JACQUELINE SCOTT CORLEY, Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff, a California prisoner at Corcoran State Prison, filed a pro se civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against officials at the Salinas Valley State Prison ("SVSP"), where Plaintiff was formerly housed.
While Plaintiff was on the SVSP "A-yard," an inmate named "Menace" threatened to hurt Plaintiff if Plaintiff did not pay him money. (ECF No. 7 at 3-4.) Plaintiff informed SVSP officials of the threat, and they moved him to administrative segregation.
On May 11, 2015, Defendant Ceballos came to Plaintiff's cell and told him that he would be moved to "D-yard" because space was needed in administrative segregation. (Id. at 5; ECF No. 24-5.) Plaintiff told Ceballos that he would not move to D-yard because "Mario E. a.k.a. Playboy" was housed there and posed a threat to him. (ECF No. 7 at 5.) Ceballos issued him a Rules Violation Report ("RVR")
On or about July 20, 2015, while Plaintiff was still in the administrative segregation unit, Defendant Chin informed him that he would get a cellmate, who moved in that day. (ECF No. 7 at 6.) After "several days," Plaintiff learned that this cellmate was "Playboy," and "approximately" one week after that, "Playboy" attacked Plaintiff with a sharpened toothbrush.
The Court previously concluded that the above allegations, when liberally construed, state two cognizable claims for relief. The first cognizable claim is that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff's safety — in violation of his Eighth Amendment rights — when they placed Mario E. in Plaintiff's cell despite his protestations that Mario E. had threatened to hurt him. The second cognizable claim is that when Defendants disciplined Plaintiff for refusing to follow Ceballos's order to move to the D-yard, they did not provide him with all of the procedures required by due process, such as an adequate investigation. Defendants move for summary judgment on the grounds that Plaintiff has not exhausted his administrative remedies as to the Eighth Amendment claim, and that the due process claim is barred under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-487 (1994).
The facts are undisputed regarding the administrative remedies that are available to California prisoners. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation ("CDCR") provides its inmates and parolees the right to appeal administratively "any policy, decision, action, condition, or omission by the department or its staff that the inmate or parolee can demonstrate as having a material adverse effect upon his or her health, safety, or welfare." 15 Cal. Code Regs. § 3084.1(a). It also provides its inmates the right to file administrative appeals alleging misconduct by correctional officers. Id. A prisoner must submit his complaint on CDCR Form 602 (referred to as a "602") and proceed through several levels of appeal: (1) first level appeal filed with one of the institution's appeal coordinators, (2) second level appeal filed with the institution head or designee, and (3) third level appeal filed with the CDCR director or designee. Id. § 3084.7.
There is also no dispute about the administrative appeals Plaintiff filed regarding the allegations in his First Amended Complaint. He submitted an appeal at the first level of review on August 2, 2015.
Prison officials bypassed the first level of review, and on September 14, 2015, the appeal was denied in part and granted in part by Chief Deputy Warden Hatton at the second level of review. (ECF No. 25-1 at 1-4.) Hatton denied the request to find Plaintiff not guilty because the merits of the RVR could not be heard on appeal, only the issue of whether he had received the procedural protections required by due process, which Hatton found that he had. (Id. at 2.) Nevertheless, "in the interests of justice," Hatton reviewed the records of the interview of Plaintiff by prison officials on May 6, 2015, at which Plaintiff had expressed safety concerns. (Id.) Hatton concluded that Plaintiff had not sufficiently identified enemy inmates in that interview, and consequently, prison officials had conducted themselves properly. (Id.)
On October 10, 2016, Plaintiff appealed to the third level of review. (ECF No. 7 at 4, 6.) At the third level of review, Plaintiff complained that A. Cortina, the prison employee assigned to investigate the charges on Plaintiff's behalf, lied in stating that Plaintiff had no questions for Ceballos. (Id.) Plaintiff stated that he had in fact asked Ceballos why he was being punished for trying to contribute to the safety of the prison by avoiding Espinoza on the D-yard. (Id.) Plaintiff claimed that his right to due process was violated insofar as he was not given a proper opportunity to question Ceballos nor was there an adequate investigation. (Id.) On December 11, 2015, the Appeals Examiner J. Benavidez denied the appeal at the third level because Plaintiff was given all of the protections required by due process. (ECF No. 23-2 at 1.)
Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show that there is "no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Material facts are those which may affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id.
The moving party for summary judgment bears the initial burden of identifying those portions of the pleadings, discovery and affidavits which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Cattrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). When the moving party has met this burden of production, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings and, by its own affidavits or discovery, set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. If the nonmoving party fails to produce enough evidence to show a genuine issue of material fact, the moving party wins. Id.
At summary judgment, the judge must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party: if evidence produced by the moving party conflicts with evidence produced by the nonmoving party, the judge must assume the truth of the evidence set forth by the nonmoving party with respect to that fact. Tolan v. Cotton, 134 S.Ct. 1861, 1865 (2014).
The motion for summary judgment is unopposed. A district court may not grant a motion for summary judgment solely because the opposing party has failed to file an opposition. Cristobal v. Siegel, 26 F.3d 1488, 1494-95 & n.4 (9th Cir. 1994) (unopposed motion may be granted only after court determines that there are no material issues of fact). The Court may, however, grant an unopposed motion for summary judgment if the movant's papers are themselves sufficient to support the motion and do not on their face reveal a genuine issue of material fact. See Carmen v. San Francisco Unified School District, 237 F.3d 1026, 1029 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff's verified complaint may be used as an opposing affidavit under Rule 56 to the extent it is based on personal knowledge and sets forth specific facts admissible in evidence. Schroeder v. McDonald, 55 F.3d 454, 460 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Keenan v. Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1090 n.1 (9th Cir. 1996), amended, 135 F.3d 1318 (9th Cir. 1998) (treating allegations in prisoner's verified amended complaint as an opposing affidavit).
Exhaustion must ordinarily be decided in a summary judgment motion. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1166 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). If undisputed evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prisoner shows a failure to exhaust, a defendant is entitled to summary judgment under Rule 56. Id. at 1166.
Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because Plaintiff has not properly exhausted his administrative remedies on his Eighth Amendment claim. Defendants argue that the appeal only raises his due process challenge to the RVR and not the Eighth Amendment claim that Defendants failed to protect him from Espinoza when they assigned Espinoza to his cell. The undisputed evidence shows that Plaintiff filed one administrative appeal regarding the allegations in his complaint, copies of which have been submitted by the parties as described above.
The Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA") provides that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. 1997e(a). Compliance with the exhaustion requirement is mandatory. Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 524 (2002); Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 739-40 & n.5 (2001). The PLRA exhaustion requirement requires "proper exhaustion," which means compliance with prison grievance procedures. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 217-18 (2007). The California regulations require the prisoner "`to describe the problem and action requested.'" Morton v. Hall, 599 F.3d 942, 946 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 15 Cal. Code Regs § 3084.2(a)). The grievance suffices if "alerts the prison to the nature of the wrong for which redress is sought." Id. A grievance need not include legal terminology or legal theories unless they are needed to provide notice of the harm being grieved. Griffin v. Arpaio, 557 F.3d 1117, 1120 (9th Cir. 2009). Nor must a grievance include every fact necessary to prove each element of an eventual legal claim. Id. The purpose of a grievance is to alert the prison to a problem and facilitate its resolution, not to lay groundwork for litigation. Id. The grievance should include sufficient information "to allow prison officials to take appropriate responsive measures." Id. (citation and internal quotation omitted).
Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim is that Defendants placed Espinoza in his cell despite the fact Plaintiff had tried to inform prison officials that Espinoza was a threat to him, and Espinoza eventually attacked him with a sharpened toothbrush. The administrative appeal did state that Espinoza was a threat to him, but did not allege the essential facts underlying this claim that Espinoza was placed in Plaintiff's cell and had attacked him; indeed, it appears that Plaintiff had not even been attacked yet when he first filed the appeal. (ECF No. 44 at 3-4.) Further, Plaintiff did not request in the appeal that he be separated from Espinoza. Rather, the appeal challenged the validity of the RVR for disobeying Ceballos's orders, and sought to overturn the RVR the grounds that prison officials had not adequately investigated the charges and lied about their investigation. In so doing, the appeal set forth Plaintiff's due process claim, which is undisputedly exhausted, but it did not set forth Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim that he was assaulted by Espinoza because Defendants failed to protect him.
The Court recognizes that there is some overlap between the claim asserted in the administrative appeal and Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim in that the appeal asserts that prison officials should have investigated Plaintiff's asserted defense to the RVR, namely that "Playboy" (Espinoza) would harm him if he followed Ceballos's order to move to D-yard. The prison officials would only know from the administrative grievance that Plaintiff wanted to undo the RVR, not that Espinoza was in his cell and had assaulted him. Prison officials would not be able to take the appropriate corrective action, such as moving Espinoza out of Plaintiff's cell, disciplining Espinoza, separating Plaintiff and Espinoza permanently, or insuring that Plaintiff receive adequate medical care for injuries he sustained. The overlap between the appeal and the Eighth Amendment claim is therefore not sufficient to reasonably alert prison officials to the nature of the problem that underlies that claim or to give them an opportunity to remedy the problem. As a result, Plaintiff's administrative appeal did not "properly exhaust" Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim, as required by the PLRA.
Plaintiff states in his complaint that he did not inform prison officials of Espinoza's attack in an administrative appeal because he did not want to be disciplined further. To excuse exhaustion on the basis of a threat of retaliation, an inmate must show that he actually believed prison officials would retaliate against him if he filed an administrative grievance, that such a belief was objectionably reasonable. McBride v. Lopez, 807 F.3d 982, 987 (9th Cir. 2015). Plaintiff alleges no threat by prison officials that he would be disciplined for filing an administrative grievance or reporting the attack from Espinoza. He alleges no prior discipline for such things. The RVR was for not following Ceballos's order, not for filing an administrative grievance or reporting an attack by another inmate. As a result, there is no evidence of a reasonable belief that Plaintiff would be retaliated against had he filed an administrative appeal about his Eighth Amendment claim, and exhaustion cannot be excused on that basis. Cf. id. at 984-88 (fining insufficient threat of retaliation to excuse exhaustion because supposed threat by prison officials that inmate's injuries "could have been much worse" did not refer to administrative appeals).
Plaintiff also argues that it would have been futile to include his Eighth Amendment claim in an administrative appeal because he was already being transferred to another prison, and no money damages are available through the administrative appeal process. Even when the prisoner seeks relief not available in grievance proceedings, notably money damages, exhaustion is a prerequisite to suit. Booth, 532 U.S. at 739-40 & n.5; Morton, 599 F.3d at 945. A prisoner "seeking only money damages must complete a prison administrative process that could provide some sort of relief on the complaint stated, but no money." Booth, 532 U.S. at 739. Here, prison officials could provide some form of relief even though Plaintiff has already been transferred to another prison, such as permanently ordering their separation throughout their sentence should they end up at the same prison, a similar guarantee with respect to Espinoza's known associates, additional medical care or other accommodations for Plaintiff's injuries, and discipline or further training for any prison staff who failed to protect Plaintiff. Under these circumstances, excusing the exhaustion requirement on the grounds of futility is not warranted.
Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim because the undisputed evidence shows that Plaintiff did not properly exhaust the claim as required by the PLRA. Defendants, having withdrawn their summary judgment motion as to Plaintiff's due process claim, will have the opportunity to file a new summary judgment motion on that claim based on grounds not raised in the present motion.
1. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 35) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Plaintiff's Eighth Amendment claim is DISMISSED without prejudice to refiling after all administrative remedies have been properly exhausted.
2. To expedite the resolution of this case:
a. No later than
b. At the time the dispositive motion is served, Defendants shall also serve, on a separate paper, the appropriate notice required by Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952, 953-954 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc). See Woods v. Carey, 684 F.3d 934, 940-941 (9th Cir. 2012).
c. Plaintiff's opposition to the dispositive motion, if any, shall be filed with the Court and served upon Defendants no later than
d. Defendants shall file a reply brief no later than
e. The motion shall be deemed submitted as of the date the reply brief is due. No hearing will be held on the motion unless the court so orders at a later date.
3. In light of Plaintiff's pro se and incarcerated status, the Court has reviewed the supplemental oppositions. Defendants' motion to strike them is DENIED.
4. In his motion to compel discovery, Plaintiff seeks to have Defendants' attorney interview an inmate who witnessed the attack on Plaintiff by Espinoza. (ECF No. 39 at 3-4.) As that issue pertains to the dismissed Eighth Amendment claim, the motion to compel is DENIED as unnecessary.
If Defendants move for summary judgment, they are seeking to have your case dismissed. A motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will, if granted, end your case.
Rule 56 tells you what you must do in order to oppose a motion for summary judgment. Generally, summary judgment must be granted when there is no genuine issue of material fact— that is, if there is no real dispute about any fact that would affect the result of your case, the party who asked for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, which will end your case. When a party you are suing makes a motion for summary judgment that is properly supported by declarations (or other sworn testimony), you cannot simply rely on what your complaint says. Instead, you must set out specific facts in declarations, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or authenticated documents, as provided in Rule 56(e), that contradict the facts shown in Defendant's declarations and documents and show that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. If you do not submit your own evidence in opposition, summary judgment, if appropriate, may be entered against you. If summary judgment is granted, your case will be dismissed and there will be no trial.
