ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS FOR MISJOINDER AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO STRIKE

MARGARET M. MORROW, District Judge.

On July 21, 2014, Camille Armstead and plaintiffs Gerry Chamberlain, Terence Klafke, Judith Larsen, Roberto R. Lopez, Sandra Lopez, Cathy Luke, James Lumpkin, Robert Martinez, Lawrence Mullaly, Blanca Pasos, Monica Quijano, Esther Reyes, Gilbert Sanchez, Javier Sanchez, Kenneth Santolla, Timothy Schey, and Yvonne Whiteman (collectively, the "Joined Plaintiffs") filed this action against the City of Los Angeles (the "City") and various fictitious defendants for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq.1 On September 9, 2014, the City filed a Rule 12(f) motion to dismiss or strike the joined plaintiffs on the basis that they were misjoined under Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It also moves to strike various collective action allegations.2 Plaintiffs opposed the City's motion on November 17, 2014.3

Pursuant to Rule 78 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rule 7-15, the court finds this matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. The hearing calendared for December 8, 2014, is therefore vacated, and the matter taken off calendar.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. Facts Alleged in the Complaint

1. The Plaintiffs

Plaintiffs previously filed opt-in consents to join two collective actions filed in this district: Roberto Alaniz v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 04-8592 GAF (AJWx), and Cesar Mata v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 07-6782 GAF (AJWx).4 On May 21, 2014, Judge Gary Allen Feess decertified the collective actions in Alaniz and Mata, and dismissed plaintiffs' claims without prejudice.5 Thereafter, the opt-in plaintiffs in the decertified Alaniz and Mata actions filed twenty-eight separate cases pleading the claims raised in Alaniz and Mata.6

Among the cases filed was this one. The eighteen named plaintiffs assert that joinder of their claims is appropriate under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure because

2. Facts Alleged Common to All Plaintiffs

Plaintiffs are members of the Los Angeles Police Protective League ("LAPPL") and are subject to the terms of a collective bargaining agreement ("CBA") between the City and the LAPPL.8 During a substantial period of their employment with the City, the plaintiffs were assigned to the Special Operations, Jail, and Juvenile Divisions of the Los Angeles Police Department ("LAPD").9

Plaintiffs allege that, during their employment with the City, they were required to work overtime hours as defined in the FLSA.10 They contend that, although they were expected to work overtime and did so with the knowledge and consent of their supervisors, they were not properly compensated for all overtime hours worked.11 Specifically, plaintiffs assert that they were frequently required to work through their meal break, also known as "Code 7" or "free time" by the LAPD.12 Although they were required to work through their Code 7's, the City purportedly deducted the time allotted for Code 7 purposes from plaintiffs' wages, which resulted in the incorrect calculation of overtime wages under the FLSA.13 Plaintiffs assert that the City denied them Code 7 time and deducted wages for the time from their compensation pursuant to written and unwritten policies intended to violate the FLSA.14

In addition to working through Code 7's, plaintiffs were purportedly required to work before and/or after their scheduled watch to prepare and complete arrest reports; prepare and complete preliminary investigation reports, i.e., robbery, domestic violence, or burglary reports; make copies of reports; and/or forward reports to appropriate divisions within the LAPD.15 Plaintiffs allege they were not compensated for time spent working before or after their watch as a result of the City's and LAPD policies.16

Plaintiffs further allege that they performed other types of overtime work that the City and the LAPD treated as non-compensable.17 For example, LAPD sergeants were required to prepare for roll call, which included distributing items in the department's subpoena and kickback folders; communicating with personnel from the previous watch; and determining which officers would be working and which officers would be out sick for the watch.18 Plaintiffs contend it was necessary for sergeants to perform these tasks immediately before the start of their watch because the information in the folders was constantly updated with information and issues that arose during the previous watch.19 Plaintiffs also contend that sergeants were regularly required to work after their shifts to perform additional supervisory duties.20 Plaintiffs' managers and supervisors purportedly knew plaintiffs started work early to prepare for roll call because they often pressured plaintiffs to do so and prepared alongside plaintiffs.21 Despite knowing that plaintiffs performed compensable work before and after their shifts, the City allegedly failed to compensate plaintiffs for all of their hours worked.22

Plaintiffs contend that the City knew or should have known they were working overtime without compensation because the policy of requiring officers to work through Code 7's and before and after watch were widespread throughout the LAPD. They also assert that the LAPD also failed to maintain records of the overtime hours they worked under the FLSA.23

The LAPD is purportedly subject to the continuous day rule under the FLSA; plaintiffs allege the department violates the rule by requiring officers to list the hours they are scheduled to work, rather than the hours they actually work.24 The LAPD allegedly relies on individual officers to submit documentation of hours worked for purposes of calculating overtime despite the fact that it has not trained officers to identify compensable overtime under the FLSA or the CBA.25 As one example, plaintiffs allege that the LAPD has failed to identify for officers what activities they can submit for overtime compensation, despite knowing that officers perform compensable overtime work before and after their assigned watch.26

In addition to the City's allegedly unlawful policy of failing to calculate and pay lawful overtime wages, plaintiffs assert that some of them who, in addition to regular assignments and obligations, worked speciality details — i.e., SWAT, canine, and motorcycle traffic officers — were not compensated for donning and doffing of uniforms and equipment at the worksite, despite the fact that they were entitled to compensation for such activities.27

Based on the purported policies described above, plaintiffs plead claims for violation of the FLSA28 and willful violation of the FLSA.29

B. The Parties' Requests for Judicial Notice

1. The City's Request for Judicial Notice

The City requests that the court take judicial notice of twenty orders or filings in related civil actions in this district — specifically, the Alaniz and Mata actions and the twenty-eight companion cases filed following Judge Feess' decertification of the collective actions in Alaniz and Mata.30 Plaintiffs do not oppose the City's request.

The court may consider documents that are proper subjects of judicial notice in ruling on a party's motion to dismiss for misjoinder and on a motion to strike. See, e.g., Aldaz v. City of Los Angeles, No. 2:14-CV-05642-CAS (SSx), 2014 WL 6473411 *1 n. 2 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 18, 2014) (taking judicial notice of court records in related cases in ruling on defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiffs for misjoinder and strike allegations from the complaint); Jacobson v. Persolve, LLC, No. 14-CV-00735-LHK, 2014 WL 4090809, *2-3 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 19, 2014) (taking judicial notice of orders and filings in related cases in ruling on defendants' motions to dismiss and strike); Shaterian v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 829 F.Supp.2d 873, 877 n. 2 (N.D.Cal.2011) (taking judicial notice of documents in deciding defendants' motions to dismiss and strike); In re New Century, 588 F.Supp.2d 1206, 1219-20 (C.D.Cal. 2008) (taking judicial notice of SEC documents and filings in ruling on defendants' motions to dismiss and strike, and noting that "[f]or a motion to strike to be granted, the grounds for the motion must appear either on the face of the complaint or from matters of which the Court may take judicial notice," citing SEC v. Sands, 902 F.Supp. 1149, 1165 (C.D.Cal.1995)).

The City requests that the court take judicial notice of (1) an order decertifying the collective action in Alaniz v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 07-6782 GAF (AJWx), filed May 21, 2014;31 (2) an order decertifying collective action in Mata v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 04-8592 GAF (AJWx), filed May 21, 2014;32 (3) an order granting defendant's motion for partial summary judgment in Nolan v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 03-2190 GAF (AJWx), filed July 1, 2010;33 (4) an order granting defendant's motion for partial summary judgment in Alaniz, filed July 1, 2010;34 (5) an order granting defendant's motion for partial summary judgment in Mata, filed July 1, 2010;35 (6) an order granting the defendant's motion for summary judgment in Nunez v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 06-6390 VBF (MANx), filed November 9, 2010;36 (7) an order to show cause in Acevedo et al. v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 145661 GHK (PJWx), filed August 19, 2014;37 (8) an order to show cause regarding dismissal for improper joinder in Agard, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 14-5668 PSG (JCx), filed August 13, 2014;38 (9) an order to show cause regarding dismissal for improper joinder in Aguilar, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 14-5633 PSG (JCx), filed August 13, 2014;39 (10) an order to show cause regarding dismissal for improper joinder in Alaniz, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 14-5658 PSG (JCx), filed August 13, 2014;40 (11) an order to show cause regarding dismissal for improper joinder in Alvarado, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 145632 PSG (VBKx), filed August 13, 2014;41 (12) a stipulated judgment and order in Nolan, filed September 17, 2013;42 (13) an order regarding motions to dismiss and strike in Berndt, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, et al., No. CV 11-8579 GAF (AJWx), filed May 13, 2012;43 (14) an order regarding a motion for summary judgment in Berndt, filed April 12, 2013;44 (15) an order granting defendant's motion to strike and dismiss in Weaver, et al. v. County of Orange, No. 100101 CJC (ANx), filed April 29, 2010;45 (16) plaintiffs' memorandum of points and authorities in opposition to defendant's motion to decertify the collective action in Alaniz, filed March 3, 2014;46 (17) plaintiffs' memorandum of points and authorities in opposition to defendant's motion to decertify the collective action in Mata, filed March 3, 2014;47 (18) the declaration of James Lumpkin filed in support of plaintiffs' opposition to the motion for decertification in Alaniz, filed February 22, 2014;48 (19) plaintiffs' first amended complaint in Alaniz, filed November 23, 2004;49 and (20) an order to show cause regarding dismissal for improper joinder in Abner, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 14-5655 PA (MRWx), filed September 4, 2014.50

"Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the [c]ourt may take judicial notice of matters of public record if the facts are not `subject to a reasonable dispute.'" Olds v. Metlife Home Loans, No. SACV 12-55 JVS (RNBx), 2012 WL 10420298, *1 n. 1 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 19, 2012) (citing Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir.2001)). Court orders and filings are proper subjects of judicial notice. See, e.g., United States v. Black, 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir.2007) (noting that a court "may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue"); Reyn's Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n. 6 (9th Cir.2006) (taking judicial notice of pleadings, memoranda, and other court filings); Asdar Group v. Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro, 99 F.3d 289, 290 n. 1 (9th Cir.1996) (court may take judicial notice of pleadings and court orders in related proceedings); United States ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir.1992) (a court may take judicial notice "of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue"); United States ex rel. Modglin v. DJO Global Inc., 48 F.Supp.3d 1362, 1382, 2014 WL 4783575, *11 (C.D.Cal. Sept. 2, 2014) ("As respects court orders and filings in other FCA cases, these documents, too, are the proper subject of judicial notice" (citations omitted)); Farahani v. Floria, No. 12-CV-04637 LHK, 2013 WL 1703384, *1 n. 1 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 19, 2013) ("The remaining documents submitted for judicial notice are all documents filed in previous and concurrent lawsuits, which are similarly suitable for judicial notice under Fed. R.Evid. 201(b)").

Because each of the documents the City seeks to have the court notice is a court filing, the court grants the City's request for judicial notice.51

2. Plaintiffs' Request for Judicial Notice

Plaintiffs request that the court take judicial notice of two documents in deciding the City's motion to strike:52 (1) the opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Jack Jimenez v. Allstate Insurance Company, 765 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir.2014);53 and (2) Judge Feess' order regarding plaintiffs' motion to clarify in the Alaniz action, dated July 24, 2014.54 The court need not take judicial notice of a published circuit court opinion, as it relies on such authority routinely in deciding pending motions. See Jones v. Curry, No. C 07-1013 RMW (PR), 2008 WL 3550866, *2 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 13, 2008) ("The court need not take judicial notice of case law. Parties need not request the court to judicially notice published decisions from other courts.... If a party wants the court to consider a published decision, it is sufficient to cite the decision in his brief"). The court does, however, take judicial notice of Judge Feess' order regarding the motion to clarify in Alaniz. See Reyn's Pasta Bella, LLC, 442 F.3d at 746 n. 6.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Motion to Dismiss Improperly Joined Plaintiffs

1. Legal Standard Governing Joinder Under Rule 20

Rule 20(a) governs permissive joinder, and identifies two prerequisites for the joinder of defendants: (1) a right to relief must be asserted against the defendants jointly, severally or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences; and (2) some question of law or fact common to all defendants will arise. FED.R.CIV.PROC. 20(a)(2); see also League to Save Lake Tahoe v. Tahoe Reg. Plan. Agency, 558 F.2d 914, 917 (9th Cir.1977); 7 C. Wright & A. Miller, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: CIVIL, § 1653 (1972). Joinder is to be construed liberally "in order to promote trial convenience and to expedite the final determination of disputes, thereby preventing multiple lawsuits." League to Save Lake Tahoe, 558 F.2d at 917. Indeed, under the federal rules, "the impulse is toward the broadest possible scope of action consistent with fairness to the parties; joinder of claims, parties and remedies is strongly encouraged." United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 724, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966).

Nonetheless, district courts retain broad discretion in applying Rule 20. See Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 F.3d 1271, 1296-97 (9th Cir.2000) (whether severance is appropriate under Rule 20 lies within the sound discretion of the trial court); Desert Empire Bank v. Insurance Co. of North America, 623 F.2d 1371, 1375 (9th Cir.1980) (even if the requirements of Rule 20 are satisfied, courts must examine other relevant factors to determine whether permissive joinder will comport with principles of fundamental fairness); Real Money Sports, Inc. v. Real Sports, Inc., No. 2:12-CV-1714 JCM (CWH), 2013 WL 3043442, *2 (D.Nev. June 14, 2013) ("`Rule 20(a) is permissive in character, [and] joinder in situations falling within the rule's standard is not required.' The court has discretion in regards to joinder of parties," quoting and citing 7 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, § 1652 (3d ed.2001)); Wynn v. Nat'l Broadcasting Co., 234 F.Supp.2d 1067, 1078 (C.D.Cal. 2002) (even where the requirements of Rule 20 are satisfied, "there is no requirement that the parties must be joined").

If joinder is improper, Rule 21 provides that the court may, on its own or a party's motion, "at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party." FED.R.CIV.PROC. 21. See Pan Am. World Airways, Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for Central District of California, 523 F.2d 1073, 1079 (9th Cir.1975) ("By itself, Rule 21 cannot furnish standards for the propriety of joinder, for it contains none. Hence it must incorporate standards to be found elsewhere"); Barr Rubber Products Co. v. Sun Rubber Co., 425 F.2d 1114, 1126 n. 23 (2d Cir.1970) ("Rule 21 merely provides that misjoinder is not grounds for dismissal, but that parties may be added `on such terms as are just.' Necessarily, it relates back to Rules 19 and 20").

Where parties have been inappropriately joined, it is accepted practice under Rule 21 to dismiss all defendants except for the first named in the complaint; this operates as a dismissal of plaintiffs' claims against other defendants without prejudice. See Bravado International Group Merchandising Services v. Cha, No. CV 09-9066 PSG (CWx), 2010 WL 2650432, *5 (C.D.Cal. June 30, 2010) ("Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 governs the misjoinder of parties and permits the court `[o]n motion or on its own ... at any time, on just terms, [to] add or drop a party[, or] also sever any claim against a party.' Fed.R.Civ.P. 21. The Court has considerable discretion in choosing among these options. See Sams v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 625 F.2d 273, 277 (9th Cir.1980); see also 4 Moore's Federal Practice, § 21.02[4] (3d ed.2009). An accepted practice under Rule 21 is to dismiss all defendants except for the first named in the complaint, see Coughlin [v. Rogers], 130 F.3d [1348,] 1350 [ (9th Cir.1997) ]; see also Coal. for a Sustainable Delta [v. United States Fish and Wildlife Serv.], [No. 1:09-CV-480 OWW GSA], []2009 WL 3857417, [] *8 [(E.D.Cal. Nov. 17, 2009)], and dropping a defendant for improper joinder operates as a dismissal without prejudice, see Harris v. Lappin, [No. EDCV 06-00664 VBF (AJW) ], 2009 WL 789756, [] *7 (C.D.Cal. [Mar. 19,] 2009) (citing DirecTV, Inc. v. Leto, 467 F.3d 842, 845 (3d Cir.2006))"). Because courts use the permissive joinder standards contained in Rule 20 to determine whether parties have been improperly joined under Rule 21, see O'Sullivan v. City of Chicago, No. 01 C 9856, 2007 WL 671040, *9 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 1, 2007) ("Because Rule 21 does not include a standard for proper joinder, courts use the permissive joinder standards contained in Rule 20(a)"), the court considers the City's motion under Rule 20.

2. Whether Plaintiffs Are Properly Joined

a. Whether Plaintiffs Were Subject to a Common Series of Occurrences and Share Common Facts

Plaintiffs argue that joinder is proper because "all [named] plaintiffs in the instant lawsuit clearly derive their rights out of the same series of transactions or occurrences (i.e. the LAPD's compensation structure)" and "all of the plaintiffs share at least three common questions" as to (1) whether the LAPD's official written Code 7 policies violate the FLSA; (2) whether an unofficial or unwritten policy discouraging the submission and reporting of missed and interrupted Code 7's exists; and (3) whether an unofficial or unwritten policy discouraging the submission and reporting of off-the-clock work exists.55

The plaintiffs in Alaniz and Mata made similar arguments in support of certifying a collective action concerning the LAPD's Code 7 policy.56 Judge Feess was unpersuaded by the Alaniz and Mata plaintiffs' arguments, particularly given the LAPD's "unambiguous written overtime policy that prohibits officers from working off-the-clock."57 Based on the evidence adduced by plaintiffs, Judge Feess concluded that they could not "establish a single policy, custom, or practice that resulted in FLSA violations," and noted that "the individual conduct of each supervisor must be assessed to determine whether an FLSA violation has occurred."58 This proved to be unmanageable on a classwide basis given the fact that many plaintiffs had multiple supervisors during the relevant period,59 and that plaintiffs were unable to adduce sufficient evidence that there was officers were uniformly discouraged from adhering to the LAPD's official policy.60

The City argues in its motion that the individual plaintiffs joined in this action face the same individualized inquiries that Judge Feess found affected the larger opt-in classes in Alaniz and Mata. As a consequence, it contends, joinder is inappropriate because plaintiffs' claims do not arise from a common series of transactions or occurrences and do not share common issues.61 Plaintiffs counter that Judge Feess' decertification orders were erroneous; they also argue that the individualized inquiries noted by Judge Feess have been eliminated by limiting the plaintiffs joined in this action to individuals who were employed in LAPD's Office of Special Operations, Jail and Juvenile divisions.62

As an initial matter, plaintiffs argue that, under current Ninth Circuit law, Judge Feess' decision to decertify the Alaniz and Mata collective actions was wrong, and the court should thus ignore his exhaustive analysis of the nature of plaintiffs' claims and the individualized inquiries they necessarily raise.63 Plaintiffs cite the Ninth Circuit's recent decision in Jimenez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 765 F.3d 1161 (9th Cir.2014), as evidence that Judge Feess erred in decertifying the collective actions and that all of their claims can be joined and adjudicated together.64

In Jimenez, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in certifying a Rule 23 class of automobile insurance claims adjusters who claimed that Allstate had an unofficial policy of requiring them to work unpaid off-the-clock overtime in violation of the California Labor Code. Jimenez, 765 F.3d at 1163, 1169. Jimenez demonstrates, plaintiffs argue, that rather than focusing on "whether the plaintiffs could actually prove the existence of an unwritten/unofficial policy that contradicted the written policies and directives of the LAPD," Judge Feess should have "focused on whether the plaintiffs and opt-in members, as a whole, shared [a] common question [concerning] the existence of such a policy ... whether [or not] it was ultimately prove[d]...."65 They contend that, under Jimenez, the court should deny the City's motion to dismiss the joined plaintiffs because their claims raise a common question as to whether the LAPD has an unofficial practice or policy of discouraging the reporting of missed Code 7's and off-the-clock work.66

The court is not persuaded by plaintiffs' reliance on Jimenez. As an initial matter, the Jimenez court considered an issue different than that raised here or in Alaniz and Mata; the issue there was whether certification of a Rule 23 class was appropriate in a case involving California Labor Code claims. The issue here is whether joinder is appropriate under Rule 20, while the issue in Alaniz and Mata was whether a collective action under the FLSA was appropriate.

More fundamentally, Jimenez is factually distinct. Indeed, plaintiffs' arguments concerning the effect of Jimenez on Judge Feess' analysis have been considered and rejected in another case commenced after decertification of the Alaniz and Mata collective actions. In Aldaz v. City of Los Angeles, No. 2:14-CV-05642-CAS (SSx), 2014 WL 6473411 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 18, 2014), Judge Christina A. Snyder reasoned:

The court finds Judge Snyder's analysis of Jimenez and her analysis of plaintiffs' arguments instructive, and follows her reasoning here. Unlike Jimenez, trying plaintiffs' claims together will not "produce a common answer to the crucial question[s] raised by the plaintiffs' complaint." Jimenez, 765 F.3d at 1166. Rather, as Judge Feess noted, there will likely be distinct answers to the same question because plaintiffs "worked in disparate locations for a variety of supervisors in different divisions and bureaus with assignments of varying nature."67 Indeed, while the Jimenez court concluded that plaintiffs had proffered sufficient evidence of uniform treatment to infer that Allstate had an "unofficial policy of discouraging reporting of ... overtime," Jimenez, 765 F.3d at 1165-66, Judge Feess explicitly found that plaintiffs had failed to adduce evidence that LAPD had a uniform policy or practice of discouraging plaintiffs from claiming overtime.68

Moreover, as Judge Snyder noted in Aldaz, plaintiffs cite no authority for the proposition that Jimenez demonstrates joinder is proper under Rule 20, and the court finds no support for such a proposition based on its own reading of the case. See Aldaz, 2014 WL 6473411 at *3. For these reasons, the court finds plaintiffs' arguments regarding Jimenez unavailing. Rather, the court finds Judge Feess' analysis of plaintiffs' claims in Alaniz and Mata instructive, and is guided by it as it considers plaintiffs' other arguments respecting joinder.

Plaintiffs next argue that Judge Feess erroneously decertified the collective actions based upon "the potential need for individualized damages inquiries."69 In this regard, plaintiffs appear to misapprehend Judge Feess' order. Judge Feess noted that the City might raise defenses "that particular supervisors acted in good faith, that the off-the-clock activities did not constitute compensable `work,' or that any alleged off-the-clock work falls within the de minimis exception to the FLSA."70 Judge Feess noted that these inquiries were "inherently individualized" and made certification of the classes improper.71 In reaching this conclusion, he observed that questions concerning the City's defenses affected liability, not damages:

The court is therefore unpersuaded by plaintiffs' argument that joinder is appropriate because any individualized inquiries go not to liability but to damages.

Having concluded that plaintiffs' critiques of Judge Feess' analysis in Alaniz and Mata are incorrect, the court finds that individualized factual issues impacting liability make joinder of plaintiffs in this action impracticable. Specifically, the court is not convinced that resolution of plaintiffs' claims will be turn on a common inquiry as to whether the LAPD had a uniform unofficial policy concerning the reporting of overtime hours.

Additionally, to prevail on their FLSA claims, plaintiffs will have to demonstrate that LAPD supervisors had "constructive or actual knowledge that [they] were working off-the-clock," Reed v. County of Orange, 266 F.R.D. 446, 462 (C.D.Cal. 2010) (citing Pforr v. Food Lion, Inc., 851 F.2d 106, 109 (4th Cir.1988); Forrester v. Roth's I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 646 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir.1981)), which will require inquiries concerning individual plaintiffs and their supervisors. Plaintiffs' evidence shows that "employees must work different shifts to provide full coverage within each station," that "[s]upervisors and officers often work different or overlapping shifts," that "each station has several different chains of command within it," and that "[s]worn employees holding the rank of Lieutenant or below can and frequently do transfer from shift to shift, from assignment to assignment, and/or from station to station (or to another division or bureau)."73 These facts demonstrate that plaintiffs changed assignments or shifts frequently and that each had a variety of supervisors. It is therefore unlikely that common proof can be adduced concerning the City's knowledge of plaintiffs' off-the-clock work.

Plaintiffs maintain that they have eliminated the possibility of individualized issues concerning their supervisors' knowledge by joining only officers who worked in the Jail and Juvenile Divisions of the Office of Special Operations. The court is not persuaded. One of the plaintiffs, James Lumpkin, for example, worked at three divisions in addition to the Jail Division during the relevant time period: the 77th Division, Southeast Division, and West Los Angeles Division.74 Similarly, Kenneth Santolla, also a named plaintiff, was assigned to the Central, Southwest, Rampart, and Jail Divisions during the statutory period.75 Finally, plaintiff Robert Martinez, who is joined in this action, is also a named plaintiff in Abucejo, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 14-05666 GW (MRWx), which suggests that Martinez may also have worked at the Southeast Division during the relevant period. Moreover, given the variety of assignments available in the Jail and Juvenile Divisions and the undisputed evidence proffered by plaintiffs that they regularly transferred between shifts and assignments and often had shifts that "overlapped" with their supervisors, the court concludes that individualized evidence will be required to prove knowledge on the part of plaintiffs' supervisors.76 See Aldaz, 2014 WL 6473411 at *4 ("`[T]o rebut [plaintiffs'] allegations of knowledge, [the City] will have to introduce evidence that is inherently individualized,'" citing Reed, 266 F.R.D. at 460).

Finally, and critically, plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate how, despite the variety of assignments, shifts, and supervisors each had, their rights under the FSLA were violated in similar or identical ways. Although plaintiffs allege that sergeants were routinely not compensated for roll call preparation77 and that some plaintiffs worked speciality details, it is not clear from the complaint that all named plaintiffs were sergeants or worked specialty details during the relevant period. Joinder is inappropriate where, as here, plaintiffs performed distinct uncompensated tasks and duties, giving rise to distinct FLSA violations. See Abrams v. City of Los Angeles, No. 2:14-CV-05646 ODW (SHx), 2014 WL 6473418, *3 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 17, 2014) ("Furthermore, the Complaint highlights that Plaintiffs were not similarly situated with respect to the different tasks for which they were allegedly uncompensated. For example, Plaintiffs allege that Sergeants were not compensated for `roll call preparation,' but it is unclear whether all Plaintiffs held the rank of Sergeants at the West Valley Division during the statutory period. Plaintiffs also assert that `Plaintiffs who, in addition to their normal assignments and obligation, worked specialty details such as SWAT, canine, motorcycle traffic officers and other duties which require donning and doffing at the worksite, are entitled to be compensated under the law for their time in connection with such activities.' Joinder is inappropriate because Plaintiffs had varying uncompensated tasks for which they claim FLSA violations and therefore have not shown a common transaction or occurrence," citing Coughlin v. Rogers, 130 F.3d 1348, 1350 (9th Cir.1997) (holding that a common allegation of delay did not create a common transaction or occurrence because the delays varied from case to case)). Moreover, although the complaint alleges that the plaintiffs regularly had their Code 7's interrupted, it is unclear how often such interruptions occurred for each of the named plaintiffs. Indeed, based on the declarations of two of the plaintiffs, Lumpkin and Santolla, it is clear that each individual's experience with interrupted Code 7's varied.78

In short, the court concludes that the individualized issues identified by Judge Feess in his orders decertifying the Alaniz and Mata collective actions preclude joinder here despite the fact that the joined plaintiffs are all officers who were employed in the Jail and Juvenile Divisions during the relevant period. The individualized inquiries that will be required for each plaintiff to show that the City is liable, as well as the individualized evidence on which the City's defenses depend lead the court to conclude that, under the circumstances, joinder of all plaintiffs in this case would be impracticable. Accordingly, the court grants the City's motion to dismiss all plaintiffs except Armstead for misjoinder.79

b. Whether Joinder of the Plaintiffs Comport With Principles of Fundamental Fairness

Even if plaintiffs had satisfied the requirements of Rule 20, joinder would still be inappropriate unless it "comport[ed] with the principles of fundamental fairness." Desert Empire Bank, 623 F.2d at 1375. The court has "discretion to refuse joinder in the interest of avoiding prejudice and delay." Acevedo v. Allsup's Convenience Stores, Inc., 600 F.3d 516, 521-22 (5th Cir.2010) (concluding that joinder of plaintiffs' FLSA claims was improper because it would not "facilitate judicial economy and ... different witnesses and documentary proof would be required for plaintiffs' claims").

Plaintiffs argue that dismissing the claims of all but Armstead for misjoinder will lead to inefficiency because it "could potentially lead to 18 individual lawsuits being filed in the Central District of California," each of which "would require its own scheduling order, parties' planning meeting, [and] initial disclosures."80 As noted, however, the named plaintiffs' claims arise from different transactions and/or occurrences, such that plaintiffs are not similarly situated with respect to their FLSA claims. Permitting joinder in this action would thus lead to eighteen individual actions under a single caption. Indeed, as noted in Judge Feess' decertification orders, he conducted an exemplar trial, permitting the joinder of four plaintiffs with off-the-clock claims against the City.81 The trial lasted eight days, and "involved 20 witnesses, 14 of whom were called by the City"; this was required because the four plaintiffs held different ranks, worked at different stations during the statutory period, and had multiple superior officers.82 Such a result prompted Judge Feess to note that even allowing joinder of a small number of plaintiffs who worked different assignments and shifts during the statutory period could result in an "unmanageable, chaotic, and counterproductive" trial.83 The court shares the concerns expressed by Judge Feess and concludes that permitting the joinder of the eighteen named plaintiffs in this action would likely lead to inefficiency, prejudice, and delay.

Plaintiffs propose that "[t]he most efficient means moving forward would be to allow each of the joined plaintiffs to remain in this case[,] ... consolidate them for purposes of discovery and scheduling orders," and then allow one trial to determine liability.84 After the liability trial, plaintiffs propose that the court "set a schedule for `mini' damages trials that can be greatly expedited through the use of interrogatories and/or written depositions."85 As the court noted previously, plaintiffs fail to recognize that individualized inquiries will be required not simply to assess individual plaintiffs' damages but to determine liability. As Judge Feess noted in the decertification orders, the City will have to adduce individualized evidence concerning each plaintiff in support of its defenses to the individual claims; this of course is a liability question, not a damages issue.86

Finally, plaintiffs argue that joinder would comport with the principles of fundamental fairness because "dismissing the cases and requiring the filing of separate lawsuits can potentially lead to an inefficient and unnecessary use of public funds" because "[t]he fee-shifting provisions of the FLSA could potentially make the City of Los Angeles responsible for reimbursing expenses, including multiple filing fees, as well as attorneys' fees for all of the redundant work required if plaintiffs have to re-file separate actions."87 The mere possibility of fee-shifting under the FLSA — which will occur only if plaintiffs ultimately prevail on their claims — is not a sufficient reason to allow the action to proceed with eighteen plaintiffs who are not similarly situated; this is particularly true where the City challenges the joinder of all plaintiffs in a single action.

For all of these reasons, the court concludes that permitting the joinder of all named plaintiffs in this action would not "comport with the principles of fundamental fairness," Desert Empire Bank, 623 F.2d at 1375, but rather would lead to judicial inefficiency, prejudice, and delay.

B. Motion to Strike

1. Legal Standard Governing Motions to Strike

Rule 12(f) allows a court to "strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." FED.R.CIV.PROC. 12(f). "The essential function of a Rule 12(f) motion is to `avoid the expenditure of time and money that must arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to trial.'" Bureerong v. Uvawas, 922 F.Supp. 1450, 1478 (C.D.Cal.1996) (quoting Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir.1993), overruled on other grounds, 510 U.S. 517, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994)). Motions to strike under Rule 12(f) are "generally regarded with disfavor because of the limited importance of pleading in federal practice, and because they are often used as a delaying tactic." Neilson v. Union Bank of California, N.A., 290 F.Supp.2d 1101, 1152 (C.D.Cal.2003).

2. Whether the Court Should Grant the City's Motion to Strike

In addition to the moving to dismiss the joined plaintiffs, the City also seeks to strike the joined plaintiffs and several allegations under Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.88 Specifically, the City seeks to strike: (1) all plaintiffs except Armstead;89 (2) Paragraph 5 of plaintiffs' complaint;90 (3) Paragraphs 16 and 18 of the complaint;91 and (4) Paragraph 21.92 Plaintiffs do not respond to the City's arguments; rather, they rely on the arguments they make regarding joinder under Rule 20.93

a. Whether the Court Should Strike the Joined Plaintiffs

The City argues that the court should strike all of the joined plaintiffs, i.e., all plaintiffs except for Armstead, because they have "directly violated the Decertification Order in filing this case as a multi-plaintiff lawsuit and prejudiced the City by forcing it to seek decertification in 28 different cases."94 The City also argues that the joined plaintiffs should be stricken to "make the trial less complicated, eliminate serious risk of prejudice to the City, and eliminate confusion of the issues."95 Because the court has already concluded that the joined plaintiffs must be dismissed as improperly joined, it need not determine whether striking the plaintiffs would be warranted under Rule 12(f). The court therefore denies the City's motion to strike joined plaintiffs.96

b. Whether the Court Should Strike Paragraph 5

The City next moves to strike Paragraph 5, which states, inter alia, that "[a]ll [p]laintiffs herein have the same or substantially similar claims," and that their allegations involve the "same wrongful and/or illegal employment policy, practice, and/or scheme."97 The City argues that the court should strike Paragraph 5 because "the Decertification Order expressly found that [p]laintiffs did not have substantially similar claims," and "Judge Feess [] held that there was no department-wide policy that barred the plaintiffs from submitting overtime for under an hour."98

Because the court has determined that it must dismiss the joined plaintiffs and only Armstead's claims remain, the allegations in Paragraph 5 are immaterial to her individual causes of action. Stated differently, the "similarly situated" allegations have "no possible bearing on the subject matter of this litigation," Colaprico v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 758 F.Supp. 1335, 1339 (N.D.Cal.1991) (citing Naton v. Bank of California, 72 F.R.D. 550, 551 n. 4 (N.D.Cal.1976) (citing in turn 2A J. Moore, FEDERAL PRACTICE ¶ 12.21[2] at 2429 (2d ed.1975))), because Armstead is the only plaintiff remaining in the action. See Aldaz, 2014 WL 6473411 at *5 ("Paragraph 5 alleges that all plaintiffs `have the same or substantially similar claims' and that joinder is proper because all allegations involve the `same wrongful and/or illegal employment policy, practice and/or scheme.' Because the Court is dismissing all plaintiffs except Aldaz, this allegation is immaterial to Aldaz's suit .... Therefore, the Court GRANTS the City's motion to strike paragraph 5 from the complaint"). Accordingly, the court grants the City's motion to strike Paragraph 5 of the complaint.

c. Whether the Court Should Strike Paragraphs 16 and 18

Paragraphs 16 and 18 concern officers who served as sergeants and lieutenants at the LAPD.99 The City argues that "general allegations about [the] duties of sergeants and lieutenants are immaterial to all [p]laintiffs and should be stricken" because plaintiffs do not identify the rank(s) they achieved.100 The complaint does not clearly plead the rank(s) Armstead held during the relevant period. The court is thus unable to determine at this time whether general allegations concerning the supervisory duties of sergeants and lieutenants are relevant to Armstead's claims. Because motions to strike are generally disfavored, see RDF Media Ltd. v. Fox Broadcasting Co., 372 F.Supp.2d 556, 561 (C.D.Cal.2005) ("Motions to strike are generally disfavored because of the limited importance of pleadings in federal practice and because it is usually used as a delaying tactic," citing William Schwarzer, et al., FEDERAL CIVIL PROCEDURE BEFORE TRIAL § 9:375 (in turn citing Stanbury Law Firm v. I.R.S., 221 F.3d 1059, 1063 (8th Cir. 2000); Bureerong, 922 F.Supp. at 1478)), the court denies the City's motion to the extent it seeks to strike Paragraphs 16 and 18.101

d. Whether the Court Should Strike Paragraph 21

The City finally seeks to strike Paragraph 21.102 Paragraph 21 asserts "donning and doffing" claims by plaintiffs who worked speciality details "in addition to their normal assignments."103 As with the allegations in Paragraphs 16 and 18, it is unclear whether Armstead was assigned to any speciality detail such that she has a donning and doffing claim. Accordingly, the court denies the City's motion to strike Paragraph 21. See Aldaz, 2014 WL 6473411 at *5 ("Paragraph 21 concerns plaintiffs who worked speciality details `in addition to their normal assignments.' Because it is not clear from the complaint whether Aldaz worked any of these specialty details, and because motions to strike are disfavored in federal practice, the Court DENIES the City's motion to strike [this] paragraph[]").

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the court grants the City's motion to dismiss plaintiffs Gerry Chamberlain, Terence Klafke, Judith Larsen, Roberto R. Lopez, Sandra Lopez, Cathy Luke, James Lumpkin, Robert Martinez, Lawrence Mullaly, Blanca Pasos, Monica Quijano, Esther Reyes, Gilbert Sanchez, Javier Sanchez, Kenneth Santolla, Timothy Schey, and Yvonne Whiteman for improper joinder under Rule 20 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court grants in part and denies in part the City's motion to strike. Specifically, the court grants the City's motion to strike Paragraph 5, but denies its motion to strike each of the joined plaintiffs, as well as Paragraphs 16, 18, and 21.