In 2007, defendants and appellants, the City of National City and its community development commission (the Commission or CDC; together, the City), approved an amendment to its 1995 redevelopment plan, ordinance No. 2007-2295 (Amendment), that extended the time period authorized by the plan for the use of eminent domain powers within a 300-acre area, based on certain designations of physical and economic blight. (Health & Saf. Code, § 33000 et seq.; the Community Redevelopment Law (CRL); all further statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code unless noted.) During the City's months-long amendment and hearing process, it received statutorily mandated reports from a retained private consultant, held noticed hearings, and received opposition from two sets of landowners within the Amendment area, plaintiff and appellant Community Youth Athletic Center (CYAC), and additional respondents, Robert Leif, Suzanne Leif and Anthony Bedford (the Interested Parties). (§§ 33352, subd. (b), 33457.1.)
After a bench trial, the superior court issued a statement of decision and judgment in favor of CYAC, the Interested Parties and the interested public. In the reverse validation proceedings, the trial court examined the administrative record and set aside the Amendment to the redevelopment plan, by issuing declaratory relief based on its findings of several violations of the CRL: (1) contrary to the provisions of section 33457.1, the City failed to include in its mandated report, prior to the hearing on such Amendment, the maps required by section 33352, subdivision (b) that documented the physical and economic conditions of blight that existed within the project area, (2) the administrative record did not contain substantial evidence supporting the physical blight findings underlying the Amendment, and (3) neither the City nor its retained private consultant (Rosenow Spevacek Group, or RSG) had produced, on request by CYAC, two types of underlying raw data relied upon in the RSG "Report to Council" (the RTC) (i.e., RSG's field surveys of blight conditions, or the City's police department's property-by-property crime data).
In an underlying finding, the trial court concluded that the administrative record nevertheless contained "substantial evidence" of a condition of economic blight (by using crime statistics Citywide). However, since the record failed to contain "substantial evidence of at least one condition of physical
Additionally, the trial court issued declaratory relief on the ground that the City had violated the PRA, by failing to produce at the request of CYAC certain documents about the same two types of underlying raw data relied upon in the RTC (field surveys of blight conditions, and property-by-property crime data), which the City had used to justify its blight claims.
Further, the court determined that the federal procedural due process rights of CYAC and the public had not been adequately protected by the City during the amendment process, due to the City's failure to comply with CRL statutory requirements or to grant a continuance of the hearing. The court issued declaratory relief finding federal due process violations and awarded nominal damages ($1). (U.S. Const., 14th Amend. [due process clause]; Mathews v. Eldridge (1976) 424 U.S. 319 [47 L.Ed.2d 18, 96 S.Ct. 893] (Mathews).) However, CYAC's alternative California Constitution due process causes of action were found to lack merit. (Cal. Const., art. I, §§ 7, subd. (a), 19 [due process and takings clauses].)
After trial, the court ordered the City to pay substantial attorney fees to CYAC ($1,906,516.75) and to the Interested Parties ($84,652.50). The court had initially determined that their requests were untimely filed, but that discretionary relief from default should be granted to entertain the fees motion. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1702; all further rule references are to the California Rules of Court; Code Civ. Proc., §§ 473, 1021.5; 42 U.S.C. § 1988; Gov. Code, § 6259, subd. (d).)
The City appeals the judgment and in the consolidated appeal (D061141), the fees orders. CYAC has filed a cross-appeal of a portion of the underlying findings on the reverse validation decision (to challenge the trial court's ruling regarding economic blight, that Citywide crime data was correctly considered by the City, rather than just projectwide data) (§ 33031, subd. (b)(7)) CYAC does not cross-appeal the dismissal of its California Constitution claims.
CYAC has also cross-appealed on a timeliness issue regarding its attorney fees request, since the trial court granted CYAC and the Interested Parties discretionary relief from the untimely filing, then awarded fees. However, CYAC contends there was no late filing in the first place that gave rise to any such need for such relief. (Rule 3.1702; Code Civ. Proc., § 473.)
On the merits of the appeal and cross-appeal, first, our review of the administrative record persuades us that the trial court's reverse validation order is well supported by the facts and the law concerning the CRL violations of sections 33352 and 33457.1 (map requirement and description of specific, quantifiable evidence supporting the blight findings). Although the Legislature abolished redevelopment agencies through its 2011 legislation, the issues regarding the invalidity of this Amendment have not become moot by the passage of time or the subsequent legislative action, particularly as to the attorney fees awards. (§ 33037, subd. (c); California Redevelopment Assn. v. Matosantos (2011) 53 Cal.4th 231 [135 Cal.Rptr.3d 683, 267 P.3d 580] (Matosantos) [discussed post].)
Next, on the trial record of the PRA issues, which includes both the administrative record and the trial exhibits and testimony, we uphold the judgment of the trial court issuing declaratory relief in favor of CYAC. Although we disagree with some of the reasoning set forth in the statement of decision, the particular theory of the trial court is not controlling, and it reached the correct result. (Gov. Code, § 6250 et seq.; D'Amico v. Board of Medical Examiners (1974) 11 Cal.3d 1, 18-19 [112 Cal.Rptr. 786, 520 P.2d 10] (D'Amico).) We shall affirm the declaratory relief judgment on the reverse validation and PRA issues.
However, the judgment must be reversed in part with respect to the trial court's erroneous determination that as a matter of law the City's proven statutory violations of the CRL additionally amounted to an actionable deprivation of federal due process protections, under the appropriate legal test. (Mathews, supra, 424 U.S. 319.)
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment in part but reverse the grant of declaratory relief on the due process theory, with directions to enter a different order. On the attorney fees issues, we find the trial court appropriately granted CYAC and the Interested Parties discretionary relief from any applicable filing deadlines for their fees request, but we reverse the orders awarding such fees and costs to the extent that they incorrectly relied upon title 42 United States Code section 1988 or Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 (the due process conclusions). Upon remand, the trial court shall reevaluate the extent to which such an award of fees and costs continues to be justified in light of the remaining statutory grounds for relief that we upheld in this opinion, in accordance with the principles of Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 and Government Code section 6259.
In broad outline, with more specialized facts to be added in the discussion portion of this opinion, the City's 1995 redevelopment plan and its amendments (the plan) authorized the use of eminent domain in the area where the CYAC and Interested Parties' properties are located, based on designations of blight. (§ 33037, subd. (c).) There are 692 parcels in the overall 300-acre Amendment area. On its parcel, CYAC operates a boxing gym and athletic facility that serves at-risk youth as a community center. The Interested Parties and their lessees conduct business on their property.
As proposed, the 2007 Amendment reduced the area subject to eminent domain, restricted its use on residential properties, and focused on two business corridors (Civic Center Drive and National City Boulevard) and the harbor district area, where some environmental contamination existed due to
In preparation for amending the plan, the City's Commission hired the consulting firm of RSG, an independent contractor, to prepare reports required under the CRL. RSG assisted the Commission (sometimes designated the agency) in preparing and publishing the initial notice of the public hearings on the Amendment, both through mail notice to taxing agencies and through newspaper publication. From February 2007 to June 2007, RSG was in the process of drafting its report to the council (the RTC) on the need for the Amendment. RSG's contract with the City's Commission provided that this agency would have the property rights to the memoranda, reports, maps, drawings, plans, specifications and other documents prepared by RSG for the project, and all of these would be turned over to the agency upon completion of the project.
On April 17, 2007, a hearing was held by the City Council to adopt a resolution to authorize circulation and public review of the Amendment, and to set a public hearing for June 19, 2007, to consider adoption of the Amendment. The Council's agenda statement attached a map indicating the boundary around the parcels that would be subject to the Amendment (the boundary parcel map).
In May 2007, notice of the June hearing was mailed to all affected tax agencies, and to all affected property owners, businesses and residents. The same boundary parcel map that was attached to the April 17, 2007, Council agenda statement was also provided with the May 11, 2007 mailing.
In May 2007, CYAC retained expert witnesses to oppose the Amendment and began the process of requesting numerous documents that related in any way to the proposed amendment for the project area, which included CYAC. On May 23, it sought "Any and all blight studies that have been performed that specifically deal with National City Boulevard and its surrounding areas or any other blight studies that have been performed for National City since 2000. Please include any documents that show the actual areas the City or CDC included in conducting the blight study. [¶] Any and all blight studies the CDC or City will rely on in support of the redevelopment plan or eminent
City staff members responded to CYAC that such a "blight study" was also called the RTC, and that the City planned to make it and other reports available approximately three days before the public hearing, pursuant to the standards of the Ralph M. Brown Act. (Gov. Code, § 54954.2, subd. (a).)
In June 2007, the City published three weekly notices in local newspapers to give notice of the upcoming June 19, 2007 public hearing. On June 14, 2007, three business days before the hearing, the City released to the public for review its 37-page RTC recommending adoption of the Amendment. The RTC detailed in writing different types of blight conditions that it found were remaining in the Amendment area, and stated it had relied on six major sources in that analysis and assessment, including "the April 2007 field survey by RSG," and "Information from the National City police department." The RTC concluded that such blight could not be eliminated without the use of eminent domain.
The RTC referred in passing to 2005 findings by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (the Brownfields Studies) about environmental contamination existing in part of the Amendment area. (See fn. 3, ante.) No map was attached to the RTC made available to the public to show where in the project any particular blighting conditions existed. (See fns. 1, 2, ante, text of CRL statutes requiring such a map.)
On June 15, 2007, CYAC sent three PRA requests to the City, referencing the same boundary parcel map that had been attached to the April 17, 2007 council agenda and the City's notice of hearing. On June 17, 2007, CYAC, represented by a law firm, the Institute for Justice, sent a letter to the City objecting to the Amendment on various statutory and constitutional grounds.
At the June 19, 2007 public hearing, the City Council heard opposition from CYAC and the Interested Parties and other citizens to the adoption of the Amendment. CYAC filed 34 pages of written objections to the Amendment. CYAC obtained permission from the City to file its six-volume appendix in opposition to the plan. The City denied CYAC's request for a continuance of the hearing, but allowed its additional written objections to be received after the hearing.
On July 10, 2007, the City provided to the public four maps of the Amendment area showing the different types of blighting conditions on which it relied as justification for the Amendment (i.e., structural obsolescence, incompatible adjacent uses, deterioration and dilapidation, or defective design without parking). (§ 33352, subd. (b).) On July 17, 2007, the ordinance approving the Amendment was adopted, incorporating by reference documents contained in earlier studies.
After several more PRA requests and much further communication, discussion, clarification, and objections taking place between June and August 2007, the City supplied at least three additional sets of informational documents to CYAC. (See pts. II, III, post.)
In September 2007, CYAC brought this action seeking a judicial declaration that the Amendment was invalid on a number of specific grounds, including noncompliance with the procedures of the CRL. In particular, its first, fifth, and sixth causes of action alleged that the City failed to release or complete its reports or maps on the matter in a timely fashion, thus preventing the public from preparing any effective objections to the proposed Amendment, or from obtaining documents related to the required substantial evidence of existing blight and alleviation of blight through the proposed redevelopment.
In its second cause of action alleging violations of federal constitutional protections, CYAC contended it was deprived of procedural due process of law affecting the proposed use of its property (U.S. Const., 14th Amend.). In its third and fourth causes of action alleging state constitutional violations, CYAC claimed the eminent domain law was being used for constitutionally illegitimate purposes, such as economic development or increasing tax revenue. All these constitutional claims were alleged separately from the statutory causes of action. The prayer requested a declaration that the City had violated CYAC's procedural due process rights to a meaningful opportunity to be heard, and it sought invalidation of the ordinance and other relief (injunction and damages).
As explained in two prior opinions issued by this court, CYAC obtained a court order through noticed ex parte proceedings for the publication of the summons, which was directed toward the City and to "`All Persons Interested in the Matter of the Amendment to National City's Redevelopment Plan as Adopted by [the ordinance].'" (Community Youth Athletic Center v. City of National City (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 416, 420 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 903] (our prior opinion); Community Youth Athletic Center v. Superior Court (Feb. 18, 2009, D052630) [nonpub. opn.] [reversing the judgment on the separate PRA petition; some facts stated here have been adapted from those opinions].) CYAC encountered difficulties with the publication process in English and Spanish newspapers when one of the newspapers unexpectedly changed its publication schedule, and ultimately, the summons that was published after some delay retained an incorrect date for responses by any interested parties (i.e., the published summons contained the date for response as originally anticipated, thus advancing the allowable response period following publication, from Monday, Nov. 19 to Friday, Nov. 16, 2007). (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 861, 861.1, 863 [part of the Validation Act].)
The City then moved for judgment on the pleadings on all causes of action, claiming defective publication. The trial court ruled in favor of the City, and CYAC appealed. We reversed, allowing republication and further notice proceedings.
Back on track, the parties negotiated the contents of the administrative record, for purposes of litigating the reverse validation issues. The administrative record was lodged with the trial court in February 2011. The Interested Parties were granted leave to appear and respond, pleading similar theories.
Extensive motion practice continued, in which CYAC pursued a motion for summary adjudication on the PRA claims, opposed by the City. The court denied the motion, ruling that there were remaining disputed material facts about whether the raw data regarding the blight studies created by the private consultant, RSG, constituted public records subject to disclosure.
Discovery disputes ensued, followed by motions to compel production of records or quash subpoenas. The City pursued a summary adjudication
In preparation for trial, the City sought to sever the PRA issues, but the court denied the motion. It had become known that the City's consultant RSG, had routinely purged its records after completing the RTC, and had not retained copies of the raw data in the form of its field survey spreadsheets that were compiled by staff persons who walked the area to be covered by the Amendment, as they investigated physical blighting conditions.
Back in May 2007, the City police department's crime analyst sent RSG a chart containing three years of crime data (the three-year chart) which RSG used to prepare a table of crime rates from 2006 for the RTC. However, the raw data used by the City's analyst to prepare the three-year chart was no longer available.
CYAC brought a motion seeking an order for sanctions for alleged spoliation of both kinds of that "critical evidence." The City filed opposition. The court denied the motions, ruling there was no evidence from which the court could reasonably infer intentional or willful conduct by City agents or employees to destroy either the raw data used by the consultant (field surveys) or any background data compiled by the City police department (crime statistics).
Trial briefs and motions in limine were filed, as well as motions for judicial notice. In limine, the court ruled that with respect to the reverse validation claims, review was limited to the administrative record.
In its April 20, 2011 statement of decision, the trial court found on the reverse validation claims that the City's lack of compliance with CRL requirements resulted in a lack of support for the Amendment due to the failure to include the required map attachment in the RTC. (§ 33352, subd. (b).) Additionally, the court ruled the administrative record did not contain "specific, quantifiable evidence about the location and prevalence of the alleged blighting conditions," to show a serious physical and economic burden on the community, as required by sections 33030, subdivision (b)(1) and 33352, subdivision (b)(2). Even though the RTC and administrative record contained "substantial evidence" of one condition of economic blight (using crime statistics City-wide), they still "did not have substantial evidence of at least one condition of physical blight." (see § 33031, subds. (a), (b).) Thus, even if some blight conditions existed in the Amendment area, the administrative record did not contain substantial evidence that there were substantial and prevalent amounts of blighting conditions, or that any such conditions could not be eliminated without the use of eminent domain. (§ 33333.2, subd. (a)(4).) Declaratory relief was issued invalidating the Amendment.
On the PRA, the trial court's key findings were (a) both forms of raw data relied on by the RTC and the City, the property-by-property field surveys conducted by RSG and the property-by-property crime data for three years before the PRA request was made, constituted public records; (b) CYAC's various PRA requests were not unduly broad or vague, and thus (c) the City did not undertake a reasonable search for the requested information, nor carry its burden of showing that it justifiably withheld public records that were in the possession of its consultant, RSG, or in the possession of its police department when the requests were made. Specifically, "The Court holds that a reasonable search requires the agency to: (1) ask the known custodian of records for (2) the documents requested in the PRA request." (Italics added.) Thus, the court impliedly found that the City should have conveyed to the consultant the same request language that CYAC sent to the City. Although the court stated the City staff members had demonstrated evident neglect of their duties, the court was "not convinced that the violations of the PRA were intentional or that the City refused to attempt to obtain documents from its consultant." The court issued declaratory relief finding such violations of the PRA, but denied any injunctive relief, on the basis there was no showing of any need for prospective relief.
In its federal due process findings, the trial court continued: "The evidence in this case presents a troubling picture where the [City] appears to have intentionally provided notices and scheduled all of the public hearings so as to provide as little time as possible to meaningfully prepare any opposition. The RTC itself was vaguely written." The City had compounded this process by failing to provide the statutorily required maps with the RTC, by failing to respond promptly to PRA requests for crime data and property survey information, by unjustifiably claiming the survey data were not public records, and by failing to secure that information during litigation to prevent it from being destroyed. (§ 33352, subd. (b).)
However, to the extent that CYAC seemed to be making a constitutional challenge to section 33457.1 (either facially or as applied), the trial court found that the notice and access to the RTC as provided by the City, pursuant to that section, did not create a further or broader denial of due process. (See fn. 2, ante.) Essentially, the court found the City had substantially complied with the notice requirements of section 33452, and CYAC had been able to protect its rights and to prepare and submit extensive opposition to the Amendment, based upon its own investigation and the material made known to it.
The court thus declined to make a broad finding that any particular number of weeks or months of access to the RTC must have been provided to the public by the City, pursuant to the terms of section 33457.1. Declaratory relief and $1 in nominal damages were awarded to CYAC. With respect to the claims under the California Constitution, the court found them to be premature due to the lack of any eminent domain proceedings that had been initiated by the City. Judgment was issued in favor of CYAC.
Following requests for prevailing party attorney fees and costs by CYAC and the Interested Parties, the trial court granted them relief from default for late filing pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b), based on its interpretation of rule 3.1702 and related provisions. (Rules 8.104,
We will set forth the respective standards of review and statutory schemes as we discuss, in turn, the grant of declaratory relief on the reverse validation issues about CRL procedural protections for such a redevelopment plan amendment, and the application of the PRA standards in this factual and legal context. (Pts. II, III, post.) We can then address the propriety of the declaratory relief issued on the federal due process issues, as well as the attorney fees issues, both on the appeal and cross-appeal. (Pts. IV, V, post.)
In all of our analyses, we are mindful that in its 2011 legislation (§§ 34170 et seq., 34161 et seq.), the Legislature prospectively abolished all redevelopment agencies, reallocated their funding, and delegated their work to successor agencies. In Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th 231, our Supreme Court held that because the Legislature had created redevelopment agencies in the CRL, it had the power to dissolve those agencies through subsequent legislation. (11 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate (3d ed. 2012-2013 supp.), § 30B:0.10, pp. 45-46.)
We are required to review the existing ordinances and redevelopment actions in the timeframe in which they were conducted, in this case, 2007.
Our review of the judgment is conducted in view of the trial court's issuance of a detailed statement of decision that addressed each of the above described substantive areas. When reviewing a judgment based on such a statement of decision, "any conflict in the evidence or reasonable inferences to be drawn from the facts will be resolved in support of the determination of the trial court decision." (In re Marriage of Hoffmeister (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 351, 358 [236 Cal.Rptr. 543].) The ultimate facts found in the court's statement of decision necessarily include findings on the intermediate evidentiary facts that sustain them. (Muzquiz v. City of Emeryville (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1125 [94 Cal.Rptr.2d 579].)
Although the statement of decision reveals the basis for the judgment, all of its reasoning is not treated as binding on an appellate court. (D'Amico, supra, 11 Cal.3d 1, 18-19.) To the extent the record presents an undisputed or established set of facts, the interpretation and application of a statutory scheme to those facts are treated as questions of law and are subject to de novo review on appeal. (Blue v. City of Los Angeles (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1140 [41 Cal.Rptr.3d 10] (Blue).) With regard to validation proceedings, the undisputed set of facts is to be measured against the standards set by those statutes. (Katz v. Campbell Union High School Dist. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1024, 1031 [50 Cal.Rptr.3d 839] (Katz).) This appellate court is not bound by the trial court's statutory interpretations. (Blue, supra, at p. 1140; California Teachers Assn. v. San Diego Community College Dist. (1981) 28 Cal.3d 692, 699 [170 Cal.Rptr. 817, 621 P.2d 856].)
Essentially, these parties do not dispute that the trial court correctly stated each of the statutory standards for deciding the claims under the CRL and PRA regulatory schemes, but they each challenge portions of the trial court's interpretation and application of those standards to the facts as established by the evidence, and they also argue the sufficiency of that evidence. (Glendora, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th 817, 835-836 [administrative record must contain
"`The scope of judicial review of an agency's decision to adopt a redevelopment plan is quite limited. Both the trial court and this court review the administrative record to determine whether the findings and decision of the legislative body are supported by substantial evidence.' [Citations.] Appellate `review is done independent of any determinations made by the superior court.' [Citations.] [¶] In examining the administrative record, we resolve all `"reasonable doubts"' and `accept all reasonable inferences supporting the administrative findings.' [Citation.] `The fact that different inferences or conclusions could be drawn, or that different methods of gathering and compiling statistics could have been employed, is not determinative in a substantial evidence review.'" (Glendora, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th 817, 835-836.)
On appeal, this court independently "`determine[s] the law applicable to the facts in the administrative record' in assessing whether the statutory requirements have been met. [Citations.]" (Glendora, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th 817, 836.) We review de novo the legal issues involving the interpretation
Many of the topics in the trial court's detailed analysis of the various blight showings regarding CYAC's reverse validation claims (first, fifth and sixth causes of action) are not directly discussed or attacked in this appeal and cross-appeal. We focus on the two major defects that prevented enforceability of this Amendment, and that are challenged on appeal: (1) the RTC omitted maps showing the location of blighting conditions that should have been made available before the time of the June 2007 public hearing under sections 33352, subdivision (b) and 33457.1 and (2) the administrative record, overall, lacked "specific, quantifiable evidence about the location and prevalence of the alleged blighting conditions" under the definitions of section 33352, subdivision (b) (referring in turn to § 33031), such that the administrative record "did not have substantial evidence of at least one condition of physical blight."
Even though the trial court determined that the administrative record contained "substantial evidence" of one condition of economic blight (by
In its cross-appeal, CYAC attacks the ruling there was some evidence of economic blight, claiming it was error for the trial court to use crime statistics City-wide. (§ 33031, subd. (b)(7).)
Under sections 33457.1 and 33352, supporting reports and information must be provided to the public before a redevelopment plan is amended, "prior to the hearing," but no timeframe is stated. (Blue, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 1144.) In that case, the court interpreted section 33352, subdivision (b), as not requiring the raw data regarding blight conditions to be included in the report or elsewhere in the administrative record, "in order for a redevelopment plan to be found valid." (Blue, supra, at p. 1142.) However, the court in Blue was interpreting the previous version of that section, which did not contain the recently added language requiring "specific, quantifiable evidence that documents both of the following: [¶] (1) The physical and economic conditions specified in Section 33031. [¶] (2) That the described physical and economic conditions are so prevalent and substantial that, collectively, they seriously harm the entire project area." (§ 33352, subd. b, italics added.) More support is now required, but the City seems to have been operating under the previous version of the law.
In its related due process ruling, the trial court determined that the publication of the RTC only three business days before the public hearing, and the failure by the City to provide any underlying data or the required maps at that time, "created an unreasonable risk of erroneous deprivation" of CYAC's procedural due process rights. In any case, the trial court said that with respect to the validation claims, even if the late-filed maps were considered, they still did not contain any substantial evidence "that there is a substantial amount of this blight or that this blight cannot be eliminated without the use of eminent domain." (§ 33030, subd. (b).)
With respect to the map requirement for the RTC, section 33457.1 additionally required that, "To the extent warranted by a proposed amendment to a redevelopment plan ... the reports and information required by Section
The City relies on Blue, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at page 1145, to argue that even though the map was not timely provided nor a continuance granted, CYAC was able to prepare extensive opposition and objections, it could have conducted more of its own investigation, and thus it should not be deemed to have suffered any prejudice in preparing its opposition. However, the court could reasonably have concluded, and impliedly did, that a more focused investigation would have been possible if the statutory compliance had been forthcoming, with the use of a map identifying the location of the blighting conditions being relied upon in the RTC. We agree with the findings of the trial court that this sequence of events in the processing of the Amendment did not qualify as excusable error that would permit validation of the Amendment, and it also did not constitute such "error, irregularity, or omission which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties," that accordingly could properly be "disregard[ed]" by the court hearing the action. (Code Civ. Proc., § 866.) The Interested Parties were similarly entitled to more-specific descriptions of blight before the hearing.
We are supported in this conclusion by the legislative history of the 2006 amendments to the CRL showing, in relevant part, that more-stringent definitions and quantifiable factual support for alleged conditions of economic and physical blight are now required, so that interested public members are kept informed of potential redevelopment changes affecting them. (Glendora, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 832; Historical and Statutory Notes, 41 West's Ann. Health & Saf. Code (2010 ed.) foll. § 33030, p. 451 ["It is the intent of the Legislature, in amending Sections 33030, 33031 ..., 33352, 33367 ... of the Health and Safety Code to restrict the statutory definition of blight and to require better documentation of local officials' findings regarding the conditions of blight. The legislative purpose of these statutory amendments is
In its statement of decision, the court exhaustively analyzed the types of blighting physical conditions set forth in the RTC and administrative record, under section 33031, subdivision (a)(1) — "Buildings in which it is unsafe or unhealthy for persons to live or work," — and subdivision (a)(2) — "[c]onditions that prevent or substantially hinder the viable use or capacity of buildings or lots." The missing RSG/City field surveys were not in the administrative record, and the court criticized the City's overall showing on
In Blue, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pages 1142 through 1143, the court discussed pre-2006 CRL statutes and interpreted them as not expressly requiring raw data, such as field surveys, to be provided to the public before an amendment hearing is held (§ 33457.1) or requiring such data to be provided if referenced in the report to the legislative body (§ 33352). In that case, the plaintiffs had been able to prepare adequate opposition, even without obtaining the raw data underlying the reports, and no prejudice to the substantial rights of those parties was found. (Code Civ. Proc., § 866.) Our case is different, and the recent amendments to section 33352 undermine this portion of the holding of Blue because now, the Legislature has made clear that better documentation of blight conditions is required, and "specific, quantifiable evidence" of prevalent, serious blighting conditions harming the entire project area must now be presented to support such an amendment. This was not done here to meet the amended standards added to section 33352, subdivision (b).
As previously stated, the trial court declined to admit trial exhibit No. 501 (2005 Brownfields Studies), as evidence or as part of the administrative record, and it declined to take judicial notice of its contents. However, the trial court allowed the City in its closing argument to discuss the effect of the mentions of the Brownfields Studies in the RTC, in terms of proof of economic blight conditions, and we briefly address those issues. (§ 33031, subd. (b); but see fn. 3, ante, regarding our denial of judicial notice of Brownfields Studies on appeal.)
In the briefs on appeal, the parties continue to dispute whether the Brownfields Studies were properly excluded, on either physical or economic blight issues. The City did not show that the studies were part of the 2007 redevelopment decisional process, but argues they could have been considered, since they already existed, and it was possible the hazardous conditions
Even if the Brownfields Studies had been considered to be part of the administrative record that supported an economic blight finding, (§ 33031, subd. (b)(2) [hazardous wastes]), there was no still physical blight finding that was substantially supported by quantifiable data. Also, the studies would not properly be judicially noticed for their truth about blight issues. (Mangini v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1057, 1063 [31 Cal.Rptr.2d 358, 875 P.2d 73].) We find no error or abuse of discretion in the trial court's decision to exclude the Brownfields Studies from the administrative record, because they would not have added materially to the City's demonstration of blight conditions.
To attack the trial court's economic blight "erroneous ruling" (§ 33031, subd. (b)(7)), CYAC says the crime statistics relied on should have been only projectwide, not Citywide, under the language of section 33030, subdivision (b), as interpreted in cases such as Friends of Mammoth v. Town of Mammoth Lakes Redevelopment Agency (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 511, 555-556 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 334]. (See § 33352, subd. (b) [referring to blight in the "project area"].)
As a separate and independent ground of the judgment, the trial court issued declaratory relief that the City violated PRA statutory standards, when the City did not produce, upon request, some of the raw data that underlay the RTC conclusions and the enactment of the Amendment. The attorney fees awards against the City are based on private attorney general theories (Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.5) and also a PRA provision (Gov. Code, § 6259, subd. (d)). There is some unavoidable overlap between these PRA issues and the CRL ruling that we have already discussed (pt. II, ante). Our review of the PRA ruling in favor of CYAC addresses the trial court's decision to issue declaratory relief strictly as it is reflected in the terms of the judgment, not in all of its broadly stated reasoning in the statement of decision. (D'Amico, supra, 11 Cal.3d at p. 19; see fn. 8, ante.)
The trial court ruled that both types of this underlying raw data constituted public records, (1) the property-by-property field surveys of the Amendment area (held and stored by the City's consultant, RSG, then destroyed), and (2) property-by-property crime data for the three years prior to the PRA request (held by the City's police department's crime analyst, and used by her to prepare the three-year chart that she sent to RSG for inclusion in the RTC; that underlying data was not found when requested). The court found that the CYAC requests for such material, among 22 or more categories of records, over a period of two or three months, were reasonably clear, but the City had not responded with reasonable searches and was not justified in failing to require that the known custodians of the existing records should produce them. Injunctive relief was denied because there was no prospective problem shown. (Gov. Code, § 6253.1.)
In a case in which an agency has deliberately withheld its public records, Government Code section 6255, subdivision (a) requires it to justify the same
In this light, we examine the statutory requirements on a de novo basis, and then evaluate the record for any substantial evidence support for the trial court's conclusions. (San Diego County Employees Retirement Assn. v. Superior Court (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1237, 1241-1242 [127 Cal.Rptr.3d 479] [statutory interpretation issues are questions of law subject to independent review, while the reviewing court accepts as true any trial court findings of the "`"facts of the particular case,"'" where supported by substantial evidence]; ACLU, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th 55, 66 [substantial evidence standard used for trial court factual determinations].)
The RTC stated it had relied on six major sources in the analysis and assessment of different types of blight conditions remaining in the Amendment area, including as relevant here, "the April 2007 field survey by RSG," and "Information from the [City] Police Department." From May through August 2007, CYAC requested many forms of data in its numerous PRA requests to the City, for over 20 categories of documents. Upon receiving the notice to property owners of the June 19, 2007 hearing, CYAC's official, Casillas informally and then on May 23 formally requested documents referenced in that notice, including a copy of the City's "blight studies" together with the "negative declaration" report and "CDC's most recent
On June 15, 2007, CYAC sent three separate PRA requests to the City: (1) its fire department (regarding hazardous materials), (2) its building and safety department (regarding building code violations), and (3) its police department (regarding crime rates and "a property-by-property breakdown of crime in the shaded area over the last three years"). Each of these sought "any data provided to [RSG]" or to the agency, and also referred to "the shaded area" of the boundary parcel map sent out with the notice.
On July 27, 2007, CYAC's attorneys sent a lengthy status letter to the City discussing a number of the requests already made to the City. Although some responsive materials had been produced, the raw property-by-property survey data prepared by RSG had not been provided and were again requested, along with other documents.
In its ruling, the trial court determined that the City's response to the May 23, June 15 and July 27 requests violated the PRA because the City did not "diligently search for and produce" the requested documents, that were known to exist and that were under the control of its employees or its consultants. For purposes of this appeal, we need not summarize all the PRA requests or responses, but focus upon the requests that are the subject of this appeal, that pertain to the two types of raw data that were not provided, for various reasons.
RSG's contract with the Commission gave that agency the property rights to the memoranda, reports, maps, etc., prepared by RSG for the project, all of which was to be turned over to the agency upon completion of the project. RSG used software to process data and to convert field studies from raw data into the documents submitted into the record. The field surveys of blight conditions prepared by RSG were referred to in the RTC as part of the methodology used in creating it. RSG used the 2005 field study as a base and added the 2007 data to it, but it could not later determine what data had been added from the 2007 field surveys.
In the June 15 fire department and building department requests, CYAC sought "any data provided to [RSG]" or to the Commission regarding
On July 27, 2007, CYAC's status letter to the City discussed a number of the requests it had made to the City, including those for the "raw property-by-property survey data that the consultant RSG used to write the 2007 [RTC]." CYAC's attorney stated that such field surveys of blight conditions had not been supplied.
On August 9, 2007, Beard sent another e-mail to RSG, requesting everything in RSG's files from the 2005 and 2007 Amendments. This request was copied to Frank Spevacek, president of RSG. He testified that only general requests were made to RSG for their files, and he did not understand this request to include any property-by-property field surveys. Beard followed up on CYAC's request by asking her administrative assistant to call RSG's staffer Walter Lauderdale, but it is not clear whether this was done. Nothing further was received from RSG. Their field surveys were later discarded, possibly between June or July of 2007 and May 2008.
In the RTC, the City referred to a "Table B-3" of crime statistics from 2006, showing the City's crime rates were higher than those of surrounding communities for certain offenses and further, a disproportionate share of the City's crime occurs within the boundaries of the Amendment area. However, the table referred to does not appear in the RTC copies in the record. It was created from a chart of three years of crime data, dated May 8, 2007, "Part 1 Crime Statistics" in the target redevelopment area and Citywide, as provided by the City's police department crime analyst (the three-year chart). The three-year chart was admitted at trial as exhibit No. 14.
In the June 15 police department PRA request, CYAC requested four categories of information: "any data provided to [RSG]" or to the Commission in the last year regarding crime rates in the City. Next, by using the May 2007 notice copy of the boundary parcel map, it sought: "(2) Any data on the rate of crime in the shaded area on the map (map provided). (3) A property-by-property breakdown of crime in the shaded area over the last three years. (4) Numbers of parking and traffic violations issued in the shaded area over the last three years." (Italics added.)
On June 29, 2007, CYAC answered: "Regarding Request Number 2, that request is based on the statement in the [RTC] that the Police Department gave an estimate of the crime rate in that area. I do not know in what form the Police Department may have provided the information, but I would like to receive it in whatever form it was provided. [¶] Regarding Requests Numbers 3 and 4, unfortunately, I do not have the addresses. If you are able to locate the responsive documents to Request Numbers 1 and/or 2, that would hopefully encompass the responses to Requests 3 and 4. Also, although I do not have the number addresses, the addresses certainly include any address on National City Boulevard, any address on Civic Center Drive, [etc.]." (Italics added.)
On July 17, 2007, Beard e-mailed two RSG staffers, Lauderdale and Zachary Mikelson, to request backup data for the "crime table" information mentioned in the RTC. On July 18, 2007, Beard was told by RSG staffer Mikelson that he received the three-year chart (crime statistics) from crime analyst Molli Knobbe (Knobbe) of the police department. She had used raw crime statistics to create the three-year chart, and RSG received and used it to create its table of 2006 crime statistics for the project area, which underlay its RTC conclusions.
On July 19, 2007, the City Attorney's Office requested that Knobbe provide it with "any of the data you provided below to this company [(RSG)]." Knobbe forwarded to the City Attorney the information (the three-year chart) she had provided to RSG on May 8, 2007. When asked if she had provided any other information to RSG, Knobbe replied, "That was it."
On July 24, 2007, the City Attorney's Office forwarded Knobbe's crime data information to CYAC, including the three-year chart containing crime statistics in the target redevelopment area and Citywide, as well as a list of properties by parcel number.
On August 9, 22, and 27, 2007, the City supplied three more sets of documents to CYAC for inspection. On September 25, 2007, CYAC filed its lawsuit claiming in the seventh cause of action that the City had failed to provide responsive documents.
Regarding the field surveys, the president of RSG, Spevacek, testified they had remained in its possession for a time, but were not made part of the RTC. Accordingly, RSG started to discard them when the project closed out in July 2007, and in 2008, RSG completed its office cleanup by purging its paper and physical data after the information was entered into the computer and the computer program updated. He did not recall receiving any request for "everything in your files." RSG did not believe it needed to ascertain if it could provide that 2007 raw data.
At trial, Knobbe testified that the three-year chart she prepared included crime statistics of particular offenses, not crime rates. Crime rates were prepared Citywide twice a year. Once she sent off the three-year chart as requested, she would not normally have sent to the City Attorney any backup data she had used to create the three-year chart, because she did not think anyone else could make sense of it. However, she still had that backup data in her file cabinet in August 2007, and could have sent it if anyone asked for it.
"Records requests, however, inevitably impose some burden on government agencies. An agency is obliged to comply so long as the record can be located with reasonable effort." (California First Amendment Coalition, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th 159, 166.) An agency may legitimately raise an objection that a request is overbroad or unduly burdensome. (Ibid.) However, the courts need not take literally a request's language to deem it clearly excessive, but instead should construe the request reasonably, in light of its clear purposes: "Feigned confusion based on a literal interpretation of the request is not grounds for denial." (Id. at pp. 166-167.)
In construing a disclosure request, the policy of the PRA requires the courts to consider the information that is being requested, not only the precise type of records that must be provided. (Haynie v. Superior Court (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1061, 1072 [112 Cal.Rptr.2d 80, 31 P.3d 760] (Haynie).) For example, an agency may be required to produce the "substance" of complaints and the "`factual circumstances surrounding the crime or incident,'" even if a requested arrest record is exempt from disclosure. In enacting exemption provisions, "the Legislature `required the disclosure of information derived from the records while, in most cases, preserving the exemption for the records themselves.'" (Ibid., italics omitted.)
In ACLU, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th 55, the court relied on FOIA legal standards as persuasive: "`[W]hether the requestor has been specific enough so that a professional employee of the agency, familiar with the general subject area, could reasonably be expected to find the desired documents.'" (ACLU, at p. 85, fn. 16; see Sierra Club v. Superior Court (2013) 57 Cal.4th 157 [158 Cal.Rptr.3d 639, 302 P.3d 1026] [Supreme Court decided that a PRA statutory exemption for "computer software" in § 6254.9, subd. (a) (a term which included computer mapping systems under § 6254.9, subd. (b)), did not also apply to the mapping database in a certain file format; the underlying database material had to be disclosed, while the computer software required to manipulate the database remained properly exempt from disclosure].)
In Consolidated Irrigation Dist. v. Superior Court (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 697, 709 [140 Cal.Rptr.3d 622] (Consolidated Irrigation Dist.), the appellate court addressed the issue of whether, under the PRA, "`the files of consultants retained to prepare an EIR for the City are "public records" that the City has a duty to seek [and] obtain to respond to a public records request.'" In that case, there were two levels of consultants whose files were sought, the primary consultant and the subconsultants. The court was not required to address any issue concerning the primary consultant's files (those issues were moot due to access granted). With respect to the subconsultants' files, the court looked to the nature of the contractual relationship between the public entity and the subconsultants, to decide the PRA issues of (1) whether the files of the subconsultants were "`in the [actual or constructive] possession of the agency' for purposes of Government Code section 6253, subdivision (c)" and (2) the nature of the agency's right, if any, to control the files and records of the subconsultants. (Consolidated Irrigation Dist., supra, at p. 710.)
In its related federal due process findings, the trial court said the City had failed to respond promptly to PRA requests for crime data and property survey information, it unjustifiably claimed the survey data were not public records, and it had failed to secure that information during litigation to prevent it from being destroyed. (See pt. IV, post.) We next examine those factual conclusions, but in the PRA context.
Under Government Code section 6253.1, the City had the duty to assist a requester such as CYAC to formulate reasonable requests and to respond accordingly, by communicating the scope of the public information requested to the custodians of its records. Reasonableness goes both ways, and we disagree with CYAC that only a very few of its requests need be evaluated: July 27 regarding field survey data, and June 15 and July 27 with regard to crime data. The facts are otherwise, because the May 23 request included "all blight studies" and the June 15 requests included not only crime data, but also all materials provided to RSG regarding hazardous materials and building code violations (physical blight). Even if the precise "field survey" term did not appear in the requests until July 27, it had become clear after the May 23 request that CYAC was seeking information backing up the field surveys, as they had been referred to in the RTC as source material. CYAC cannot now claim that its July 27 request was the only operative one and the others were irrelevant, since the July 27 request clarified the earlier ones. (See Galbiso v. Orosi Public Utility Dist. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1063, 1088 [84 Cal.Rptr.3d 788] (Galbiso) ["[A] person who seeks public records must present a reasonably focused and specific request, so that the public agency will have an opportunity to promptly identify and locate such records and to determine whether any exemption to disclosure applies."].)
The court correctly concluded these were public records within the meaning of Government Code section 6252, subdivision (e), concerning the people's business. Although CYAC originally designated its requests as seeking "blight studies," that was not an unreasonable approach in light of the original language of the RTC. It was not enough for the City to respond that the RTC "was" the blight study. The City then appropriately took further action by contacting RSG in an attempt to obtain the underlying data, the field surveys.
Based on the contractual language between RSG and the City's Commission, the City had an ownership interest in the field survey material and it had the right to possess and control it, even though it did not enforce its contractual right. We agree with the trial court that the City did not act reasonably in protecting its contractual rights to retain this material, even if its staff did not intentionally conceal the data. No bad faith finding was required to support the finding there was a PRA violation. (Iturralde, supra, 315 F.3d at p. 315.) When the City staff requested that RSG produce all of its files, but without defining the material actually being sought, it failed to take into account that "field surveys" are a term of art in the redevelopment context. (See Blue, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1140-1142.) The City gave up too soon and did not press the matter sufficiently, to a reasonable extent, at a time when most of the field surveys, which it owned, still existed.
We are mindful of the press of business of public agencies, particularly in these difficult fiscal times, and do not hold the City to an impossible standard, merely a reasonable one. The City is not justified in arguing that it did everything it could or should have to do or that all the fault lay with its
Notwithstanding the above, the trial court's reasoning or implied ruling that the City had the statutory obligation to forward the PRA request it received, verbatim, to its consultant as a custodian of public records, is not justifiable as an interpretation of this statutory scheme. Instead, the City had the obligation to interpret the request as received, as made by a member of the public that was presumably not familiar with the underlying data, and then to make reasonable efforts to facilitate the location and release of the information. The trial court's declaratory relief that there had been violations of the PRA was justified, but we decline to issue a rule that PRA requests must be passed on exactly as received to the custodians of public records, even those who are private consultants.
The record shows that the property-by-property crime reports, requested by CYAC as of June 15, were existing crime data located at the City's police department's crime analyst's office, that were supplied to the City's consultant RSG on May 8, 2007, as transformed into the three-year chart. However, the RSG-created crime table was apparently omitted from the RTC, and the backup crime data was not transferred to the City Attorney's Office upon request, since the individual crime analyst did not understand the request to include it. Since the RTC had stated that police records were among the source material relied upon, CYAC had a legitimate basis to request that information.
In response, the City Attorney's Office first claimed that it was unclear about what map was being used to identify the information sought, even though only one map had yet been made available (the boundary parcel map; this may have been a stalling tactic). In any case, the City's attorneys eventually sought clarification of the requests, and received the June 29, 2007 response by CYAC that a response to requests 1 and 2 would probably suffice as a response to requests 3 and 4. Next, CYAC's July 27, 2007 letter stating the City had satisfied requests 1 and 2, but requests 3 and 4 were still outstanding.
As of that time, the City's attorneys were already in possession, or should reasonably have been in possession, of knowledge that its own crime analyst Knobbe had used the underlying crime data to create the three-year chart she
Even without any bad faith showing, the record discloses that the City did not ask the right questions, even though it presumably had the ability to do so. In the course of its normal PRA response procedure, the City's responding attorneys had actual or constructive knowledge of both the information relevant to the redevelopment proceedings, and the police department's type of data, and how they could have been related. To comply with its existing obligations under Government Code section 6253.1, the City staff would not have been required to create a new set of public records or to take other action that would have exceeded the duties imposed by the PRA. (Haynie, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1072.) This is not a case in which multiple governmental departments and agencies are involved in an exceedingly complex fact pattern, in which an extensive search may be deemed reasonable, even where it did not produce the desired results. In such distinguishable cases, requiring additional work over the efforts made by the public agency would unfairly place an undue burden on it. (See Citizens Com. on Human Rights v. FDA, supra, 45 F.3d at p. 1327.)
Even though the City was not found to be intentionally obstructionist, neither was it sufficiently proactive or diligent in making a reasonable effort to identify and locate the raw crime data. The trial court was justified in concluding the City failed to meet its disclosure duties under the PRA. However, the trial court's ruling imposed more than a statutory obligation on the City, by ruling or implying that the City had the obligation to forward the same PRA request language to its custodian of records, the police department staff. Instead, the City had the obligation to interpret the request, as made by a member of the public that was not presumably as familiar with the underlying data, and to facilitate a reasonable effort to locate and release the information. (Gov. Code, § 6253.1.)
The declaratory relief finding that there had been violations of the PRA was justified, but we decline to endorse or establish any rule that PRA requests must be passed on verbatim to the custodians of records, whether they are public employees or private consultants.
"[T]he Due Process Clause provides that certain substantive rights — life, liberty, and property — cannot be deprived except pursuant to constitutionally adequate procedures. The categories of substance and procedure are distinct. Were the rule otherwise, the Clause would be reduced to a mere tautology. `Property' cannot be defined by the procedures provided for its deprivation any more than can life or liberty." (Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985) 470 U.S. 532, 541-542 [84 L.Ed.2d 494, 105 S.Ct. 1487] [holding the federal due process clause requires a dismissed employee to receive a pretermination opportunity to respond to charges at a meaningful time; however, mere allegation that nine months was too long to wait to respond failed to state another separate claim for constitutional deprivation of process].) Once it is determined that the due process clause applies, federal standards, not state standards, govern the decision on what process is due. (470 U.S. at p. 541.)
In Castle Rock, as here, "the ultimate issue" was whether state law gave to the plaintiff a protectable property interest, for purposes of Fourteenth
As already explained, the trial court ruled the City had violated "CYAC's right to procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment with respect to its failure to timely provide the maps with the RTC, which were required by statute." (Italics added.) The court also referred to the lack of "other blight condition information" in the RTC. In a related ruling, the court concluded that "at a minimum, a continuance of the public hearing upon request was required."
However, since the City had met all the basic notice requirements of section 33452, and CYAC had been given notice by late April-early May of the June
In its earlier denial of summary adjudication to the City of the CYAC constitutional claims, the court had identified remaining factual issues about whether, on this record, the statutory requirements satisfy due process requirements. Later at trial, the court heard expert testimony from CYAC's land use consultants about their estimates of the time it would take to prepare adequate responses to the RTC, as well as other testimony about the nature of CYAC's property interest within the proposed Amendment area.
To examine this ruling, we emphasize that CYAC did not plead and prove these were substantive due process violations, such as arbitrary and irrational governmental decision-making. (Clark, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th 1152, 1183.)
Accordingly, we are required to address a fairly narrow ruling by the trial court, which found that each element of the test set forth in Mathews, supra, 424 U.S. 319, was violated here, due to the lack of timely provision of maps or "other blight condition information." Identification and balancing of the competing interests at stake are required to determine if this procedural scheme for the protection of CYAC's property interest was adequate to ensure a meaningful hearing that met minimum overall standards of fairness in this particular context. (California Teachers Assn. v. State of California, supra, 20 Cal.4th 327, 347-348.)
CYAC chiefly argues that if it had failed to follow its remedies under section 33500, to promptly pursue a cause of action for reverse validation of the Amendment, its property interests would have been immediately harmed by the blight designation.
More generally, CYAC seems to argue its ownership of property in the Amendment area should give it a protected, heightened interest in participating in an amendment procedure that is in strict compliance with the CRL, in which the City would guarantee the public received only a timely and complete RTC. (§ 33457.1.) We must consider the nature of CYAC's private property interest to be affected by the enacted Amendment, and "the precise nature of the government function involved." (Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy (1961) 367 U.S. 886, 895 [6 L.Ed.2d 1230, 81 S.Ct. 1743].) As we will show, even in light of the statutory limitations period of only 90 days to challenge
In Horn v. County of Ventura (1979) 24 Cal.3d 605, 614-615 [156 Cal.Rptr. 718, 596 P.2d 1134] (Horn), it was held that procedural due process protections apply to adjoining property owners if their property interests are substantially affected by adjudicatory land use decisions on an adjacent property. However, "... Horn does not support the proposition that the denial of a development application constitutes a deprivation of property for purposes of procedural due process." (Las Lomas Land, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th 837, 853-854.) Constitutional notice and hearing requirements are triggered by governmental action that will result in significant or substantial deprivations of property, and this category does not include an agency decision having only a de minimis effect on land. (Horn, supra, at p. 616; Robinson v. City and County of San Francisco (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 950, 963 [146 Cal.Rptr.3d 1] (Robinson).)
In the context of redevelopment law, the eminent domain power was only one of the avenues that the City's (former) redevelopment agency could take in fighting urban blight. (See fn. 11, ante.) In Cambria Spring Co., supra, 171 Cal.App.3d 1080, the appellate court distinguished between the eminent domain power and an amendment of a redevelopment plan relating to eminent domain. In rejecting a landowner's claim of inverse condemnation damages based on redevelopment decisions, the court noted: "The adoption of a redevelopment plan closely resembles the general planning which ... has been held not to constitute an announcement of intent to condemn. The adoption of a redevelopment plan goes further than the adoption of a general plan (Gov. Code § 65300 et seq.). As held in Selby Realty Company v. City of San Buenaventura [(1973)] 10 Cal.3d 110 [109 Cal.Rptr. 799, 514 P.2d 111], the adoption of a general plan does not amount to an announcement of intent to condemn, and a general plan is prerequisite to a redevelopment plan [citation]. However, the adoption of a redevelopment plan still falls `several
In Cambria Spring Co., supra, 171 Cal.App.3d at page 1098 the court further concluded, "As there was no official action amounting to an announcement of intent to condemn, there could be no liability based upon unreasonable delay following such an announcement. The evidence was substantial and convincing that [the City's] activities never went beyond the planning stage, and did not reach the `acquiring stage.'"
In Card v. Community Redevelopment Agency (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 570, 578-579 [131 Cal.Rptr. 153], the reviewing court distinguished between procedural due process protections and substantive due process protections, in the context of redevelopment. There, the agency had failed to follow the correct statutory scheme for amending a redevelopment plan, but had given constitutionally adequate notice and hearing in doing so, and constitutional procedural due process of law was not denied. (Accord, National City Business Assn. v. City of National City (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 1060, 1069 [194 Cal.Rptr. 707] [wrong type of agency making the correct decision did not prejudice the landowners].) Instead, in Card, the failure to use the correct procedures served to effectively deny the affected persons substantive due process of law, by making them ineligible for certain statutory relocation protections they would have received, had proper redevelopment procedures been followed. (Card, supra, at pp. 580-582.)
CYAC nevertheless seems to be importing concepts from the realm of eminent domain (just compensation), or inverse condemnation (precondemnation damages), to assert that from the RTC defects, it suffered such an injury to its protected property interests (whether in value or legal status) that additional procedural due process requirements should have been imposed.
In considering "the precise nature of the government function involved," and the nature of CYAC's interest in its property (as potentially affected by the public Amendment proceedings), we conclude the CRL statutory protections against an unsupported blight designation were not so inadequate as to require or invoke greater constitutional procedural due process protections. (§§ 33500, 33501, 33368; Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, supra, 367 U.S. 886, 895.) We next test this conclusion against the cases relied on by CYAC and the trial court in support of the procedural due process finding.
The trial court's ruling relied on United States v. James Daniel Good Real Property (1993) 510 U.S. 43, 53-55 [114 S.Ct. 492, 126 L.Ed.2d 490] (Good), to state that "[t]he right of Californians to be secure in their real property constitutes a valid protectable property interest." That case arose in the context of ex parte preseizure proceedings, after Good had pleaded guilty to promoting a harmful drug in violation of Hawaii law. The federal government subsequently declared a forfeiture, seizing his house and land without prior notice or an adversary proceeding, on the ground that the property had been used to commit or facilitate federal drug offenses. (21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7).) The high court accepted Good's assertion that this ex parte proceeding deprived him of his home and property without due process of law, because the purpose of a due process requirement is "`not only to ensure abstract fair play to the individual. Its purpose, more particularly, is to protect his use and possession of property from arbitrary encroachment — to minimize substantively unfair or mistaken deprivations of property....' [Citation.]" (Good, supra, at p. 53.) Thus: "The constitutional limitations we enforce in this case apply to real property in general, not simply to residences. That said, the case before us well illustrates an essential principle: Individual freedom finds tangible expression in property rights. At stake in this and many other forfeiture cases are the security and privacy of the home and those who take shelter within it." (Good, supra, 510 U.S. 43, 61.)
Here, CYAC's business property was the subject, among 691 other parcels, of CRL notice and hearing procedures for the amendment of the redevelopment plan, and CYAC had the opportunity to present opposition and to seek additional data for preparing further opposition. CYAC cannot persuasively now argue that it had a general "interest in protecting its real property" that should have precluded the City from pursuing its statutorily controlled, noticed redevelopment procedures, or punished the City for doing so defectively, in light of otherwise available state remedies under the CRL. Nor can we give any particular policy weight to CYAC's commendable use of its property to serve the youthful public.
In Brody, the court referred to the principle in Kelo v. New London (2005) 545 U.S. 469 [162 L.Ed.2d 439, 125 S.Ct. 2655], that "`[f]or more than a century, [the Supreme Court's] public use jurisprudence has widely eschewed rigid formulas and intrusive scrutiny in favor of affording legislatures broad latitude in determining what public needs justify the use of the takings power.'" (Brody, supra, 434 F.3d at p. 134.) Although the court in Brody set aside an order allowing the condemnation to proceed, it also noted that the state law review procedure was appropriate "given the narrow role that the courts play in ensuring that the condemnation is for a public use." (Ibid.) It thus ruled that "from a constitutional perspective, Brody has no constitutional right to participate in the Village's initial decision to exercise its power of eminent domain, and the post-determination review procedure set forth in [New York law] is sufficient under the test articulated by Mathews, [supra], 424 U.S. 319, 335 .... Due process does not require New York to furnish a procedure to challenge public use beyond that which it already provides." (Brody, supra, at p. 133, italics added.)
Here too, the CRL statutory scheme allowed the City and its Commission to pursue the Amendment to authorize a public use determination, and thus to enable some future exercise of the eminent domain power, by following the prescribed procedures, and it further provided for reverse validation challenges. (See National City Business Assn. v. City of National City, supra, 146 Cal.App.3d 1060, 1065 [federal and state constitutions "guarantee the right to not have one's property taken without just compensation; there is no fundamental right to not have one's property taken at all;" original italics)].) As we have found previously in this opinion, the City did not pursue the Amendment entirely properly, and CYAC was entitled to the remedy of reverse validation, as well as a declaration that the PRA procedures had not been followed. That relief was comprehensive in nature and sufficiently vindicated
A "state law requirement that a public entity conduct hearings in a fair manner does not automatically implicate the federal due process clause." (Clark, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th 1152, 1178.) CYAC did not show any separate and additional, cognizable procedural due process deprivation that occurred due to these statutory duty violations, which all took place before any "taking" was actually initiated. Here, as in Cambria Spring Co., "Under the facts of this case, the Constitution does not require that [CYAC] be given relief beyond that provided by the statute." (Cambria Spring Co., supra, 171 Cal.App.3d at p. 1099.)
The trial court correctly declined to issue any ruling adding to the statutory requirements of section 33457.1, that the RTC and related information of blight conditions must be given "prior to the hearing." The Legislature did not designate any timeframe for how far in advance that disclosure should be made, and it was not required to do so; we leave such policy decisions to the Legislature. (Glendora, supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 831.)
Further, we need not weigh in upon whether the City should have granted a continuance of the public hearing for purposes of allowing further opposition to be filed. The City took six volumes and more of posthearing written opposition, as shown in the administrative record. The record also shows that the City was under some self-imposed time pressure because the previous ordinance allowing the exercise of the eminent domain power was about to expire, but the City had not noticed the hearing earlier because the November 2006 election ballot had created some uncertainty, due to a measure on it about redevelopment. In any case, and especially since the reverse validation order was properly granted, this record does not show there was a serious risk of erroneous deprivation of rights of property owners within the Amendment area that would have justified imposing additional federal procedural due process protections or sanctions.
We conclude that CYAC's asserted interest in property protection against any potentially unsupported blight designation, by receiving strict CRL compliance, is not a protectable property interest for procedural due process purposes. There is no federal constitutional law principle currently establishing that such a claimed interest "`rises to the level of a "legitimate claim of entitlement" protected by the Due Process Clause.'" (Castle Rock, supra, 545 U.S. 748, 756-757.) The declaratory relief and nominal damages order and judgment on CYAC's claim of federal procedural due process deprivations must be reversed.
After trial, the court ordered the City to pay substantial attorney fees to CYAC ($1,906,516.75) and to the Interested Parties ($84,652.50). (42 U.S.C. § 1988; Gov. Code, § 6259; Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.5.) The court made those awards after determining that discretionary relief from late filing of the motions should be granted under Code of Civil Procedure section 473, and then hearing the respective fees motions. (Rule 3.1702.)
Despite the abolition of redevelopment agencies and the overhaul of the CRL that occurred in 2011, the trial court's substantive rulings in the validation context, as well as the PRA claims, continue to serve as the basis for an attorney fees award. Particularly as to the relief granted to CYAC on the federal due process claim, our reversal of that part of the judgment removes in large part the legal basis for the attorney fees award against the City, insofar as it was based on title 42 United States Code section 1988. (Law Offices of Dixon R. Howell v. Valley (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1105 [29 Cal.Rptr.3d 499] [when a judgment is reversed, the fees award based on the judgment falls].)
Before we can address the merits of the City's appeal of those fees awards under the PRA (Gov. Code, § 6259, subd. (d)) or Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5, or the fees cross-appeal by CYAC, we must resolve several procedural problems presented by this record. First, we will discuss the propriety of the discretionary relief granted by the trial court from alleged untimely filing of the fees motions under the provisions of rule 3.1702. (See Russell v. Trans Pacific Group (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1717, 1728-1729 [24 Cal.Rptr.2d 274] [even though procedural requirements for obtaining costs are mandatory, trial court retains jurisdiction to grant relief upon proper showing of mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect].)
Having given guidance to the trial court in those respects, we shall reverse the orders awarding attorney fees and return those remaining issues to the trial court for its exercise of discretion in evaluating the factors set out in Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 (and the PRA, as to CYAC only). This will include both the entitlement issues and an apportionment of any fees awards among the various successful and unsuccessful claims.
To assess the soundness of the relief allowed from late filing of the fees motions, we outline the terms of rule 3.1702(a). It states, "Except as otherwise provided by statute, this rule applies in civil cases to claims for statutory attorney's fees and claims for attorney's fees provided for in a contract. Subdivisions (b) and (c) [of rule 3.1702] apply when the court determines entitlement to the fees, the amount of the fees, or both, whether the court makes that determination because the statute or contract refers to `reasonable' fees, because it requires a determination of the prevailing party, or for other reasons." (Rule 3.1702(a), italics added.) Turning to rule 3.1702(b)(1), "A notice of motion to claim attorney's fees for services up to and including the rendition of judgment in the trial court — including attorney's fees on an appeal before the rendition of judgment in the trial court — must be served and filed within the time for filing a notice of appeal under rules 8.104 and 8.108 in an unlimited civil case...." (Italics added.) At the outset, it seems rule 8.104(a)(1)(B) would therefore apply, stating "Unless a statute or rule 8.108 provides otherwise, a notice of appeal must be filed on or before the earliest of: [¶] ... [¶] (B) 60 days after the party filing the notice of appeal serves or is served by a party with a document entitled `Notice of Entry' of judgment or a file-stamped copy of the judgment, accompanied by proof of service...." (Italics added; see rule 8.108(a) [would allow an extension of time only in certain cases not present here, e.g., motion for new trial, etc.].)
The text of rule 3.1702(d) clearly allows for "Extensions[:] [1] For good cause, the trial judge may extend the time for filing a motion for attorney's fees in the absence of a stipulation or for a longer period than allowed by stipulation."
As relevant here, major confusion arose from the parallel terms of Code of Civil Procedure section 870, subdivision (b), the Validation Act appeals deadline: "(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law including ... any rule of court, no appeal shall be allowed from any judgment entered pursuant to this chapter unless a notice of appeal is filed within 30 days after the notice of entry of the judgment, or, within 30 days after the entry of the judgment if there is no answering party." (Italics added; see Planning & Conservation League v. Department of Water Resources (1998) 17 Cal.4th 264, 269, 273-274 [70 Cal.Rptr.2d 635, 949 P.2d 488] ["The legislative history indicates the intent of the amendments to section 870, adding the
In a previous order, we granted in part the City's judicial notice request, to permit additional materials on the attorney fees questions to be considered on appeal. They show the same basic history of the enactment of the predecessor rule (former rule 870.2) that was outlined in Sanabria v. Embrey (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 422, 428 [111 Cal.Rptr.2d 837], as follows. That predecessor rule incorporated other stated time periods for filing a notice of appeal and a fees motion, as shown in Administrative Office of the Courts memoranda. From this history, the appellate Court concluded, "It is therefore clear that ... rule 870.2 provides time limits for motions for attorney fees in all civil cases, and its 60-day time limit commences to run at notice of entry of judgment or dismissal." (Sanabria, supra, at p. 429.)
From its rulemaking history materials, of which judicial notice has been taken, the City now argues the trial court should not have heard the fees motion of either CYAC or the Interested Parties, because they were not filed according to the 30-day deadline of Code of Civil Procedure section 870, but were filed within 60 days, under the alternative rule provisions. The City claims that there was no excusable neglect, because the portion of rule 3.1702(a) referring to "[e]xcept as otherwise provided by statute" should have been easily interpreted to apply the 30-day deadline of Code of Civil Procedure section 870.
In its October 2011 opposition to the motion for Code of Civil Procedure section 473 relief, the City further argued it would be prejudiced if such relief were granted, due to its imminent financial obligations under the recent
In granting relief under Code of Civil Procedure section 473 and rule 3.1702(d), the trial court correctly stated it was empowered to relieve a party from the failure to meet a procedural time limit, upon a proper showing, and that the applications were timely and accompanied by the proposed pleading. The court ruled that CYAC's counsel, and by joinder, counsel for the Interested Parties, had shown there was a reasonable and honest mistake of law in the late filing, so that the fees applications should be heard on their merits. We agree that this was a proper resolution of these inconsistent rules and provisions, and there was no inexcusable neglect by counsel in interpreting them.
To reach this conclusion, we need not answer the precise question posed by the appeal and the cross-appeal, of whether the 30-or 60-day deadline properly applies, but instead, we rule only that the court was justified in granting relief under Code of Civil Procedure section 473 and rule 3.1702(d), and therefore the fees motions were properly heard on their merits. We next turn to the legal foundations of the awards themselves.
"The [PRA] sets forth specific procedures for seeking a judicial determination of a public agency's obligation to disclose records in the event the agency denies a request by a member of the public." (Filarsky v. Superior Court (2002) 28 Cal.4th 419, 426 [121 Cal.Rptr.2d 844, 49 P.3d 194] (Filarsky).) Under Government Code section 6258, "[a]ny person may institute proceedings for injunctive or declarative relief or writ of mandate in any court of competent jurisdiction to enforce his or her right to inspect or to receive a copy of any public record or class of public records under this chapter."
Government Code section 6259, subdivision (d) provides: "`The court shall award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the plaintiff should the plaintiff prevail in litigation filed pursuant to this section.'" (Filarsky, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 427, italics added.) If the plaintiff pursued more than one legal theory, apportionment of fees is required by statute.
In light of these statutory policies, we conclude that CYAC may qualify as a "prevailing" party, since CYAC sought and obtained declaratory relief that there had been PRA violations, and we have found the record supports that conclusion by the trial court. It would not be a practical or reasonable interpretation of Government Code section 6259, subdivision (d), to say that a public agency is protected from liability for an attorney fees award because it cannot or will not produce the documents due to its internal logistical problems or general neglect of duties. However, we do not decide the entitlement issues on this record, but remand for the trial court to determine all the fees issues, upon remand. Along with the Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.5 fees issues, next to be discussed, the CYAC fees motion must be returned to the trial court to determine any reasonable attorney fees or apportionment regarding the PRA claim (only one of CYAC's seven causes of action).
In this case, we cannot determine what proportion of the existing attorney fees awards were attributable to the federal due process theories. As CYAC already recognized, by deleting its fees requests regarding its unsuccessful state constitutional claims, no award on them would be proper. Although all the basic issues were closely intertwined at trial, the specific statutory claims under the CRL (and as to CYAC, the limited PRA issues) were dispositive. The trial court's substantive ruling on the procedural due process claims went too far, and accordingly, neither of its attorney fees awards was fully supported by the applicable legal principles. On remand, "further consideration and amplification of ... reasoning" will be required to determine the extent to which fees awards are proper regarding the remaining statutory theories, the CRL as to both prevailing parties, and the PRA as to CYAC only. (In re Vitamin Cases, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1052.)
The judgment is affirmed in part with respect to the declaratory relief issued on the CRL and PRA issues; the declaratory relief granted on the claim
McConnell, P. J., and Haller, J., concurred.
