OPINION AND ORDER

JED S. RAKOFF, U.S.D.J.

Cornell University moves the Court to intervene in the securities fraud class action against Petróleo Brasiliero S.A. (Petrobras) and for an order under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 authorizing discovery for use in a foreign proceeding. Alternatively, Cornell moves the court for an order unsealing judicial documents. For the following reasons, the Court denies Cornell's motion to order discovery under § 1782 and finds it unnecessary to decide the motion to intervene, but grants in substantial part Cornell's motion to unseal documents.

BACKGROUND

Petitioner Cornell University is a member of the class of plaintiffs suing Petrobras in the Southern District of New York over allegations that Petrobras violated U.S. securities laws by making materially misleading statements in connection with the sale of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) on the New York Stock Exchange. Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 1, ECF No. 922. On July 2, 2018, this Court entered a final judgment approving a settlement in this class action. ECF No. 838.

In addition to its ADRs, Cornell also purchased other Petrobras securities that trade on a Sao Paolo stock exchange called the Bovespa. Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 1. On July 30, 2015, this Court dismissed class members' claims arising from securities purchased on the Bovespa, holding that an arbitration clause in Petrobras' bylaws mandated that these claims be arbitrated in Brazil. 116 F.Supp.3d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2015).

Cornell is now proceeding against Petrobras before the Bovespa's Market Arbitration Chamber (the CAM), alleging that the same fraudulent misstatements underlying the U.S. class action also caused Cornell to incur losses on the Petrobras securities that Cornell purchased on the Bovespa. Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 1. Cornell believes that certain documents Petrobras produced during discovery in the U.S. action will strengthen its case before the CAM. But since the documents Cornell seeks were filed under seal pursuant to a protective order dated September 1, 2015, ECF No. 206, Cornell now moves this Court to grant access to those documents for use in the CAM arbitration proceeding. Cornell presents two alternative legal avenues through which this Court could grant it access to the documents it seeks: an order compelling discovery for use in a foreign proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, or an order unsealing the documents.

DISCUSSION

For the reasons below, the Court denies Cornell's motion under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 and grants in part Cornell's motion for an order unsealing judicial documents.

I. Motion for an Order Under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 Authorizing Discovery for Use in a Foreign Proceeding

A. Legal Framework

28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) authorizes "the district court of the district in which a person resides or is found [to] order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal . . . ." 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) (2018). Either the foreign tribunal itself or "any interested person" may move the court to compel discovery. Id.1

A district court's power under § 1782 is discretionary. The statute "authorizes, but does not require, a federal district court" to compel the discovery that the petitioner requests. Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 255, 124 S.Ct. 2466, 159 L.Ed.2d 355 (2004). Before deciding whether to exercise this discretion, however, the district court must first conclude that the petition satisfies three mandatory requirements found in the language of the statute: first, the person from whom the applicant seeks to compel discovery must "reside[] or [be] found" in the district in which the court sits; second, the discovery must be "for use in a foreign proceeding before a foreign or international tribunal" (alteration omitted); and third, the moving party must be the foreign or international tribunal itself or "any interested person." 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a); Mees v. Buiter, 793 F.3d 291, 297 (2d Cir. 2015). Only after finding that the motion satisfies these three requirements may the court proceed to its discretionary analysis.2 Mees, 793 F.3d at 297.

Cornell's motion fails to satisfy the first and second requirements. Petrobras is not "found" in the Southern District of New York, and the CAM is not a "foreign or international tribunal."3 The motion is therefore denied.

B. Petrobras is not "Found" in the District

Petrobras argues that § 1782's "resides or is found" language means that a district court must have personal jurisdiction over the party from whom the petitioner seeks discovery. Petrobras reasons that — because it is a foreign corporation that does not maintain its principal place of business in New York — this Court lacks general personal jurisdiction under Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 134 S.Ct. 746, 187 L.Ed.2d 624 (2014), and BNSF Railway Co. v. Tyrrell, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1549, 198 L.Ed.2d 36 (2017). Opp'n Mem. of Law at 6-8, ECF No. 930. Further, Petrobras argues, this Court lacks specific personal jurisdiction with respect to the claims in the CAM arbitration because those claims arise from securities sold in Brazil. Opp'n Mem. of Law at 7 n.9; Surreply Mem. at 3, ECF No. 939.4 Cornell's position seems to be that the bar for being "found" in a district for the purposes of § 1782 is much lower than the bar for general personal jurisdiction under Daimler, see Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 5 (arguing that the company is found New York because it has offices and does business in Manhattan); or alternatively that this Court has specific or pendant personal jurisdiction over Petrobras. Reply Mem. at 2-3, ECF No. 936.

The threshold question for this Court to decide is whether the "resides or is found" language in § 1782 means that a court must have personal jurisdiction over the party from whom the movant seeks discovery. There is no binding precedent on this question. In re Sargeant, 278 F.Supp.3d 814, 820 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) ("It is unclear whether § 1782's statutory prerequisite that a person or entity reside or be found in a district is coextensive with whether a court has personal jurisdiction over that person or entity.").

Nevertheless, the great weight of authority suggests that "[a]t minimum . . . compelling an entity to provide discovery under § 1782 must comport with constitutional due process." Id. Indeed, most recent opinions in the Southern District of New York on this question have held as much. Id.; In re Del Valle Ruiz, 342 F.Supp.3d 448, 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) ("Given that constitutional due process principles apply to an applicant's request for discovery, it follows that that district courts should employ the same analysis as when determining whether personal jurisdiction is present over a person."); In re Fornaciari, No. 17 MC 521, 2018 WL 679884, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 29, 2018) ("Although § 1782 does not define what it means to reside or be found in a district, courts in this District — including this one — have held that at minimum, compelling an entity to provide discovery under § 1782 must comport with constitutional due process.") (internal quotation marks omitted); Austl. and N.Z. Banking Grp. Ltd. v. APR Energy Holding Ltd., No. 17 MC 216, 2017 WL 3841874, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 1, 2017) ("Regardless of what section 1782 requires, the Constitution's due process protections apply."); see also In re Godfrey, 526 F.Supp.2d 417, 422 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (Rakoff, J.) ("[I]nsofar as the word `found' is applied to corporations, `it may safely be regarded as referring to judicial precedents that equate systematic and continuous local activities with presence.'" (citations omitted)); In re Application of Thai-Lao Lignite (Thailand) Co., 821 F.Supp.2d 289, 294 n.4 (D.D.C. 2011) (noting that the questions of whether a district court has personal jurisdiction over a person and whether that person is found in the district for purposes of § 1782 "[a]t minimum . . . overlap considerably").

It is true that the decisions of two Courts in this District could be read to suggest that a foreign person was "found" in the district for purposes of § 1782 based on business activities in New York that would not confer general personal jurisdiction under Daimler and BNSF. See Ayyash v. Crowe Horwath LLP, No. 17 MC 482, 2018 WL 1871087, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 2018) (stating that respondents "can be found in this district because they have offices here"); In re Ex Parte Application of Kleimar N.V., 220 F.Supp.3d 517, 521 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (respondent "found in" the district because it trades ADRs on the NYSE and has a wholly-owned subsidiary doing business in the United States). It appears, however, that the parties in these cases never raised arguments about personal jurisdiction, and in any event, the opinions do not discuss the issue, so they are of little weight as far as this issue is concerned.

Additionally, the Second Circuit's opinion in Gucci America v. Weixing Li, 768 F.3d 122 (2d Cir. 2014), supports the proposition that district courts should read the "resides or is found" language in § 1782 to incorporate a personal jurisdiction requirement. In Gucci America, the Second Circuit held that the requirement of personal jurisdiction applies to at least some discovery requests. Gucci America arose out of an intellectual property dispute by makers of luxury bags against counterfeiters. Seeking evidence for their claim, the bag manufacturers subpoenaed documents concerning the defendants from their bank, the Bank of China, which operated a branch in New York City but was incorporated and had its principal place of business in China. The Bank produced the documents located in the New York branch but refused to produce the documents held in China, arguing that the Court lacked general personal jurisdiction over the bank and thus could not compel it to produce those documents. The appellate court held that "[a] district court . . . must have personal jurisdiction over a nonparty in order to compel it to comply with a valid discovery request under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45," and remanded for the district court to consider whether personal jurisdiction existed. Id. at 141. Although Gucci America discusses a subpoena for documents under FRCP 45, not a motion to compel discovery under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, nothing in the decision's reasoning suggests that it would not also apply, mutatis mutandis, to a court's authority to compel discovery in other contexts as well.5

This Court therefore concludes that it should apply a personal jurisdiction analysis to determine whether Petrobras is "found" in the district for the purposes of the § 1782 motion.

General Personal Jurisdiction

The parties do not argue that this Court has general personal jurisdiction over Petrobras, and the Court clearly does not. A corporation is subject to the general personal jurisdiction of the courts in the states of its incorporation and its principal place of business. Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137-38, 134 S.Ct. 746, 187 L.Ed.2d 624 (2014). In an "exceptional case," a corporation could become subject to the personal jurisdiction of the courts in an additional state if the corporation's contacts with that state are "so continuous and systematic as to render [it] essentially at home," Daimler, 571 U.S. at 138-39 & n.19, 134 S.Ct. 746 (quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919, 131 S.Ct. 2846, 180 L.Ed.2d 796 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted)). But even extensive business contacts such as significant physical infrastructure and thousands of employees in a particular state do not constitute such an exceptional case. See BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1549, 198 L.Ed.2d 36 (2017).

Petrobras is incorporated and maintains its principal place of business in Brazil. While the company maintained an office in Manhattan at the time Cornell filed its motion, Reply Mem. at 2, and sells ADRs on the New York Stock Exchange, these business contacts are far from sufficient to subject Petrobras to the general personal jurisdiction of courts in New York.

Specific Personal Jurisdiction

A closer question is whether this Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Petrobras with respect to this motion. Cornell argues that the Court does, because this Court undoubtedly has personal jurisdiction in the underlying securities fraud class action, and because Cornell "simply seeks access to the discovery that is already conducted in this case." Reply Mem. at 2. Petrobras retorts that "[p]ersonal jurisdiction is determined claim by claim," Surreply Mem. at 3, and so even if this Court has personal jurisdiction over Petrobras vis-à-vis the U.S. class action (alleging fraud in connection with securities sold on the NYSE), this Court does not necessarily have personal jurisdiction over Petrobras vis-à-vis the § 1782 motion (which arises out of the CAM arbitration, alleging fraud in connection with securities sold in Brazil).

Courts in the Second Circuit employ a two-step analysis to determine whether they have specific jurisdiction over a claim. Gucci Am., 768 F.3d 122, 136 (2d Cir. 2014). "First, the court must decide if the defendant has `purposefully directed his activities at . . . the forum and the litigation . . . arise[s] out of or relate[s] to those activities.'" Id. (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). Second, "once the court has established these minimum contacts, it `determine[s] whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with fair play and substantial justice.'" Id. (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174).

The relevant facts here presented are somewhat different from the cases cited above in which courts in this District held that they lacked personal jurisdiction over a § 1782 respondent. Neither the discovery request in In re Sargeant, 278 F.Supp.3d 814, nor that in In re Del Valle Ruiz, 342 F.Supp.3d 448, for example, involved foreign corporations that were already the defendants in a related U.S. action, as well as documents that the corporation had already produced in that action.

Nevertheless, Petrobras has the better argument. Cornell seeks discovery under § 1782 for use in the CAM arbitration, which alleges misconduct by Petrobras that occurred entirely in Brazil. The test for personal jurisdiction therefore fails at the first step, because Petrobras did not "purposefully direct[] [its] activities" relevant to the CAM arbitration at the forum. Gucci Am., 768 F.3d at 136.

Cornell makes several additional arguments, but all are unpersuasive. First, Cornell cites In re Fornaciari, No. 17 MC 521, 2018 WL 679884, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 29, 2018) for the proposition that due process is satisfied when the party subject to discovery under § 1782 "ha[s] sufficient contacts with the forum that relate to the requested discovery or from which the discovery order arises." Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 2. But this does not help Cornell's case. Petrobras's conduct "from which the discovery order arises" was the allegedly fraudulent sale of securities on the Bovespa, i.e., conduct that occurred entirely in Brazil.

Similarly, Cornell's protest that it "is a member of the Class and simply seeks access to the discovery that was already conducted in this case," Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 2, is unhelpful for the same reason. Petrobras produced this discovery in an action in which this Court has specific personal jurisdiction, but it does not follow that the Court therefore has authority to order Petrobras to turn over this discovery for use in a foreign proceeding that arises from conduct entirely outside the forum.

Next, Cornell cites Dysart v. Marriott Corp., 103 F.R.D. 15, 18 (E.D. Pa. 1984) in which a district court in another circuit held that "[o]nce a third-party defendant has been properly brought within the jurisdiction of the court by an original defendant, personal jurisdiction need not be established independently by plaintiff." This case would be persuasive authority at best, but it is unpersuasive here because it long predates the dramatic shift in the doctrines of personal jurisdiction that culminated in Daimler and BNSF.

Finally, Cornell argues that this Court may exercise pendant personal jurisdiction over Petrobras. Reply Mem. at 3 (quoting IUE AFL-CIO Pension Fund v. Herrmann, 9 F.3d 1049, 1056 (2d Cir. 1993)). But this last argument is no more persuasive than the others. IUE AFL-CIO held that "where a federal statute authorizes nationwide service of process, and the federal and state claims `derive from a common nucleus of operative fact,' . . . the district court may assert personal jurisdiction over the parties to the related state law claims even if personal jurisdiction is not otherwise available." Id. (quoting United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966)). This doctrine, however, does not apply to the current fact pattern.6 IUE AFL-CIO involved a situation where a plaintiff brought related federal and state-law claims, and the state-law claims required joinder of additional defendants. This case says nothing about the authority of a court under § 1782 to compel a foreign defendant to produce discovery for use in a foreign proceeding that only concerns its actions outside the United States.

For these reasons, this Court holds that Petrobras is not found in the District for the purposes of § 1782.

C. The CAM is not a "Foreign or International Tribunal"

Petrobras also urges this Court to reject Cornell's § 1782 motion on the independent ground that the CAM is not a "foreign or international tribunal." In Petrobras's view, the term in the statute excludes arbitral bodies established by private parties. Opp'n Mem of Law. at 9. Cornell does not dispute the fact that the CAM is a private entity,7 but argues for a broader reading of the statutory language. Reply Mem. at 4-5.

Here, unlike the previous question, there is a Second Circuit precedent directly on point. In NBC v. Bear Stearns, 165 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir. 1999), the Second Circuit held that "an arbitral body established by private parties" was not a "foreign tribunal" for the purposes of § 1782. NBC relied primarily on the legislative history of § 1782, holding that Congress's 1964 revision to the statute — which added the phrase "foreign or international tribunal" in place of the earlier phrase "judicial proceeding" to § 1782 — broadened the scope of the statute only to include administrative proceedings as well as proceedings before non-governmental adjudicative bodies created by governments or by intergovernmental agreements. 165 F.3d at 188-90.

Cornell responds, however, that the Supreme Court effectively abrogated NBC in Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 124 S.Ct. 2466, 159 L.Ed.2d 355 (2004). Reply Mem. at 4-5. In dicta, Intel quotes a 1965 law review article by Professor Hans Smit for the proposition that "[t]he term `tribunal' . . . includes investigating magistrates, administrative and arbitral tribunals, and quasi-judicial agencies, as well as conventional civil, commercial, criminal, and administrative courts." 542 U.S. at 258, 124 S.Ct. 2466 (emphasis added). According to Cornell, the Supreme Court's reference to "arbitral tribunals" is enough to overturn NBC's holding. And indeed, Cornell has some authorities on its side. There have been three post-Intel cases in this District examining the question of whether Intel overruled NBC's holding that a private arbitral body is not a "foreign tribunal" for the purposes of § 1782, and two of them held that it did. In re Application of the Children's Inv. Fund Found. (UK), 363 F.Supp.3d 361, 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019); In re Ex Parte Application of Kleimar N.V., 220 F.Supp.3d 517, 521 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). In the most recent of these cases, however, the court held that NBC remained good law. In re Application of Hanwei Guo for an Order to Take Discovery for Use in a Foreign Proceeding Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, No. 18 MC 561, 2019 WL 917076 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2019).8

Upon consideration of these conflicting cases, as well as the arguments of the parties, this Court concludes that NBC remains good law. To begin with, the Court is doubtful that a passing dictum in a Supreme Court opinion — taken, moreover, out of its context9 — is sufficient to abrogate an extensively-reasoned and directly on-point Second Circuit precedent. See Monsanto v. United States, 348 F.3d 345, 351 (2d Cir. 2003) (stating that district courts are "required to follow" on-point Second Circuit precedent "unless and until that case is reconsidered by [the Second Circuit] sitting in banc (or its equivalent) or is rejected by a later Supreme Court decision").

More importantly, it is far from clear that the quotation referencing arbitral tribunals in Intel even casts doubt on the holding of NBC. Recall that NBC held that arbitral bodies created by governments or intergovernmental agreements are "tribunals" for the purposes of § 1782, but that arbitral bodies created by private parties are not. 165 F.3d at 188-90. The quote in Intel from Professor Smit's 1965 article, 542 U.S. at 258, 124 S.Ct. 2466, simply says that "arbitral tribunals" are within the scope of § 1782, not that private arbitral tribunals are. Professor Smit's explanation, therefore, is not inconsistent with NBC, because the author may only have been referring to arbitral tribunals created by governments and intergovernmental agreements. This is not only a plausible reading of his words, but is in fact probably what he meant, given his other writing on the topic. Professor Smit's 1965 law review article that the Supreme Court quotes in Intel was discussing the preceding year's addition of the term "foreign or international tribunal" to the statute. As the Second Circuit explains in NBC, Professor Smit wrote another law review article in 1962, two years before Congress revised the statute, in which he expressed the view that "an international tribunal owes both its existence and its powers to an international agreement." 165 F.3d at 190 (quoting Hans Smit, Assistance Rendered by the United States in Proceedings Before International Tribunals, 62 Colum. L. Rev. 1264, 1267 (1962)).10 When he wrote the words that the Supreme Court would later quote, Professor Smit seems to have believed that § 1782 did not apply to private arbitral bodies. It is implausible, then, to read the Supreme Court's approving quotation of him as an endorsement of the opposite view.

This Court accordingly further denies Cornell's § 1782 motion on the independent ground that NBC remains good law and that the statutory term "foreign or international tribunal" does not include an arbitration chamber created by private parties.

II. Motion for an Order Unsealing Judicial Documents

Cornell also moves the Court to unseal the summary judgment papers that the parties filed under seal in this action.11 Pet'r's Mem. of Law at 12. For context, in September 2015, the parties jointly submitted, and the Court approved, a protective order in the Court's standard form that allowed the parties to keep confidential for purposes of this litigation certain discovery items that one side or the other believed contained secret or sensitive information of the kinds specified in the order. Further to that order, in July 2016, the Court issued a second protective order allowing the parties to file under seal the discovery materials utilized in the summary judgment motion practice that the parties had previously marked as confidential. See Protective Order Dated July 1, 2016, ECF No. 685.

However, none of this sealing was intended to be forever, and the parties knew as much. For example, the September 2015 order, issued on consent, recited in paragraph 9 that "[a]ll persons are hereby placed on notice that the Court is unlikely to seal or otherwise afford confidential treatment to any Discovery Material introduced in evidence at trial, even if such material has previously been sealed or designated as Confidential. The Court also retains unfettered discretion whether or not to afford confidential treatment to any Confidential Document or information contained in any Confidential Document submitted to the Court in connection with any motion, application, or proceeding that may result in an order and/or decision by the Court." Protective Order Dated Sept. 2, 2015, ECF No. 206.

The Court is of the view that most of the materials covered by the July 2016 order can now be unsealed. Since the documents related to this Court's ruling on summary judgment, they were judicial documents, and there is a strong presumption in favor of public disclosure of judicial documents. As the Second Circuit stated only days ago, summary judgment papers are "judicial documents" as a matter of law. Giuffre v. Maxwell, No. 18-2868, slip op. at 11, 2019 WL 1150037 (2d Cir. Mar. 11, 2019); see also, e.g., Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110, 121 (2d Cir. 2006). Accordingly, the presumption in favor of public access attaches here. The Court's conclusion, three years ago, that a protective order was justified at that time is not sufficient in itself to rebut this presumption; indeed, since most of the documents date from several years prior to that, the conditions that once made them commercially sensitive are in many instances no longer relevant.

Nonetheless, a few of the documents — or, more likely, a few sentences within a few of the documents — may still contain "business information that might harm a litigant's competitive standing." Nixon v. Warner Commc'ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 598, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978); see also, e.g., New York v. Actavis, PLC, No. 14 Civ. 7473, 2014 WL 5353774 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2014). In particular, in briefing on this motion, Petrobras has satisfied this Court that some of the sealed documents might still contain snippets of information that even the now much-reorganized Petrobras could reasonably claim were still commercially sensitive. See Letter Dated July 22, 2019, ECF No. 944. Likewise, class representatives also raised concerns about unsealing certain of the summary judgment documents that they produced. See Response Dated June 21, 2019, ECF No. 931.

Cornell's motion to unseal is therefore granted in part. Specifically, the parties must now review the sealed documents, and, mindful of the Court's doubt that confidentiality is still required in most cases, produce to Cornell by August 15, 2019 (a) copies of all documents that in the view of the producing parties can now be unsealed, (b) redacted copies of documents that can be partially unsealed, and (c) a list of all documents that the producing party believes must still be kept entirely under seal. If, following such production, Cornell wishes to object to any remaining sealings, it will notify the court in writing of its objections by August 29, 2019, at which time the Court will review the remaining sealings in camera. The Court will then issue a final order of unsealing, and Cornell will then be free to use the unsealed documents as it sees fit.

SO ORDERED.