauction, Inc. v. Thomson Corp., 532 F.3d 1318 (Fed.Cir.2008), and Limelight moved for reconsideration. Muniauction, applying BMC Resources, held that an accused infringer's control over its customers' access to an online system, coupled with instructions on how to use that system, was not enough to establish direct infringement. Id. at 1328-30. On reconsideration, the district court granted JMOL of noninfringement to Limelight holding that there was "no material difference between Limelight's interaction with its customers and that of Thomson in Muniauction." JMOL Opinion at 122.
Akamai appeals and this court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
On appeal, Akamai asserts that we should reverse the district court's JMOL of noninfringement of the '703 patent because substantial evidence supports the jury's determination that Limelight exercises control or direction over the entire claimed process. Akamai attempts to distinguish Muniauction, arguing that Limelight: (1) creates and assigns a unique hostname for the content provider; (2) provides explicit step-by-step instructions to perform the tagging and serving claim steps; (3) offers technical assistance to help content providers with their performance of the claim steps; and (4) contractually requires content providers to perform the tagging and serving claim steps if they utilize the Limelight service. Limelight responds that Akamai's evidence is indistinguishable from that found legally insufficient in Muniauction and therefore we should affirm.
It is well settled that direct infringement requires a single party to perform every step of a claimed method. BMC Resources, 498 F.3d at 1378-79 (citing Warner-Jenkinson Co., Inc. v. Hilton Davis Corp., 520 U.S. 17, 40, 117 S.Ct. 1040, 137 L.Ed.2d 146 (1997)). In both BMC Resources and Muniauction this court confronted the situation in which more than one party is required to perform the steps of a claimed method. The court concluded that there can be no infringement unless "one party exercises
While the "control or direction" test of BMC Resources established a foundational basis on which to determine liability for direct infringement of method claims by joint parties, it left several questions unanswered, including the question of whether the furnishing of instructions is sufficient to attribute the actions of the instructed party to the accused. Muniauction addressed the question about instructions and, in concluding that the instructions in that case were not enough, reiterated the notion of vicarious liability mentioned in BMC Resources. The court in Muniauction held that the requisite level of control or direction over the acts committed by a third party is met in circumstances in which "the law would traditionally hold the accused direct infringer vicariously liable for the acts committed by another party." 532 F.3d at 1330. Thus, both BMC Resources and Muniauction set forth relevant factors in assessing liability for joint infringement.
While control or direction is a consideration, as is the extent to which instructions, if any, may be provided, what is essential is not merely the exercise of control or the providing of instructions, but whether the relationship between the parties is such that acts of one may be attributed to the other. Implicit in this court's holdings in BMC Resources and Muniauction is that the performance of a method step may be attributed to an accused infringer when the relationship between the accused infringer and another party performing a method step is that of principal and agent, applying generally accepted principles of the law of agency as explicated by the Supreme Court and the Restatement of Agency. The Restatement defines agency as "the fiduciary relationship that arises when one person (a `principal') manifests assent to another person (an `agent') that the agent shall act on the principal's behalf and subject to the principal's control, and the agent manifests assent or otherwise consents so to act." Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1.01. For an agency relationship to exist, and thus, for infringement to be found, both parties must consent that the agent is acting on the principal's behalf and subject to the principal's control. See Dixson v. United States, 465 U.S. 482, 505, 104 S.Ct. 1172, 79 L.Ed.2d 458 (1984) (citing the Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 for the rule that an "agency relationship [is] created when one person agrees with another `that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control'"). Similarly, also implicit in the court's holdings in BMC Resources and Muniauction, is that joint infringement occurs when a party is contractually obligated to the accused infringer to perform a method step.
The court notes that the common law of agency encompasses not only the fiduciary relationship noted above, but also some other relationships, which may include those of independent contractors. United States v. Hudson, 491 F.3d 590, 595 (Fed.Cir.2007) ("As a matter of legal custom and tradition, ... nothing about the title independent contractor invariably precludes someone from being an agent under appropriate circumstances."); Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1.01 cmt. c ("The common law of agency ... additionally encompasses the employment relation.... [T]he common term `independent contractor' is equivocal in meaning and confusing in usage because some termed independent contractors are agents while others are nonagent service providers.... This Restatement does not use the term `independent' contractor."); Restatement (Second) of Agency § 2(3) ("An independent contractor ... may or may not be an agent."). This same principle applies to the question of joint infringement. A party that engages another to perform a step of a claimed method as its agent cannot escape liability simply by designating its agent an independent contractor if all the elements that otherwise reflect an agency relationship are present.
In this case, there is nothing to indicate that Limelight's customers are performing any of the claimed method steps as agents for Limelight. To the contrary, Limelight's CDN is a service similar to Thomson's on-line auction system in Muniauction, and Limelight's relationship with its customers is similar to Thomson's relationship with the bidders. In both cases, customers are provided instructions on use of the service and are required to perform some steps of the claimed method to take advantage of that service. In Muniauction, the customers performed the step of bidding. Here, the customers decide what content, if any, they would like delivered by Limelight's CDN and then perform the step of "tagging" that content. Limelight's customers also perform the step of "serving" their own web pages.
Akamai argues that in Muniauction, the direction or control provided by Thomson was "only tangentially related to the claimed process" because it related to controlling access to the auction system, not directing users on what bid information to input. Akamai's Principal Br. at 44. According to Akamai, here the control or direction is directly related to the claimed step because Limelight tells providers not only how to tag, but also what hostname to use as a tag. Further, Akamai points out that by including the word "direct" in the "control or direct" test, this court in BMC Resources must have meant the word "direct" to mean something other than "control," and this case "presents the ultimate in direction" because of the detailed instructions and technical assistance provided to customers by Limelight. Akamai's Principal Br. at 42. However, the words in the BMC Resources test must be read in the context of traditional agency law. "An essential element of agency is the principal's right to control the agent's actions.
Akamai also argues that the relationship between Limelight and its customers compels a finding of joint infringement because Limelight "contracts out to content providers the claim steps that it alone does not perform." This conclusion stems from Limelight's standard form contract that, according to Akamai, "obligates content providers to perform the claim steps of tagging the embedded objects and serving the tagged page so that requests for the embedded objects resolve to Limelight's network instead of the content provider's." Akamai's Principal Br. at 40. For this argument, Akamai relies on the statement in BMC Resources that "[a] party cannot avoid infringement ... simply by contracting out steps of a patented process to another entity." BMC Resources, 498 F.3d at 1381. Akamai's reliance on this statement is misplaced.
As discussed above, Limelight's customers decide what content, if any, they choose to have delivered by Limelight's CDN and only then perform the "tagging" and "serving" steps. The form contract does not obligate Limelight's customers to perform any of the method steps. It merely explains that the customer will have to perform the steps if it decides to take advantage of Limelight's service. See Muniauction, 532 F.3d at 1329 ("[M]ere `arms-length cooperation' will not give rise to direct infringement by any party."). What is critical here is whether the evidence shows that the relationship between Limelight and its customers is such that the steps in question are performed by the customers as agents of Limelight or under a contractual obligation and are, thus, properly attributable to Limelight. It is true that Limelight's agreement calls for its customers to assign a unique hostname, requires content providers to perform certain claim steps if they choose to use Limelight's service, and provides instructions and offers technical assistance for performing those steps. However, none of those points establishes either Limelight's control over its customers or its customers' consent to Limelight's control. To the contrary, the agreement merely provides the customers with the tools to allow them to exercise their independent discretion and control over how and in what respect they implement the system. Limelight's customers did not perform the actions of tagging and serving as Limelight's agents and were not contractually obligated to perform those actions. Instead, the evidence leaves no question that Limelight's customers acted principally for their own benefit and under their own control.
While acknowledging the difficulty of proving infringement of claims that must be infringed by multiple parties, this court
Here, the asserted claims were drafted so as to require the activities of both Limelight and its customers for a finding of infringement. Thus, Akamai put itself in a position of having to show that the allegedly infringing activities of Limelight's customers were attributable to Limelight. Akamai did not meet this burden because it did not show that Limelight's customers were acting as agents of or were contractually obligated to Limelight when performing the tagging and serving steps. Thus, the district court properly granted JMOL of noninfringement to Limelight.
Limelight argues as an alternative ground for affirmance that Akamai presented no substantial evidence that Limelight or its customers actually performed the tagging limitation as properly construed. Because we find that the district court properly granted JMOL of noninfringement on the ground stated, we need not and do not address this argument. Likewise, we do not reach Limelight's conditional cross-appeal of the damages award alleging that Akamai failed to present economic proof of a causal link between Limelight's infringement and any Akamai lost sales.
After the district court's claim construction order, Akamai Technologies, Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc., 494 F.Supp.2d 34, 39 (D.Mass.2007) ("Claim Construction Order"), Akamai stipulated that it could not prove infringement of the '645 patent under the district court's construction. The district court thus entered judgment of noninfringement. The district court subsequently entered summary judgment of noninfringement of claims 8, 18, and 20 of the '413 patent. Akamai appeals the district court's construction of several terms in the '645 and '413 patents. While Limelight does not concede that the '645 and '413 patents do not implicate a joint infringement issue similar to that found in the '703 patent above, both parties agree that even if such an issue does exist, it is not properly before the court in this appeal. Oral Arg. 10:35-11:10; 30:40-31:40 (Limelight's counsel stating that the joint infringement issues for the '645 and '413 patents were not developed at the trial court). Thus, we decide Akamai's appeal of the district court's construction of several terms in the asserted claims of the '645 and '413 patents independent of any potential joint infringement issues.
We review claim construction de novo. Cybor Corp. v. FAS Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1451 (Fed.Cir.1998) (en banc). "We begin a claim construction
As part of a system for efficient content delivery, the '645 and '413 patents describe a framework including a set of "hosting" or "ghost" servers used to store and deliver a website's embedded objects. '703 patent col.3 ll.4-7. To determine the location of a hosting computer on which a particular object is stored, the framework includes a second set of servers that are configured with functionality that is similar to, but not exactly the same as, a typical Internet DNS server, such that the servers resolve URLs specifically for the CDN. The specification refers to this second set of servers as "top-level" DNS servers. Id. col.3 ll.17-21, 31. The specification also describes a third set of servers that provide "low-level DNS" functionality. Id. col.3 ll.22-24. Together, the top-level and low-level servers form an "alternative domain name system." According to the patents' preferred embodiment, when a user's machine requests a web page from a content provider, the web page base document is delivered to the user's computer from the content server in the traditional manner described above. Id. col.3 ll.24-27. Any embedded objects in that web page that are stored on the CDN's hosting servers, however, are located using the invention's framework. First, the top-level DNS server determines the user's location in the network and uses that information to identify a list of low-level DNS servers. Id. col.3 ll.29-33, 60-61. The top-level DNS server then redirects the request for the embedded object to one of the identified low-level DNS servers that, in turn, resolves the request into an IP address for the appropriate hosting server that delivers the object to the user's computer. Id. col.3 ll.33-37. The specification does not limit the framework to two levels of DNS servers, but describes "a hierarchy of DNS servers that consisting [sic] of several levels." Id. col.3 ll.37-41. In addition, the top-level and low-level DNS functionality may be combined into a single DNS level. Id. col.5 ll.54-57.
The specification also describes load balancing across the set of hosting servers. Id. col.3 ll.66-67. Load balancing is the process of equalizing the workload on multiple computers. The specification describes a load balancing technique based on distributing the embedded object requests. This technique can be included in the tagging process by modifying the embedded object URL using the hostname of a "virtual server." Id. col.4 ll.1-5. A virtual server is simply a reference to a hosting server whose physical location is not determined until a user attempts to access a specific object. This allows users to retrieve the objects stored on hosting servers efficiently based on a number of continually changing factors (e.g., network traffic, user location). Thus, upon retrieval of a modified web page by a user, the hosting framework maintained by the CDN will resolve the virtual server hostname in the modified URL into the IP address of the appropriate hosting server from which to retrieve the object.
Claim 1 of the '645 patent provides:
'645 patent col.17 ll.39-col.18 ll.29 (emphases added).
Claim 8 is representative of the asserted claims of the '413 patent. It provides:
'413 patent col.18 ll.14-51 (emphases added).
Akamai appeals the construction of the term "a given object of a participating content provider is associated with an alphanumeric string" in the preamble of claim 1 of the '645 patent.
In addition, Akamai points to the prosecution history, other claim limitations in the '645 patent, and the use of "alphanumeric string" in claim 18 of the '413 patent as evidence contradicting the district court's construction. Akamai notes that (1) none of the examples of alphanumeric strings cited by Akamai during prosecution included the original URL; (2) other claim limitations of the '645 patent use the term "alphanumeric string" as a virtual server hostname, not a URL; and (3) the preamble of claim 18 of the '413 patent requires a URL to include an alphanumeric string, not the other way around.
Limelight responds that the district court correctly limited the claim term to include the object's original URL because it reflects the '645 patent's explicit description of the invention. Reiterating the points made by the district court, Limelight asserts that the patents consistently describe "the invention" as associating an alphanumeric string with an object by prepending a virtual server hostname to the original URL that identifies the object in the absence of the CDN. Limelight adds that including the original URL in the alphanumeric string is not merely a preferred embodiment in the patents because all the examples in the patents contain the object's original URL.
This court agrees with Limelight and the district court that the claim term "a given object of a participating content provider is associated with an alphanumeric string" limits tagged alphanumeric strings to those strings including the object's original URL. Here, as in Honeywell International, Inc. v. ITT Industries, Inc., 452 F.3d 1312, 1318 (Fed.Cir.2006), alphanumeric strings including the object's original URL were not merely discussed as a preferred embodiment. Instead, the written description specifically refers to strings including the object's original URL as "the invention":
'645 patent col. 4 ll.13-19.
Id. col.6 ll.54-57.
Id. col.7 ll.36-38.
Id. col.7 l.49-col.8 l.2
Id. col.12 ll.54-60.
The specification does include language indicating that the patentee intended certain aspects of the description to represent preferred, rather than required, elements of the invention. See, e.g., '645 patent col.4 ll.15-17 ("[E]ach embedded object URL is preferably modified by prepending a virtual server hostname into the URL."); id. col.6 ll.57-58 ("A flowchart illustrating the preferred method for modifying the object URL is illustrated in FIG. 4."). This court also acknowledges that much of the language describing a string including a URL as "the invention" occurs within the section entitled "Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment" or in the description of Figure 4, which is referred to as a "preferred method for modifying the object URL." However, the specification as a whole makes clear that including the object's original URL is the only method to achieve the claimed association between an alphanumeric string and the embedded object. Indeed, it is the only method described. Netword, LLC v. Centraal Corp., 242 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed.Cir.2001) ("Although the specification need not present every embodiment or permutation of the invention and the claims are not limited to the preferred embodiment of the invention... neither do the claims enlarge what is patented beyond what the inventor has described as the invention.") (internal citations omitted). See also Bell Atl. Network Servs., Inc. v. Covad Commc'ns Grp., Inc., 262 F.3d 1258, 1271 (Fed.Cir.2001) ("[W]hen a patentee uses a claim term throughout the entire patent specification, in a manner consistent with only a single meaning, he has defined that term `by implication.'") (quoting Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1996)). Moreover, the specification specifically limits the object's modified URL to either prepending or inserting a virtual server hostname into the URL. '645 patent col.4 ll.15-19 ("In particular, each embedded object URL is preferably modified by prepending a virtual server hostname into the URL. More generally, the virtual server hostname is inserted into the URL."). Both of these methods include the original URL of the object in the modified string. Finally, the specification describes the proper functioning of the invention as motivation for including the object's original URL in the modified string, "the ghost knows who the original server was because the name was encoded into the URL that was passed to the ghost from the browser." Id. col.12 ll.56-58.
Akamai argues that the district court's requirement that the alphanumeric string include an entire URL is nonsensical because DNS servers resolve hostnames, not URLs. Akamai also asserts that the district court's statement that "[t]he URL of the object is necessary to the inventive global framework in order to retrieve the object from the content provider's server if no copy exists on a ghost [i.e., content] server" in its claim construction order, Claim Construction Order at 40, demonstrates a "fundamental misunderstanding of the requirements of the invention." Akamai's Principal Br. at 57. According to Akamai, this statement ignores that the specification describes retrieving any missing content from either the content provider's original server or another content server in the CDN. None of these arguments are persuasive. At no place does the specification indicate that the entire string must be used by the DNS server. Even if only the hostname is used by the DNS during the resolving step, this does not mean that an alphanumeric string cannot contain other information not used by the DNS during this step. Indeed, this must
Akamai also appeals the district court's construction of "the given name server that receives the DNS query being close to the client local name server as determined by given location information" in claim 1 of the '645 patent and "selecting a given one of the name servers in the content delivery network" in claims 8, 18, and 20 of the '413 patent. The district court interpreted both limitations to require that the name server be selected by the alternative domain name system.
This court is not persuaded by Akamai's argument. DSW is inapposite. In DSW this court reversed the district court's claim construction importing a limitation from a preferred embodiment because the claim language was unambiguously broader than the preferred embodiment, not because it imported structural limitations into a method claim. Id. at 1347. Method claims often include structural details. See e.g., Microprocessor Enhancement Corp. v. Tex. Instruments, Inc., 520 F.3d 1367, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2008) ("Method claim preambles often recite the physical structures of a system in which the claimed method is practiced, and
Akamai also asserts that the district court's interpretation improperly limits the inventive framework to a multi-level DNS system. Akamai points out that because the patents explicitly allow for a framework with a one-level DNS framework, a multi-level restriction is unduly limiting. '703 patent col.5 ll.56-57 ("Alternatively, there may be a single DNS level that combines the functionality of the top-level and low-level servers.").
The district court responded to this exact argument in its claim construction order. Specifically, the court explained that because the specification states that "the functionality of the top and low-level servers" may be combined in "a single DNS level," the specification requires that a single-level DNS system accomplish the same steps as the two-level system described in the preferred embodiment. Claim Construction Order at 45. Thus, the district court's construction does support a single-level DNS system, and is not limited to a multilevel DNS system. As the district court recognized, the steps described in the preferred embodiment—(1) a top-level DNS server of the CDN selects a close-by low-level DNS server and redirects the user to that server and (2) the user's local DNS server requests the object's IP address from the low-level server—can be accomplished by one DNS server. Id. at 46 (citing '413 patent col.9 ll.44-50). Specifically, the district court explained:
Id. at 45-46.
This explanation is entirely consistent with the specification's description of the invention and effectively counters Akamai's argument that the court's construction improperly limits the invention to a multi-level DNS system. Akamai also asserts, however, that one of these "other techniques" could be substituted for the top-level DNS servers in order to implement a one-level DNS framework. Thus, according to Akamai, the patent, but not the district court's construction, allows for a one-level DNS framework in which "other techniques," such as "Anycasting,"
In fact, the patent repeatedly defines using DNS lookup for choosing the ultimate CDN DNS server as the "invention." As noted by the district court, the specification describes "the present invention" as "manipulat[ing] the DNS system so the name is resolved to one of the ghosts that is near the client." '703 patent col.9 ll.26-28. In addition, under the heading entitled "Brief Summary of the Invention," the specification states that "[t]o locate the appropriate hosting servers to use, the top-level DNS server determines the user's location in the network to identify a given low-level DNS server to respond to the request for the embedded object." '703 patent col.3 ll.29-33.
Akamai conceded that under the district court's construction, Limelight does not infringe the '645 patent. Akamai also does not argue that Limelight would infringe the '413 patent under this construction. Therefore, this court is left to conclude that the district court properly entered judgment in favor of Limelight on the issue of infringement.
For the foregoing reasons, this court affirms the district court's grant of Limelight's motion for JMOL of noninfringement of the '703 patent. This court also affirms the district court's entry of judgment of noninfringement of the '645 and '413 patents.
