This appeal turns on the proper application of the familiar rule established in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 182, 76 L. Ed. 306 (1932), that "where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions," cumulative punishment may not be imposed unless "each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not." Id. The rule is one of statutory construction, applied in order to gauge Congress's intent "that two statutory offenses be punished cumulatively." Albernaz v. United States, 450 U.S. 333, 337, 101 S. Ct. 1137, 1141, 67 L. Ed. 2d 275 (1981). We apply the test with a "focus[] on the statutory elements of the offense. If each requires proof of a fact that the other does not, the Blockburger test is satisfied, notwithstanding a substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes." Id. at 338, 101 S. Ct. at 1142 (quoting Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 785 n. 17, 95 S. Ct. 1284, 1293 n. 17, 43 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1975)); see also United States v. Boldin, 772 F.2d 719, 729 (11th Cir.1985).

As a preliminary matter, we note that the Blockburger elemental analysis gives rise to only a presumption of congressional intent to authorize cumulative punishments. United States v. Lanier, 920 F.2d 887, 894 (11th Cir.1991); Boldin, 772 F.2d at 729. Our precedent instructs us that if other evidence, such as the legislative history of the relevant statutory provisions, contradicts the presumption, we are to respect Congress's express intent. See Lanier, 920 F.2d at 894; Boldin, 772 F.2d at 729. Here, both the Government and the defendants aver that legislative history weighs in their respective favors, but we find that none of the language to which they refer provides "the clear indication of contrary legislative intent necessary" to obviate the Blockburger analysis. Lanier, 920 F.2d at 894-95 (internal quotations omitted). For example, both the Government and the defendants point to language from the legislative debate on § 2339A that suggests Congress intended that section to create criminal liability for those who provide material support to terrorist activities but who might not otherwise technically be liable under criminal conspiracy or aiding-and-abetting principles. The defendants interpret that language to mean that § 2339A was intended to serve essentially as a facilitation statute, drawing those who would materially support an object offense (such as a conspiracy to murder, kidnap, or maim) "into the net" of liability for the primary offense. The defendants' argument, however, "read[s] much into nothing." See Albernaz, 450 U.S. at 341, 101 S. Ct. at 1143. Aside from the obvious — that the plain language of § 2339A stands alone from its various enumerated object offenses and creates criminal liability apart from those object offenses — the congressional debate can just as easily be read to support the Government's position that § 2339A was intended to create a wholly independent new offense. Moreover, one cannot logically conclude that, because Congress arguably enacted § 2339A to create new liability for some individuals who may not otherwise be guilty of an object offense, it necessarily follows that Congress intended that those individuals could not be guilty of both offenses as a result of the same acts.

With no clear legislative intent to guide us, we turn to the Blockburger analysis and examine the elements of each of the counts that the defendants claim is multiplicitous. The heart of the parties' dispute in this appeal is how the test is properly to be applied in this case. The defendants urge us to undertake a searching analysis of the substance of the counts, taking into consideration the facts alleged in support of those counts in the superseding indictment. They claim that, in essence, the Government has "merely reiterated, in each count, the single conspiracy to violate § 956(a)," founding each count upon "the same factual premise." Accordingly, they suggest, the court must "determine whether, in substance as well as form, the indictment charged separate violations." (first emphasis added).

The defendants misapprehend the proper application of the Blockburger analysis to the superseding indictment against them. Our precedent establishes that when comparing charges under different statutory provisions — such as the contested counts here — we examine only the elements themselves; if an offense requires proof of an element that the other offense does not, we need look no further in determining that the prosecution of both offenses does not offend the Fifth Amendment. See, e.g., United States v. Adams, 1 F.3d 1566, 1574 (11th Cir.1993); Lanier, 920 F.2d at 893; Boldin, 772 F.2d at 726. Specifically, we need not examine the facts alleged in the indictment to support the counts nor the "practical significance" of the theories alleged for each count. Lanier, 920 F.2d at 894; see also Adams, 1 F.3d at 1574 (holding that the analysis is "applied to the statutory elements underlying each indictment, or count, not to the averments that go beyond the statutory elements"); Boldin, 772 F.2d at 726 ("[A] substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes is not a double jeopardy bar."); United States v. Mulherin, 710 F.2d 731, 740 (11th Cir.1983) ("That much of the same evidence served `double duty' in proving the two [conspiracy] offenses charged is of no consequence").

The strictly elemental analysis applies even where we are presented with an indictment that charges two conspiracy counts, each under a separate statutory provision, but both based on the same factual conspiracy as alleged. In United States v. Lanier, this court, presented with a multiplicity challenge to two such conspiracy counts — one under 18 U.S.C. § 371 (the general conspiracy statute) and one under a specific conspiracy statute aimed at false claims against the government — upheld the defendants' convictions on both counts. 920 F.2d at 893-95. The court recognized the "substantial overlap" in the wording of the two statutes and acknowledged that the circumstances in which a defendant might be guilty of one of the offenses and not the other "are far more likely to reside in the realm of imagination than in the real world in which defendants are prosecuted." Id. at 893. Nevertheless, because each offense required proof of an element the other did not, the Blockburger test mandated the result. Id. at 893-94.

We acknowledge that there may remain a few specific circumstances in which we are required to look beyond the elements of the offenses in order to assess potential multiplicity problems, such as in a "continuing criminal enterprise" prosecution where a drug conspiracy is separately charged, or in cases where two counts are charged under the same statutory provision. See, e.g., United States v. Harvey, 78 F.3d 501, 505 (11th Cir.1996) (holding that a drug conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846 is a lesser-included offense that merges into "continuing criminal enterprise" charge under 21 U.S.C. § 848 when "the two conspiracies alleged . . . were, in fact, the same conspiracy" (emphasis added)); United States v. Anderson, 872 F.2d 1508, 1520 (11th Cir.1989) ("Where . . . each count charges a violation of the same general conspiracy statute, and the proof reveals a single ongoing conspiratorial agreement, only a single penalty . . . can be imposed."). But we need not consider these cases here, as the circumstances are not present to merit a fact-based inquiry going beyond the elements of the offenses charged in the superseding indictment.7 Each of the three contested counts charges a separate statutory violation — § 956, § 371, and § 2339A, respectively — and, as we will discuss below, none of the charges could merge into another as a lesser-included offense.

Having established the appropriate scope of the Blockburger test, we need simply apply it here and compare the elements of the offense charged in Count One with those charged in Counts Two and Three. The first and most obvious element of Count One — the charge of conspiracy to murder, kidnap, and maim outside the United States in violation of § 956(a)(1) — requires proof that the defendant agreed with at least one person to commit acts constituting murder, kidnapping, and maiming. United States v. Wharton, 320 F.3d 526, 537-38 (5th Cir. 2003). By contrast, the first element of Count Two — the charge of conspiracy to provide material support in violation of § 371 — requires proof that the defendant agreed with at least one other person "to try to accomplish a common and unlawful plan, as charged in the indictment." Eleventh Cir. Pattern Jury Instructions: Criminal § 13.1 (2003) (listing the elements of a § 371 charge). In this case, the "common and unlawful plan, as charged in the indictment" is that the defendants conspired to provide material support in violation of § 2339A, so that is the element that the Government must prove. Section 956 does not require proof of an agreement to provide material support, and § 371 does not require proof of an agreement to murder, kidnap, or maim. Accordingly, these two counts are not multiplicitous. Count Three charges the substantive offense of § 2339A, i.e., providing material support or resources with the knowledge or intent that the support will be used "in preparation for, or in carrying out" one of the object offenses listed in the statute. The most apparent element of this offense is that the defendant has provided "material support or resources," which are specifically defined in § 2339A(b). Count One does not require proof that the defendant provided material support or resources, nor does Count Three require any agreement to murder, kidnap, or maim. As such, these counts are also not multiplicitous.

In light of the distinct elements of each count, the Blockburger test is satisfied and none of the contested counts is multiplicitous of the others.

Our analysis could stop there, but in light of the rather abstract nature of the elemental analysis, we think it wise to elaborate briefly on the concept in practical terms. It appears that the trouble in this appeal stems from the interrelatedness of the three counts at issue. As we have noted, § 956 (the charge in Count One) serves as an object offense for § 2339A (the charge in Count Three), which serves as an object offense for § 371 (the charge in Count Two). But while these three charges are interrelated, they are not interdependent. The object offenses on which Counts Two and Three are premised are not themselves elements of those counts. In other words, to use Count Three as an example, the Government need not prove all the elements of § 956, the object offense, in order to satisfy the elements of the substantive § 2339A charge. By its elements, § 2339A criminalizes material support given "in preparation for" the object offense — clearly, the object offense need not even have been completed yet, let alone proven as an element of the material support offense. To meet its burden under § 2339A, the Government must at least prove that the defendants provided material support or resources knowing that they be used in preparation for the § 956 conspiracy, in which case the defendants could not be guilty of the § 956 conspiracy itself (assuming that, under this scenario, the § 956 conspiracy had not yet come to exist). Should it have stronger evidence, the Government might instead present a case that the defendants provided material support intending that it be used in carrying out the § 956 conspiracy, in which case the defendants might or might not also be liable for the § 956 offense itself. But the mere possibility of the second scenario does not change our analysis. Similarly, the Government need not prove every element of the § 2339A offense, which is the object offense of Count Two, in order to prove that the defendants conspired in violation of § 371. Although they may appear to be nested within one another, each charge stands alone from the others and requires proof of independent elements. By definition, none of the offenses is a lesser-included offense of another, because, "[a]s is invariably true of a greater and lesser included offense, the lesser offense . . . requires no proof beyond that which is required for conviction of the greater." Harvey, 78 F.3d at 504 (quoting Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 168, 97 S. Ct. 2221, 2226-27, 53 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1977)).

Moreover, it bears repeating that double jeopardy is not implicated simply because a factual situation might exist where a defendant could commit one act that satisfies the elements of two distinct offenses. As Blockburger counsels, the rub is whether Congress intended that one act be twice subject to punishment. As such, the question we must ask is whether the defendant's one act must necessarily satisfy the elements of both offenses. In other words, does a scenario exist where the hypothetical defendant might violate one section without violating the other? If the answer is yes, as we find it to be in this appeal, the cumulative punishments are constitutional. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court and REMAND with instructions to reinstate Count One of the superseding indictment.

SO ORDERED.