RODNEY GILSTRAP, District Judge.
Before the Court is the construction of the parties' disputed claims, which the Court has preliminarily addressed in its March 1, 2012 Order (Dkt. No. 117) and which preliminary order is superseded by this expanded claim construction opinion and order. The Court will first briefly address the patent-in-suit and then turn to the merits of the claim construction issues.
On December 22, 2009, Plaintiff Plant Equipment, Inc. ("Plant") brought this action against Defendant Intrado, Inc. ("Intrado"), alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,744,858 ("the `858 Patent") (the "patent-in-suit"). Plant is the owner of the `858 Patent, which describes a system and method for routing incoming calls through the use of a central data manager over a wide network to multiple call centers having multiple remote terminals. Intrado provides technology for the infrastructure regarding 9-1-1 emergency calls that delivers millions of such emergency calls each year throughout the United States. Generally, Plant accuses Intrado's 9-1-1 network, called the Intelligent Emergency Network, of infringing the `858 Patent.
As stated, the `858 Patent concerns routing of emergency services communications, such as 9-1-1 calls, among a number of call center operator terminals. As in a conventional 9-1-1 emergency services infrastructure, an emergency call is initiated and placed by a caller to a particular Public Safety Answering Point ("PSAP") or call center, based on Automatic Location Information ("ALI") including names and addresses of service agencies that provide emergency services (such as police, fire, and ambulance services) to the caller's location. The ALI information is derived from database information that correlates with the caller's Automatic Number Identification ("ANI").
As disclosed in the `858 Patent, a central data manager receives an incoming emergency call and operates via a Wide Area Network ("WAN") to route the call to a particular PSAP or call center. Through use of the WAN, a single central data manager can serve multiple call centers in a shared arrangement and thereby avoid communicating over telephone company switching circuits. A feature of a preferred embodiment of the `858 Patent is the use of Voice over Internet Protocol ("VoIP") as a means of internet telephony, which can accommodate both voice and data over a communication path using a TCP/IP network protocol.
The disclosed central data manager is implemented using a server, which is a type of computer having a database. Information unique to each of several call centers is placed on a single, shared server. However, to allow for privacy and for performance purposes, the database is "partitioned" to provide distinct and independently accessible databases for each call center serviced by the central data manager. This "centralized" arrangement stands in contrast to a conventional emergency services communication system wherein an ANI/ALI database is located at each call center in a distributed arrangement, and each call center has its own computer and resident database. One of the primary advantages of the `858 Patent is that it envisions a process that avoids this obvious duplication of capital and equipment.
The ANI/ALI database is an organized collection of related information stored as multiple records wherein each ANI record has fields of ALI information. In the context of the `858 Patent, database telephone numbers (the ANI) along with corresponding information such as caller's name and address, as well as contact information for emergency service agencies that service the caller's location (the ALI) form a record. This correlation between numbers and information means the ANI/ALI database is a "relational" database.
In such a "relational" database, database management system software ("DBMS") runs on the centralized server computer. The DBMS is positioned between the physical database containing the actual record data (i.e., data that is physically stored on a hardware storage device) and the user. The DBMS handles user requests for access to the data stored on the hardware storage device. Through the DBMS, a user of the relational database is provided with a conceptual view of the data that is removed from the data storage at the hardware level. The term "database" is correctly applied to only data stored on a hardware storage device and not to a DBMS or the views of data presented by it.
In accordance with the `858 Patent, the operator terminals within multiple and disparate call centers are interfaced to a WAN. Multiple call centers share the database server of the central data manager. While the database system architecture of such an arrangement was previously known, the `858 Patent adapts this architecture to emergency services communication systems having a plurality of call centers.
The `858 Patent teaches to preferably use a communications network operating on the basis of a TCP/IP network protocol, particularly VoIP internet telephony, as the WAN. Also, the `858 Patent teaches the use of a database that permits each call center to access the server database without accessing the data of any other call center sharing the server. Such database organization allows for privacy of individual call center data and for data security through database access controls that prevent unauthorized access.
It is understood that "[a] claim in a patent provides the metes and bounds of the right which the patent confers on the patentee to exclude others from making, using or selling the protected invention." Burke, Inc. v. Bruno Indep. Living Aids, Inc., 183 F.3d 1334, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Claim construction is clearly an issue of law for the court to decide. Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 970-71 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff'd, 517 U.S. 370 (1996).
To ascertain the meaning of claims, courts look to three primary sources: the claims, the specification, and the prosecution history. Markman, 52 F.3d at 979. The specification must contain a written description of the invention that enables one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. Id. A patent's claims must be read in view of the specification, of which they are a part. Id. For claim construction purposes, the description may act as a sort of dictionary, which explains the invention and may define terms used in the claims. Id. "One purpose for examining the specification is to determine if the patentee has limited the scope of the claims." Watts v. XL Sys., Inc., 232 F.3d 877, 882 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
Nonetheless, it is the function of the claims, not the specification, to set forth the limits of the patentee's invention. Otherwise, there would be no need for claims. SRI Int'l v. Matsushita Elec. Corp., 775 F.2d 1107, 1121 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (en banc). The patentee is free to be his own lexicographer, but any special definition given to a word must be clearly set forth in the specification. Intellicall, Inc. v. Phonometrics, Inc., 952 F.2d 1384, 1388 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Although the specification may indicate that certain embodiments are preferred, particular embodiments appearing in the specification will not be read into the claims when the claim language is broader than the embodiments. Electro Med. Sys., S.A. v. Cooper Life Sciences, Inc., 34 F.3d 1048, 1054 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
This Court's claim construction analysis is substantially guided by the Federal Circuit's decision in Phillips v. AWH Corporation, 415 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). In Phillips, the court set forth several guideposts that courts should follow when construing claims. In particular, the court reiterated that "the
Despite the importance of claim terms, Phillips made clear that "the person of ordinary skill in the art is deemed to read the claim term not only in the context of the particular claim in which the disputed term appears, but in the context of the entire patent, including the specification." Id. Although the claims themselves may provide guidance as to the meaning of particular terms, those terms are part of "a fully integrated written instrument." Id. at 1315 (quoting Markman, 52 F.3d at 978). Thus, the Phillips court emphasized the specification as being the primary basis for construing the claims. Id. at 1314-17. As the Supreme Court stated long ago, "in case of doubt or ambiguity it is proper in all cases to refer back to the descriptive portions of the specification to aid in solving the doubt or in ascertaining the true intent and meaning of the language employed in the claims." Bates v. Coe, 98 U.S. 31, 38 (1878). In addressing the role of the specification, the Phillips court quoted with approval its earlier observations from Renishaw PLC v. Marposs Societa' per Azioni, 158 F.3d 1243, 1250 (Fed. Cir. 1998):
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316. Consequently, Phillips emphasized the important role the specification plays in the claim construction process. The prosecution history also continues to play an important role in claim interpretation. Like the specification, the prosecution history helps to demonstrate how the inventor and the Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") understood the patent. Id. at 1317. Because the file history, however, "represents an ongoing negotiation between the PTO and the applicant," it may lack the clarity of the specification and thus be less useful in claim construction proceedings. Id. Nevertheless, the prosecution history is intrinsic evidence that is relevant to the determination of how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention during prosecution by narrowing the scope of the claims. Id. Phillips rejected any claim construction approach that sacrificed the intrinsic record in favor of extrinsic evidence, such as dictionary definitions or expert testimony. The en banc court condemned the suggestion made by Texas Digital Systems, Inc. v. Telegenix, Inc., 308 F.3d 1193 (Fed. Cir. 2002), that a court should discern the ordinary meaning of the claim terms (through dictionaries or otherwise) before resorting to the specification for certain limited purposes. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1319-24. According to Phillips, reliance on dictionary definitions at the expense of the specification had the effect of "focus[ing] the inquiry on the abstract meaning of words rather than on the meaning of claim terms within the context of the patent." Id. at 1321. Phillips emphasized that the patent system is based on the proposition that the claims cover only the invented subject matter. Id.
Phillips does not preclude all uses of dictionaries in claim construction proceedings. Instead, the court assigned dictionaries a role subordinate to the intrinsic record. In doing so, the court emphasized that claim construction issues are not resolved by any magic formula. The court did not impose any particular sequence of steps for a court to follow when it considers disputed claim language. Id. at 1323-25. Rather, Phillips held that a court must attach the appropriate weight to the intrinsic sources offered in support of a proposed claim construction, bearing in mind the general rule that the claims measure the scope of the patent grant.
The parties have agreed to the construction of the following terms:
(See Dkt. No. 108, Ex. 1.) In view of the parties' agreements on the proper construction of each of the identified terms, the Court
The first disputed terms are "database that is partitioned" and "partitioned database," found in claims 1 and 3. The parties dispute
Intrado argues for a tradition definition of partition and argues that the plain and ordinary meaning of "partition" is to divide into parts. When applied to a database, Intrado argues that the term means that a database table (including rows and columns of information) is divided into smaller tables or partitions.
This Court does not agree entirely with either of the parties' proposed constructions. First, the Court finds that, for completeness, the definition of the terms in question should include a definition of "database" as well as "partition." In the context of the `858 Patent claims, a "database" is an organization of call center data. Further, because the database is part of the central data manager server, the term "database" refers to data content in computer data storage. Thus, the term "database" means and the Court hereby construes it to be: "an organization of call center data in computer data storage."
Turning to the definition of "partition," the `858 Patent specification describes that the partitioned database of a shared server is set up to service multiple call centers and makes data for each call center independently accessible. See col. 6:41-42, 55-58 and col. 6:65- col.7:3.
Plant's construction is substantially consistent with the meaning of "partitioned database" as understood by one of skill in the art when read in view of the `858 Patent specification. However, Plant's proposed construction is insufficiently precise and potentially vague in merely specifying "individual data." As made clear in the specification, data accessibility is "partitioned" between data of a particular call center and data of other call centers. Plant's construction is of such breadth that it could apply to the individual data of a particular call center. In the context of the `858 Patent specification, the construction should, at a minimum, be limited to specify that "individual call center data may be accessed without accessing the data of another call center in the database."
Intrado's proposed construction should be rejected. While the term "partitioned database" has a plain and ordinary meaning of "dividing a logical database, which is viewed as a table, into distinct independent parts such as sub-tables," as Intrado argues, the `858 Patent claims something altogether different. The patent-in-suit claims a "central data manager comprising a server having a database that is partitioned such that a first partitioned portion contains first data..." The plain and ordinary meaning of the term "database" in the context of the `858 Patent claims designates to one of skill in the art not a logical database, but rather, a physical database (i.e. data content in computer data storage). Thus, the patentee is not using the term "partitioned database" within its plain and ordinary meaning.
The claims specifically recite a "[server having a] database," which clearly refers to data in a physical hardware storage device. The claims, in the context of the partitioned database, correspondingly relate to data associated with a call center. In the context of a "partitioned" database structure, the specification also refers to "user interfaces for entering data for each call center 30..." (emphasis added). See col. 6:65-66. Based on the specification language, it is clear that what is referenced is a physical database. Intrado's construction, on the other hand, defines the term in regard to database tables instead of data.
Intrado's proposed construction improperly defines "database" purely in regard to a logical view of a partitioned database (i.e., tables). Nowhere in the specification is it described as merely tables. Also, Intrado's proposed construction improperly limits the term to a specific database design methodology that is not described anywhere within the patent specification or specified in the claims. Intrado's proposed construction speaks to a "partitioned database table" and not "partitioned database." As such, Intrado's proposed construction should be rejected.
The `858 Patent specification somewhat complicates arriving at a clear understanding of a proper construction of "partitioned database," particularly in view of its reference to the central data manager storing data on different partitions. See col. 3:36-39. Significantly, the patentee made specific reference to this portion of the specification during the reexamination in support of its argument that the partitioned database limitation presented a distinguishing limitation over the prior art. See Response to Office Action Dated 9/24/2007 at p. 3. One possibility is that the applicant was making reference to hardware partitioning, wherein a separate data storage device (e.g., a hard disk) is used for data associated with each of the call centers that share the central data manager. However, when this portion is read in conjunction with the specification's description at col. 6:51-52, that each call center may have its own database on the central server of the central data manager, it becomes clear to one of skill in the art that the term "partitioned database" merely means that the data for each call center is individually accessible.
There exist several implementations to realize independent access to individual call center data on a shared server without accessing other call center data. The `858 Patent neither provides nor disclaims the adoption of any particular implementation. Accordingly, as Plant argues and the Court agrees, no specific database partitioning methodology should be read into the claims.
As stated above, the patentee is not using the term "partitioned database" in its plain and ordinary meaning. While a claim term is generally given its "ordinary and customary meaning," that is, "the meaning that the term would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the invention." Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312-13. "[T]he person of ordinary skill in the art is deemed to read the claim term not only in the context of the particular claim in which the disputed term appears, but in the context of the entire patent, including the specification." Id. at 1313. "[T]he specification may reveal a special definition given to a claim term by the patentee that differs from the meaning it would otherwise possess. In such cases, the inventor's lexicography governs." Id. at 1316. The specification need not reveal such a definition explicitly. See Bell Atl. Network Servs., Inc. v. Covad Commc'ns Group, Inc., 262 F.3d 1258, 1268 (Fed.Cir.2001) ("[A] claim term may be clearly redefined without an explicit statement of redefinition."). "[W]hen a patentee uses a claim term throughout the entire patent specification, in a manner consistent with only a single meaning, he has defined that term `by implication.'" Id. at 1271 (quoting Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1996)). This Court is persuaded that such is the case here.
The `858 Patent uses the term "partition" in relation to "database" throughout the specification as meaning an organization of call center data in computer data storage that permits the data of an individual call center to be accessed without accessing the data of any other call center.
Plant's proposed construction also incorporates a requirement of database access control to guard against unauthorized users. The question is whether database access control is a feature of the preferred embodiment described in the specification rather than a limitation expressed by the claim language. The specification states that database partitioning allows for privacy of information. See col. 6:61-63. Also, the specification separately describes data security that accrues by reason of an ability to have restricted access to data stored in the central data manager, which serves to guard against unauthorized users. See col. 3:36-43. Nowhere, however, is there a specific description as to how either database access is controlled or data security is achieved. One of skill in the art would understand, however, that both database access control and data security are typically implemented via a DBMS interface. The term used in the claims is "database" and not "database system," which would more clearly indicate both organized data in a hardware storage device and DBMS software running on the server computer.
Plant is correct that the claims do affirmatively recite that the database is partitioned "so as to maintain" privacy of data in the server database. And, as noted above, the specification does expressly indicate that privacy is allowed by database partitioning. Database access control and security is an aspect that is facilitated by means of a DBMS interface.
The claims' "privacy" recitations, particularly when read in view of the specification, merely identify the resulting benefit of database partitioning, which can be used to one's advantage. Privacy is achieved by means of implementing database access controls in a way that data cannot be accessed by unauthorized users. Moreover, when the phrase "so as to maintain privacy" is read in the context of "partitioned database," the phrase reiterates that call center data is organized such that the data of an individual call center can be accessed without accessing the data of another call center sharing the same server.
Data security is an issue that goes beyond mere database access control. Data security is an operation that involves more than just partitioning the database to allow for privacy with the inclusion of DBMS user interfaces for controlling database access. Where the specification makes reference to the facility as being able to "secure the data," the reference is made within the context of a description of data security.
Furthermore, in the specification, the partitioned database structure is characterized as allowing multiple independent call centers to be served from a single server, and it is further characterized as including user interfaces for entering data for each call center. See col. 6:63-66. In addition, the specification indicates that with the partitioned database on the server, every call center that shares the server has the ability to add, modify, and delete its own information. See col. 6:55-56. To one of skill in the art, the indication is that the patentee is using the term "partitioned database structure" to be inclusive of a DBMS having a data access control. However, such does not necessarily include a data security interface. Thus, as to the limitation "which data cannot be accessed by unauthorized users," the Court is persuaded that Plant's proposed construction improperly seeks to import a limitation from the specification.
Plaint argues that the construction for "first partitioned database" should remain consistent with the construction for "partitioned database." Intrado argues similarly that this term should be construed consistent with its construction of "partitioned database" to mean "one partition in the database."
The Court agrees that the construction of this term should be consistent with the construction of "partitioned database." Since the Court rejected Intrado's construction for "partitioned database," it must also reject Intrado's construction for "first partitioned database." Plant's proposed construction should not include "portion," which is part of the term being construed. Plant's proposed construction also fails to observe that "partitioned database" is premised on data organization for individual data access.
Further, since a limitation of unauthorized access is included within the "partitioned database" construction, such a limitation is superfluous when applied to "first partitioned portion." Similarly, inclusion of a limitation that data may be accessed without accessing other data in the same database unnecessarily re-states aspects of "partitioned database." Accordingly, Plant's proposed construction for the term "first partitioned portion" must be rejected.
Plant argues that the above terms require no further construction because they encompass the same concepts as were considered when construing the "partitioned database" terms. Intrado argues that the database has to be divided into partitions according to the call center to which the data pertains. However, Intrado's construction invites a dispute as to what "divided into partitions" means, seemingly referring to a logical database table that is split into sub-tables to form "partitions." Because this Court has already rejected that approach, Intrado's proposed construction here must likewise be rejected.
Intrado's proposed construction suggests that the "first partitioned portion" must contain only data that is dedicated to a particular call center and not multiple call centers. However, the claim language clearly states that the first partitioned portion "contains" data "associated with" a particular one of the several call centers. The parties have agreed that "associated with" means "identified with or having a connection to." Consequently, the claim language does not include language that limits a "first partitioned portion" to data that is dedicated to only one call center and has no connection to any other call center. These phrases do not exclude data that is associated with a particular call center but is also found to exist in common with other call centers. Furthermore, nothing in the specification suggests that data useful to one particular call center cannot also be useful to another call center. Such data can be duplicated in the database for access by multiple call centers.
Finally, Intrado's inclusion of "by call center" in their proposed construction has the effect of construing the language in claims 1 and 3 as if it read "configured to individually serve the plurality of call centers." As such, Intrado's construction should be rejected because it impermissibly attempts to re-write claims 1 and 3.
Plant is correct that the claims under review only require that a particular set of data within the database be associated with a particular call center.
Plant argues that the above term requires no further construction because it encompasses the same concepts as were considered when construing the "partitioned database" terms. Intrado argues that claim 3 first recites "a first partitioned portion [that] contains first data associated with a particular one of a plurality of call centers" and then later recites "contains data associated with the related call center." Intrado contends that when taken together, these recitations indicate that the partitioned portion must contain data related to a particular call center.
The Court finds that the claim language is clear. The related call center corresponds to the call center referenced in the "selecting a call center" step that immediately prcedes the "accessing data" step, which is where the phrase appears. Considering the construction of "first partitioned portion" set forth above and the agreed construction of "associated with," the Court finds that no clarification is required.
Plant argues that the specification supports a construction including "a computer network using a network protocol" because it describes the use of a TCP/IP protocol network rather than a communication network to communicate between the central data manager and the call centers. Intrado argues that the dispute regards only the meaning of "network" and that the term "wide area" is clear. It also argues that the dictionary definition of "network" should be adopted as "a communications network that connects geographically separated areas."
The Court disagrees with both parties' proposed constructions. Plant's use of "computer network" is incorrect because it implies a network of computers. However, the specification indicates that the term "WAN" is used only to designate the communication channels that interconnect the call centers and extend from routers in the central data manager to the router in the call center. Further, the suggested inclusion of an example in a construction — "such as TCP/IP" — is improper. Accordingly, Plant's proposed construction is rejected.
Intrado supports its construction by relying upon extrinsic evidence. However, the intrisinc evidence must be given priority to determine how the patentee uses the term in the context of the `858 Patent. See Phillips, 415 F.3d 1303. The specification indicates that any desirable communication technique can be used to connect an incoming call with the destination call centers; however, such indications are made within the context of disclaiming the use of a conventional Public Switch Telephone Network ("PSTN") in routing incoming calls to the call centers. See col. 3:26-31. Further, the specification separately identifies and distinguishes PSTN from WAN. See col. 2:16-20. Intrado's proposed construction is overly broad in this respect and should be rejected.
The specific communication technique identified in the specification is Voice over Internet Protocal ("VoIP"). As one of skill in the art understands, VoIP allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks such as the Internet. VoIP converts analog voice signals into digital data packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using TCP/IP. What is being described is the use of a WAN that supports "packet switching."
Plant argues that the "terminal" described throughout the '858 Patent is a point where a signal either enters or leaves the network. Plant relies on the specification that describes terminals as being used to receive incoming calls that are interfaced with the WAN, and the central data manager routes calls to the terminals over the WAN. Plant also relies on extrinsic dictionary sources to define "terminal" and support its construction. Intrado argues that because claim 1 specifies that emergency service operators receive incoming calls via the remote terminals, the term "terminal" must refer to equipment used by emergency service operators to receive calls. Intrado further argues that Plant's proposed construction will incorrectly include all hardware in the network, including routers.
Again, by erroneously looking to extrinsic evidence before considering intrinsic evidence, Plant has reached an improper construction. See Phillips, 415 F.3d 1303. Plant essentially begins its proposed construction with extrinsic dictionary definitions for the term "terminal" and then improperly attempts to force portions of the claims and specification to fit into the mold of such dictionary-based constructions.
Plant largely sidesteps the intrinsic context in which the term appears in claim 1 to contend that a "terminal" as used in claim 1 has "its place in the network."
Intrado's proposed construction essentially characterizes a "terminal" as a computer information input/output device. The `858 Patent specification and claim 1 explain how a terminal is used: it is used to enable an emergency service operator to receive incoming calls and dispatch emergency service personnel. As described in the specification in relation to the preferred embodiment of Fig. 2, when an incoming call is presented to a particular call center, a virtual or physical phone will ring. The phones are depicted in Fig. 2 as devices. The specification goes on to describe that each phone represents a call center operator "position" as in a traditional call center.
Intrado's proposed construction erroneously considers the term to be Data Terminal Equipment ("DTE"), which one of skill in the art would understand to be some form of computer keyboard/display screen apparatus.
The language of claim 1 specifying the role of the terminal in the claimed system is sufficient to establish that a "terminal" merely means "communication equipment used to permit a call center operator to accomplish the task for which delivery of an incoming call over the WAN was made." Intrado essentially points out the same thing by noting that the term is used to refer to the equipment used by emergency personnel to receive calls and dispatch emergency service personnel.
Plant argues that a "plurality" simply means "two or more," and because the term "terminal" is construed, there is no further need to construe the term here. Intrado argues its construction of the term "terminal" should be adopted here.
Plant's construction should be adopted. Plurality does indeed simply mean "two or more" and there is no need to restate the construction of "terminal" here.
Plant urges that because "WAN" and "remote terminals" have been construed, there is no need to constue this term. Intrado argues that its proposed construction would be more concise and understandable to a jury.
The Court agrees with Plant that no construction is necessary. Considering this Court's construction of the terms "WAN" and "remote terminals," the claim language is clear. Further, Intrado's construction has the effect of re-writing the claim to require the central data manager to "send an incoming call ... to a particular remote terminal." Its proposed construction would impose a requirement that the central data manager "direct" delivery of the incoming call to a particular remote terminal. Notably absent in claim 1 is any limitation that an incoming call is
Plant argues that no construction of the term is necessary, while Intrado argues that there is a dispute as to whether the phrases require an operator to dispatch emergency personnel.
Intrado's proposed construction essentially re-writes claim 1 to include a structural limitation of "means for enabling emergency services operator to receive incoming calls and to dispatch emergency service personnel." Intrado points out that the specification describes an optional computer-aided dispatch server and mapping server in the central data manager. Intrado would presumably apply its proposed construction as a means-plus-function limitation pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6.
The phrase appears in method claim 3 as a "thereby" clause added to the step of "routing the incoming call." The clause expresses the intended result of the "routing" step. As such, the clause and the disputed phrase are not given any weight as a claim limitation.
The Court adopts the constructions set forth in this opinion for the disputed terms of the patent-in-suit. The parties are ordered that they may not refer, directly or indirectly, to each other's claim construction positions in the presence of the jury. Likewise, the parties are ordered to refrain from mentioning any portion of this opinion, other than the actual definitions adopted by the Court, in the presence of the jury. Any reference to claim construction proceedings is limited to informing the jury of the definitions adopted by the Court.
The purpose of this Appendix is to further explain the Court's rationale in reaching its claim construction rulings by providing the following information that contributed to the same. According to An Introduction to Database Systems, by C.J. Date, a database is a collection of data that serves as a computerized record keeping system and can be considered to be an electronic file cabinet.
A relational database has both a "logical" aspect (conceptual tables of rows and columns) and a "physical" aspect (data content in allocated storage areas on the computer data storage hardware).
Date, C. J., An Introduction to Database Systems, Chapter 1, p.14 (Addison-Wesley 2000).
The term "partition" as applied in the context of a "database" typically refers to a division of a logical database into distinct parts and not to a physical database. This can be done as a matter of design methodology by splitting out selected elements in a single table to form multiple sub-tables.
