[PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                    FILED
                     ______________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             No. 00-11611                      FEB 07 2001
                        ______________________               THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                 CLERK
                   D.C. Docket No. 99-00057-CV-4-WS

GEORGE N. KOIKOS,
                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,


DEJUAN HARRIS,
BRIAN ARMSTRONG,
                                           Intervenors-Appellants,


                                  versus


THE TRAVELERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
CHARTER OAK INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                           Defendants-Appellees,



                     __________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Florida
                    __________________________
                           (February 7, 2001)

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge:

        On April 25, 1997, George Koikos rented his restaurant to the Florida A &

M chapter of Alpha Kappa Psi Fraternity for a graduation party. During the party,

Charles Bell and Antonio Anderson attempted to enter the restaurant. They were

turned away after a heated exchange with several fraternity members who were

collecting an admission charge for the affair. When Bell and Anderson returned a

few minutes later, a fight broke out in the restaurant’s lobby between Anderson and

some of the fraternity members gathered there. After Anderson was knocked to the

ground, Bell brandished a handgun and began firing as he helped Anderson to his

feet.

        Bell fired in two separate–but nearly concurrent–rounds. Brian Armstrong

and D’Juan Harris were each hit by a single bullet while standing in the lobby. In

addition, three other guests were injured. The record indicates that the shots

injuring Armstrong and Harris came from the first round of shots.

        Harris and Armstrong sued Koikos for negligently failing to provide

adequate security. Koikos in turn filed suit in state court against The Travelers

Insurance Company (“Travelers”), asking the court to declare that Armstrong’s and

Harris’s injuries resulted from multiple “occurrences” under the terms of Koikos’s

liability insurance. After Travelers removed the case to federal district court,


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Charter Oak Fire Insurance Company (“Charter Oak”) was joined as a defendant.1

Ultimately, Harris and Armstrong intervened as plaintiffs. Travelers and Charter

Oak (“Defendants”) argued that the injuries resulted from Koikos’s alleged

negligence and that the negligence constituted a single “occurrence” under the

terms of the policy.

        The insurance policy in question contains an “Each Occurrence Limit” of

$500,000, “regardless of the number of: (a) Insureds; (b) Claims made or ‘suits’

brought; or (c) Persons or organizations making claims or bringing ‘suits.’” The

Each Occurrence Limit is defined as the maximum Defendants would pay “because

of all ‘bodily injury’ and ‘property damage’ arising out of any one ‘occurrence.’”

The policy further defines an “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or

repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.”

        The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. In determining

whether the injuries resulted from a single occurrence, the district court concluded

that:

        [T]his court is convinced that, if the Florida Supreme Court were to
        decide the issue, it would hold that the “cause of an occurrence” is
        defined by referring to the events or series of events for which the
        insured is legally responsible. With the operative term so defined, it

        1
        Charter Oak is the Travelers affiliate that issued the policy in question. Travelers filed a
motion to dismiss arguing that it was not a party to the policy. The district court denied the
motion and Travelers has not appealed that decision.

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      becomes clear that the entire shooting incident at issue in this case
      constituted a single occurrence.

Accordingly, the district court granted summary judgment to Defendants.

      On appeal, Koikos argues that the district court incorrectly determined that

the injuries to both Armstrong and Harris resulted from one occurrence. He

contends that under American Indem. Co. v. McQuaig, 

(Fla. Dist.

Ct. App. 1983), each of Bell’s shots constitutes a separate occurrence. In

McQuaig, the insured shot two police officers during a fit of insanity. 

The insured’s homeowner’s insurance policy provided a maximum coverage of

$100,000 “per occurrence.” 

policy at issue in McQuaig did not

define the term “occurrence,” the court was forced to “look elsewhere for

appropriate definitions.” 

District Court of Appeal employed the “cause theory” to

determine whether more than one “occurrence” had taken place. 

theory, “the inquiry is whether ‘there was but one proximate, uninterrupted, and

continuing cause which resulted in all of the injuries and damages.’” 

v. Ins. Co. of North America, 

(D.R.I. 1980)). In

rejecting the insurance company’s argument that the proximate cause of the

injuries was the insured’s insanity, the court noted that the insurance company “did

not incur any liability because of [the insured’s] insanity but rather liability

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attached when [the insured] fired the shots which resulted in injury to the two

deputies.” 

The court went on to conclude that each of the shots was a

separate liability-creating occurrence subject to its own “per occurrence” limit. 

two reasons the McQuaig opinion does not resolve the

issue in this case. First, it is unclear what effect–if any–this policy’s definition of

“occurrence” would have under Florida law. Second, it is unclear whether in using

the “cause theory,” we should focus on Koikos’s alleged negligence or on Bell’s

separate gunshots. Furthermore, decisions of other Florida courts are difficult to

square with the court’s approach in McQuaig. See, e.g., Southern Int’l Corp. v.

Poly-Urethane Indus., Inc., 

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1977) (holding that

defective application of roof sealant to several buildings over the course of several

days was a single occurrence). Because the parties have not cited nor have we

uncovered any controlling Florida case directly on point, we seek the assistance of

the Supreme Court of Florida in resolving this issue.2

       Having concluded that this case involves an unanswered question of state

law that is determinative of this appeal and having found no clear, controlling

       2
         Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Anderson, 

(Fla. 2000), cited as supplemental
authority by Defendants, does not answer the issue raised by this case. In Anderson, the Florida
Supreme Court compared a “per person/per accident” limit with a “per occurrence” limit, noting
that a “per occurrence limit” applies “regardless of the number of persons involved in the
accident . . . .” 

n.3. The Florida Supreme Court, however, did not discuss how to
determine whether a single occurrence or multiple occurrences occurred.

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precedent in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Florida, we certify the

following question of law to the Supreme Court of Florida for instructions:

      DID THE INJURIES SUSTAINED BY BRIAN ARMSTRONG AND

      D’JUAN HARRIS RESULT FROM A SINGLE OCCURRENCE OR

      MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES UNDER THE TERMS OF THE

      INSURANCE POLICY ISSUED TO KOIKOS BY DEFENDANTS?

      In certifying this question, we do not intend the particular phrasing of it to

limit the court in its consideration of the problem posed by the case. In order to

assist the court's consideration of the case, the entire record, along with the briefs

of the parties, shall be transmitted to the court.

QUESTION CERTIFIED.




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