AMENDED ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO DISMISS OR STRIKE AND FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT*

J. MICHAEL SEABRIGHT, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This is an action brought under the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 ("CAFRA"), 18 U.S.C. § 983, against 133 United States Postal Service ("USPS") money orders valued at $127,479.24 (the "Defendant Money Orders"). The Defendant Money Orders were seized in rem by Plaintiff United States ("Plaintiff" or "the Government") under 31 U.S.C. § 5317(c)(2). Plaintiff now moves under Rule G(8)(c) of the Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Actions ("Supplemental Rules") to strike the Claims and Answers of Claimants Life Enhancement Products, Inc. ("LEPI"), Will Block ("Block"), and Samuel Kornhauser ("Kornhauser") for lack of standing, and/or for summary judgment.1 Further, if the Claims are struck, the Government seeks entry of summary judgment on the entire case, asserting it is otherwise undisputed that the Government is entitled to forfeit the Defendant Money Orders. For the reasons set forth, the Motion is GRANTED.

II. BACKGROUND

A. The Seizure of the Defendant Money Orders

On October 6, 2009, the United States Postal Inspection Service ("USPIS"), acting pursuant to warrant, seized the Defendant Money Orders from a Maui Post Office. See Pls.' Concise Statement of Facts ("CSF") (Doc. No. 31) ¶ 5.2 The Defendant Money Orders were in three parcels addressed to Richard Smith ("Smith") at his post office box with a return address of "Gail Valentine Jones, 1135 Makawao Ave. # 250, Makawao, HI 96768, Calistoga, CA 94515" (receipts indicated the parcels were in fact mailed from Phoenix, Arizona). Id. ¶ 4.

The seizure resulted from an ongoing USPIS investigation that began in early 2008, after USPS employees reported seeing Smith meeting and making exchanges with people in a Maui post office parking lot and then buying USPS money orders with cash. Compl. (Doc. No. 1) ¶ 7.

When Smith tried to buy money orders with cash exceeding $3,000, USPS employees advised him of United States Treasury Department requirements and that he had to show personal identification.3 Smith then began buying money orders with cash in amounts less than $3,000 — often for $2,900. He also began buying multiple money orders for less than $3,000 at other Maui post offices on the same day. Doc. No. 31 ¶ 3. From February 1, 2008 to December 12, 2008, Smith purchased a total of 279 USPS money orders having a combined value of $267,846.74. The Defendant Money Orders are included within these 279-many that were not seized had apparently been cashed. Doc. No. 31 ¶ 6; Doc. No. 1 ¶ 20.

The purchases were structured in a way to avoid reporting requirements; there were repeated instances where cash in amounts exceeding $3,000 was used to purchase money orders on consecutive days or within a few days so as not to be reportable. Money orders were often purchased at different post offices so that the total amount of cash used on a single day exceeded $3,000. Doc. No. 1 ¶ 18. The pattern of making multiple cash purchases on the same or consecutive days, or over a short time span, is consistent with a scheme to avoid reporting requirements. Id. ¶ 19.

On October 14, 2009 — after the USPIS seized the three parcels before their delivery — Smith contacted the USPS, inquiring as to their whereabouts but without mentioning their contents. Doc. No. 1 ¶ 15. On November 16, 2009, a postal inspector and Maui County police officers interviewed Smith. Smith acknowledged that the parcels were mailed from Arizona and contained "a lot of money orders." Id. ¶¶ 21(a) & (b).4

The Verified Complaint alleges that Smith explained to the USPIS that his friend Gail Valentine Jones ("Valentine") "had been involved in a civil lawsuit in which a judgment had been entered against her and he had suggested buying Postal Money Orders as a way to help her to hide her money from people involved in that civil lawsuit." Id. ¶ 21(c). Smith admitted he knew that buying money orders with amounts of cash over $3,000 triggered reporting requirements. Id. ¶ 21(d). He stated that he kept the purchases under $3,000 "to avoid leaving a paper trail that the plaintiffs in Valentine's lawsuit could track." Id. ¶ 21(e).

B. The Prior Judgment and Litigation Against Valentine

Valentine had indeed been involved in a California lawsuit-LEPI had obtained a California Superior Court judgment against Valentine on November 28, 2007 for $195,073.56. See Block Decl. (Doc. No. 39) ¶ 9; Doc. No. 40 at 10. Costs of $30,531.94 were later awarded, increasing the judgment to $225,605.50. Doc. No. 39 ¶ 9. Additionally, on March 13, 2008, the California court awarded attorneys' fees of $145,142.50, bringing the total judgment against Valentine to $370,748. Id. ¶ 10; Doc. No. 42 at 13.

The circumstances of the California lawsuit brought by LEPI (and its principal, Block) in 2002 against Valentine are complex, and are beyond the scope of this Order. A few details, however, are important for present purposes.5 Valentine is Block's former girlfriend. Doc. No. 39 at 2. Allegedly, as part of that relationship, starting in about 1996 she became an employee of LEPI and was paid approximately $700,000 over a five-year period. Id. at 2-3. LEPI also lent her money to buy a residence in Maui (which she purchased in her own name). Id. at 3. Valentine apparently spent much time in Hawaii during this period. Id.

In September 2002, LEPI and Block filed suit in a California Superior Court against Valentine, seeking (1) damages for embezzlement and other claims, and (2) a declaration that Block was the owner of LEPI and that Valentine had no ownership interest in LEPI. Id. LEPI and Block were originally represented by Kornhauser. In November 2002, however, Kornhauser was disqualified from representing LEPI after a receiver was appointed for LEPI. Id. at 4. Kornhauser apparently represented Block individually during this period, and his claim in this action to the Defendant Money Orders is based upon being their "third party beneficiary" because of unpaid attorneys' fees.6 Doc. No. 44 ¶ 5. The litigation against Valentine lasted over five years, and Kornhauser was substituted back as counsel for LEPI on January 22, 2008. Doc. No. 39 at 4; Doc. No. 40 at 6.

As mentioned above, LEPI and Block prevailed, at least in part, in their suit against Valentine. LEPI obtained the November 28, 2007 judgment, and subsequent March 13, 2008 award of attorneys' fees. (The monetary awards were only in favor of LEPI; Block obtained declaratory relief but was not awarded damages or fees.) Doc. No. 39 at 5.

Valentine did not pay the November 28, 2007 judgment. Accordingly, on March 12, 2008, the California Superior Court entered an "Order in Aid of Execution" requiring Valentine to:

Doc. No. 44-3 at 2.

Block knew that Valentine owned real property in Maui and that she was apparently receiving rents from it. Notably, LEPI did not timely record the California judgment in Hawaii, and thus no judgment lien attached to the Maui property.7 Doc. No. 39 at 5-6. On April 28, 2008, however, the California Superior Court issued a restraining order in the California action providing that "pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure Section 708.520 ... judgment debtor Gail Valentine and any persons and entities acting for her or under her control or in which she has an ownership interest are restrained from assigning or otherwise disposing of the right to or use of payment from any rents." Doc. No. 44-3 at 4-5. The April 28, 2008 order, however, does not reference any specific property.

Similarly, on May 2, 2008, the California Superior Court entered a "Supplemental Order Granting Motion for Assignment Order in Aid of Execution" in the California action, providing in part:

Doc. Nos. 42 at 22; 44-3 at 7. By its terms, this Supplemental Order specifically ordered Valentine to assign to LEPI any "right to rents" from her Maui property.

By this time, however, Valentine had sold the Maui property. The sale for $1 million had closed on May 1, 2008. Doc. No. 42 at 17-19. Block asserts that the proceeds from this sale were used to purchase a majority of the Defendant Money Orders as part of Valentine's scheme to avoid paying the November 28, 2007 California judgment and subsequent attorneys' fees award. Doc. No. 39 at 7. According to Block, Valentine had no assets or funds other than the Maui property. He attests that "[Valentine's] lack of assets and her need for money to live on was the reason that she was paid a `salary' by [LEPI]." Id.

As detailed above, Smith (presumably with Valentine's funds) had begun buying USPS money orders on February 1, 2008. Doc. No. 1 ¶ 16. Smith purchased fifty-one of the 279 money orders before May 1, 2008, and he bought the rest from May 5, 2008 to December 12, 2008. Doc. No. 1 Ex. A. Thirty of the fifty-one pre-May 1, 2008 money orders were seized. Id. Again, as alleged in the Complaint, Smith stated that these purchases were done "as a way to help [Valentine] to hide her money from people involved in that civil lawsuit." Doc. No. 1 ¶ 21(c).

C. Procedural History

The USPIS seized the Defendant Money Orders on October 6, 2009. On April 5, 2010, the Government filed its Complaint for Forfeiture under 31 U.S.C. § 5317(c)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 1345, in rem, against the Defendant Money Orders. LEPI and Block filed a Verified Claim on June 7, 2010, followed by an Answer on June 25, 2010. Kornhauser also filed a Verified Claim on June 7, 2010, and an Answer on June 28, 2010. Neither Valentine nor Smith filed claims, and default was entered against both on July 8, 2010. Doc. No. 13-6. No other claims were made and default was subsequently entered against all other potential claimants on September 27, 2010. Doc. No. 27-6.

On December 21, 2010, the Government filed the instant Motion to Dismiss or Strike the Claims and Answers and/or Motion for Summary Judgment. On February 18, 2011, Kornhauser filed a Declaration as his Opposition (without a supporting Memorandum). On February 22, 2011, LEPI filed an Opposition. The Government filed a Reply on March 2, 2011. The Motion was heard on March 14, 2011. After the hearing, the parties filed supplemental briefing, by letter or memorandum.

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Supplemental Rules

Federal civil forfeiture proceedings are governed by the Supplemental Rules. See 18 U.S.C. § 983(a)(4)(A); United States v. $100,348.00 in U.S. Currency, 354 F.3d 1110, 1117 (9th Cir.2004). Under the Supplemental Rules, "[a]t any time before trial, the government may move to strike a claim or answer ... because the claimant lacks standing." Supplemental Rule G(8)(c)(i)(B). The motion to strike "may be presented as a motion for judgment on the pleadings or as a motion to determine after a hearing or by summary judgment whether the claimant can carry the burden of establishing standing by a preponderance of the evidence." Id. G(8)(c)(ii)(B). As explained by the 2006 Advisory Committee Notes to Supplemental Rule G:

Advisory Committee Notes to Rule G(8)(c)(ii). Here, Plaintiff has presented its Motion as a "Motion to Dismiss or Strike Claims and Answers ... and/or for Summary Judgment." The court therefore applies standards for both a Rule 12(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, and for a Rule 56 Motion for Summary Judgment.8

B. Rule 12(c)

In considering a Rule 12(c) motion, the court accepts as true all factual allegations in the pleading being challenged, and construes them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir.2009). A motion for judgment on the pleadings should be granted when there are no disputed issues of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

Under Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), "[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Id. at 1949 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The Ninth Circuit recently confirmed that the Iqbal "plausibility" standard applies when analyzing a Rule 12(c) motion. See United States ex rel. Cafasso v. General Dynamics C4 Systems, NVW Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054-1056 n. 4 (9th Cir.2011).

Accordingly, pursuant to Iqbal, the court analyzes whether the Claims here "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true," to state facially plausible claims. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955); see also Weber v. Dep't of Veterans Affairs, 521 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir.2008). This tenet — that the court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in the [pleading] — "is inapplicable to legal conclusions." Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. Accordingly, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Rather, "[a] claim has facial plausibility when [it] pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference," id. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955), in this forfeiture context that the claim has validity and that the claimant has standing. "Factual allegations that only permit the court to infer `the mere possibility of [a claim]'" do not show that the pleader is entitled to relief. Id. at 1950.

C. Rule 56

Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). Rule 56(a) mandates summary judgment "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to the party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); see also Broussard v. Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley, 192 F.3d 1252, 1258 (9th Cir.1999).

"A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548); see also Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co., 392 F.3d 1076, 1079 (9th Cir.2004). "When the moving party has carried its burden under Rule 56[(a)] its opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts [and] come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citation and internal quotation signals omitted); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (stating that a party cannot "rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleading" in opposing summary judgment).

"An issue is `genuine' only if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving party, and a dispute is `material' only if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." In re Barboza, 545 F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir.2008) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). When considering the evidence on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all reasonable inferences on behalf of the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348; see also Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille Sch. Dist. No. 84, 546 F.3d 1121, 1126 (9th Cir.2008) (stating that "the evidence of [the nonmovant] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." (citations omitted)).

IV. DISCUSSION

The Government argues that LEPI has no cognizable "ownership interest" in the Defendant Money Orders because it is only an unsecured creditor of Valentine. If so, LEPI has no statutory standing to make a claim to the Defendant Money Orders.9 And Kornhauser's derivative claim would necessarily fail. The Government thus argues it is entitled to summary judgment as to forfeiture of the Defendant Money Orders. For the reasons set forth below, the court agrees.

A. Forfeiture of Property "Involved in" or "Traceable to" Structuring

The Defendant Money Orders were seized under 31 U.S.C. § 5317(c)(2) as being involved in or traceable to a structuring offense. Section 5317(c)(2) provides:

(Emphases added.) In turn, 31 U.S.C. § 5324(a) provides in relevant part:

(Emphases added). The reporting requirements at issue are found at 31 U.S.C. § 5325, and its corresponding regulations at 31 C.F.R. § 103.29 (effective prior to February 28, 2011).10 Under these requirements, a "financial institution" — including the USPS11 — is prohibited from issuing certain monetary instruments, including money orders, to any individual in connection with a transaction or group of transactions involving $3,000 or more unless it (1) verifies the purchaser's identity and (2) maintains certain records of, among other information, the name, date, and amount of the purchase of the instrument. Under 31 C.F.R. § 103.29(b), "[c]ontemporaneous purchases of the same or different types of instruments totaling $3,000 or more shall be treated as one purchase" and "[m]ultiple purchases during one business day totaling $3,000 or more shall be treated as one purchase[.]"

"Structuring" in this context means "to break up a single transaction above the reporting threshold into two or more separate transactions-for the purpose of evading a financial institution's reporting requirement." Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 136, 114 S.Ct. 655, 126 L.Ed.2d 615 (1994), superceded by statute on other grounds, Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-325, § 411(a) & (c)(1), 108 Stat. 2160, as recognized in United States v. Pang, 362 F.3d 1187, 1193-94 (9th Cir.2004). It is irrelevant "whether the cash at issue represents criminal or lawful proceeds." United States v. MacPherson, 424 F.3d 183, 193 (2nd Cir.2005).

To prove a criminal violation of § 5324, the Government must demonstrate "that a defendant had knowledge of the reporting requirements and acted to avoid them." United States v. Van Allen, 524 F.3d 814, 820 (7th Cir.2008) (citations omitted). In doing so, the government is not required to prove knowledge that structuring is illegal. Pang, 362 F.3d at 1193 (reasoning that Congress excepted violations of § 5324 from the penalty provisions of 31 U.S.C. § 5322 which require "willfulness").

These provisions apply to the purchase of USPS postal money orders. See, e.g., United States v. $557,933.89, More or Less, in U.S. Funds, 287 F.3d 66, 72-73 (2d Cir.2002) (reviewing forfeiture of numerous postal money orders as a result of involvement in structuring to avoid currency transaction reporting requirements); United States v. $11,552.73 in U.S. Currency, 2009 WL 2045340, at *4 (D.Mass. June 10, 2009) (same).

The Government has demonstrated that the Defendant Money Orders were "involved in" or "traceable to" violations of 31 U.S.C. § 5324(a) for purposes of 31 U.S.C. § 5317(c)(2). According to the uncontested allegations of the Verified Complaint, Smith structured 279 transactions "for the purpose of evading" requirements in 31 U.S.C. § 5325 and 31 C.F.R. § 103.29(b). That is, single transactions above the reporting or recording threshold were broken up into two or more separate transactions "for the purpose of evading a financial institution's reporting requirement." Ratzlaf, 510 U.S. at 136, 114 S.Ct. 655. The Defendant Money Orders were included within these 279 transactions. Doc. No. 1 ¶ 16. And Smith admitted that he knew that buying money orders with amounts of cash over $3,000 triggered reporting requirements and that he made his purchases in such a way as "to avoid leaving a paper trail." Id. ¶¶ 21(d) & (e).

Indeed, Claimants have admitted or not contested the essential facts establishing the Government's right to forfeiture of the Defendant Money Orders. See Answer of LEPI (Doc. No. 10) ¶¶ 1 & 2 (admitting that the Government properly seized Defendant Money Orders and admitting ¶¶ 3-7 of the Verified Complaint); LEPI's Response to Pl.'s CSF (Doc. No. 47) at 1-2 (not disputing the first twelve statements of fact in Government's CSF); Kornhauser's Separate Statement of Disputed Facts (Doc. No. 45) at 1-3 (not disputing essential facts establishing Government's right to forfeiture). Rather, LEPI and Kornhauser assert they have "ownership interests" in the Defendant Money Orders and seek to make claims in the funds. The Government disagrees and thus moves to strike the remaining Claims for lack of standing.12

B. Standing to Make a Claim in Forfeited Property

As in any federal case, Article III standing is a threshold determination in forfeiture cases. See United States v. Real Property Located at 5208 Los Franciscos Way, 385 F.3d 1187, 1191 (9th Cir. 2004). "In a forfeiture case, a claimant's Article III standing turns on whether the claimant has a sufficient ownership interest in the property to create a case or controversy." United States v. $4,224,958.57 (Boylan), 392 F.3d 1002, 1005 (9th Cir.2004) (citation omitted). "This burden is not a heavy one, at least at the initial stages of a forfeiture suit." United States v. Real Property Located at 475 Martin Lane, 545 F.3d 1134, 1140 (9th Cir.2008). "A `claimant need demonstrate only a colorable interest in the property, for example, by showing actual possession, control, title, or financial stake.'" Id. (quoting 5208 Los Franciscos Way, 385 F.3d at 1191). "[The] ownership interest is determined under the law of the state in which the interest arose[.]" 5208 Los Franciscos Way, 385 F.3d at 1191.

Although the burden of demonstrating a colorable ownership interest is "not a heavy one," 475 Martin Lane, 545 F.3d at 1140, "federal courts have consistently held that unsecured creditors do not have standing to challenge the civil forfeiture of their debtors' property." United States v. $20,193.39 in U.S. Currency, 16 F.3d 344, 346 (9th Cir.1994). "Unlike secured creditors, general creditors cannot claim an interest in any particular asset that makes up the debtors' estate." Id. An "owner" is defined as "a person with an ownership interest in the specific property sought to be forfeited[.]" 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(6)(A) (emphasis added). Indeed, by statute, unsecured creditors are specifically excluded from the definition of an "owner." See 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(6)(B)(i) ("[T]he term `owner' ... does not include ... a person with only a general unsecured interest in, or claim against, the property or estate of another[.]"). Numerous cases agree with this well-established principle of forfeiture law. See, e.g., United States v. $9,250.00 in U.S. Currency, 2010 WL 3168628, at *4 (D.Ariz. Aug. 10, 2010) (citing cases); United States v. One-Sixth Share, 326 F.3d 36, 44 (1st Cir.2003); United States v. Watkins, 320 F.3d 1279, 1283-84 (11th Cir. 2003); United States v. Real Property Located at 730 Glen-Mady Way, 590 F.Supp.2d 1295, 1301 (E.D.Cal.2008); United States v. McCorkle, 143 F.Supp.2d 1311, 1319-20 (M.D.Fla.2001) (citing cases).

Here, it is undisputed that LEPI is — at least under Hawaii law — an unsecured, general creditor of Valentine. As the Government points out, LEPI bases its Claim to the Defendant Money Orders solely on the November 28, 2007 California judgment against Valentine (and subsequent Orders in Aid of Execution). Kornhauser's claim is, at best, derivative of LEPI's as it is based on a "secured promissory note" he has with Block. That is, neither LEPI nor Kornhauser ever possessed the Defendant Money Orders. They didn't buy them; they never touched them. Their Claims are based solely on being able to trace the proceeds from the sale of Valentine's Maui property into the Defendant Money Orders.

Block (LEPI's CEO) admits, as he must, that LEPI failed to create a lien on Valentine's Maui property by failing to record the California judgment prior to the sale. See Haw.Rev.Stat. § 636-3 ("Any [foreign] money judgment, order, or decree of a state court ... shall be a lien upon real property when a [certified] copy ... is recorded in the bureau of conveyances."). The November 28, 2007 California judgment was not recorded in Hawaii until February 11, 2010. See Doc. Nos. 8-3 & 8-4. This was over two years after the judgment was entered in California and nearly two years after Valentine sold the Maui property. It was also four months after the Government seized the Defendant Money Orders. Block blames Kornhauser, attesting in relevant part:

Doc. No. 39 ¶ 11. Under binding law, then, it necessarily follows that LEPI — as an unsecured creditor — does not have standing to challenge the forfeiture of Valentine's property (assuming the Defendant Money Orders were purchased solely from the proceeds of the sale of the Maui property).13 See $20,193.39 in U.S. Currency, 16 F.3d at 346. LEPI "cannot claim an interest" in the Defendant Money Orders. Id. And thus Kornhauser — whose claim is entirely derivative — also cannot claim an interest.

LEPI argues there is at least a question of fact that it had an ownership interest in the Defendant Money Orders, given (1) the California Superior Court's Restraining Order of April 28, 2008, precluding Valentine from "disposing of the right to or use of payment from any rents," Doc. No. 44-3 at 5, as well as (2) the May 2, 2008 "Supplemental Order ... in Aid of Execution" requiring Valentine to assign to LEPI "all right, title and interest ... in any rents." Doc. No. 42 at 22.14 Even assuming, however, that Valentine wrongly "disposed of" a "right to payment from any rents" by selling the Maui Property, LEPI would still only have an unrecorded ownership interest against the Maui Property, and not in the Defendant Money Orders themselves.

C. The Possibility of a Constructive Trust

Nevertheless, the court has considered the possibility that, under constructive trust principles, LEPI could have an equitable ownership interest in the Defendant Money Orders so as to have standing. And in limited circumstances, Ninth Circuit precedent allows a beneficiary of a constructive trust to have Article III standing to make a claim for forfeited property. See Boylan, 392 F.3d at 1005 (holding that a beneficiary of a constructive trust — where seized assets constituted the actual proceeds of criminal conduct — can have a sufficient ownership interest to have Article III standing in forfeiture proceedings). Almost all circuits have recognized that, in appropriate situations, a constructive trust theory can provide at least Article III standing to challenge a forfeiture. See, e.g., United States v. Shefton, 548 F.3d 1360, 1365 (11th Cir.2008) ("We agree with the large majority of courts that have determined (1) that a constructive trust, despite being an equitable remedy, constitutes a `legal right, title, or interest in ... property' ... and (2) that a constructive trust can render a forfeiture order invalid[.]") (citing cases). Shefton recognized that "[o]nly one circuit court has concluded that a constructive trust cannot invalidate a forfeiture order." Id. (citing United States v. BCCI Holdings (Luxembourg), S.A., 46 F.3d 1185, 1190-91 (D.C.Cir.1995)).

Under Hawaii law,15 "[a] constructive trust arises where a person holding title to property is subject to an equitable duty to convey it to another on the ground that he would be unjustly enriched if he were permitted to retain it." Seo Jeong Won v. England, 2008 WL 5225872, at *5 (D.Haw. Dec. 12, 2008) (citing Kam Oi Lee v. Fong Wong, 57 Haw. 137, 139, 552 P.2d 635, 638 (1976)). "[T]he beneficial owner, in equity, has the right to have the title to the property transferred to himself if it is in the hands of the wrongdoer." Id. (citing Peine v. Murphy, 46 Haw. 233, 241, 377 P.2d 708, 713 (1962)). These broadly-stated standards allow a court, where necessary, to order equitable relief to avoid unjust enrichment.

At first glance, recognizing an equitable interest for LEPI seems plausible. The Government's Verified Complaint itself seems to indicate that the Government knew at least some of the Defendant Money Orders were purchased with funds that should have been used to pay LEPI's judgment. According to the Complaint, the motivation for the structuring was "to hide [Valentine's] money" and "to avoid leaving a paper trail that [LEPI] could track." Doc. No. 1 ¶¶ 21(b) & (e). It appears the Government was able to seize the Defendant Money Orders because of Smith's (or Valentine's) wrongdoing to LEPI. It is possible that Valentine will have succeeded (in avoiding paying LEPI) precisely because of the Government's seizure.

Upon closer scrutiny, however, the court concludes that LEPI has no equitable interest in the seized funds. Even with the wide discretion given to courts under Hawaii constructive trust principles, such relief is not proper here.

Initially, Boylan does not apply. Unlike Boylan, where the seized assets constituted the specific proceeds of criminal conduct, 392 F.3d at 1003-04, no such direct tracing to criminally derived proceeds is possible here. LEPI was not a "victim" of the structuring, and at least some of the seized assets could not have come from the sale of the Maui property.16

Even assuming LEPI was a "victim" of Valentine's failure to pay LEPI's judgment, the Defendant Money Orders were seized because they were "involved in" "structuring" to evade a "reporting requirement" — not because of Valentine's failure to pay LEPI. And even if Valentine's (or Smith's) motivation for structuring was to hide money from LEPI, it does not mean LEPI is a "victim" of the structuring. In fact, under 31 U.S.C. § 5324, the Government is not required to prove a motivation at all. The Defendant Money Orders would be forfeitable regardless of Valentine's motive — whether it was to avoid paying a secured creditor, an unsecured creditor, or to avoid paying a gambling debt. The motivation is irrelevant. Rather, the question is whether a claimant has an identifiable interest in the specific property seized.

Further, even assuming the California post-judgment orders could give LEPI an equitable interest in the Maui property, the Maui property was not seized — the Defendant Money Orders were. LEPI would still have to trace the proceeds of Valentine's sale of the Maui property. It would have to trace sale proceeds to Valentine, then to Smith, and then into the Defendant Money Orders. But Block himself indicates that Valentine may have had other funds (besides proceeds of the sale) — such as rents from the Maui property and "$700,000 in salary from LEPI over the previous five years" — with which to purchase the Defendant Money Orders. And thirty of the seized money orders were purchased before the sale. Tracing would be speculative — and so a constructive trust is inappropriate. Cf. United States v. One Silicon Valley Bank Account, 549 F.Supp.2d 940, 955 (W.D.Mich. 2008) ("The recognition of a constructive trust requires that the money or property on which the trust is imposed must be `clearly traced' to the beneficiary of the constructive trust.") (Michigan law); United States v. Rothstein, 2010 WL 2943315, at *4 (S.D.Fla. July 26, 2010) (refusing to impose a constructive trust in forfeited properties where victims of a Ponzi scheme could not trace their monies to the specific properties); Wery v. Pac. Trust Co., 33 Haw. 701, 1936 WL 4399, at *7 (Haw.Terr.1936) ("In a purchase-money constructive trust the money used must be traceable to the trust res [.]").

Moreover, under the circumstances the court faces here, the court would refuse to impose a constructive trust based on other equitable principles. LEPI is hardly blameless. See Adair v. Hustace, 64 Haw. 314, 320 n. 5, 640 P.2d 294, 300 n. 5 (1982) ("He who seeks equity must do equity") (citation omitted). Under the doctrine of laches, a court may deny an equitable remedy (such as imposition of a constructive trust) where the party seeking equity unreasonably delayed matters. See Small v. Badenhop, 67 Haw. 626, 640, 701 P.2d 647, 656-57 (1985). Here, LEPI could have perfected a judgment lien in Valentine's Maui property by recording the California judgment in Hawaii's Bureau of Conveyances before the sale. LEPI, however, simply waited too long to record the judgment. Imposing a constructive trust in the (alleged) proceeds of the sale now by allowing a claim in the Defendant Money Orders would reward LEPI for its delay. See generally $9,250.00 in U.S. Currency, 2010 WL 3168628, at *5 (refusing to impose a constructive trust to allow a general, unsecured creditor standing to file a claim challenging a forfeiture, in the absence of actual or constructive fraud); United States v. Andrews, 530 F.3d 1232, 1238-39 (10th Cir.2008) (recognizing in a forfeiture case that "when a district court determines that granting relief upon an equitable theory such as constructive trust would lead to an inequitable result, it may in its discretion decline to do so") (citations omitted).

Finally, the court follows the principle that a constructive trust is unnecessary where alternative legal remedies are available. See, e.g., United States v. Approximately $133,803.53 in U.S. Currency Seized from Washington Mutual Bank, 683 F.Supp.2d 1090, 1095-96 (E.D.Cal. 2010) (reasoning that a constructive trust is not necessary where a potential remedy is available under a remission process under 18 U.S.C. § 983(d) and 28 C.F.R. § 9.8); United States v. Ribadeneira, 105 F.3d 833, 837 n. 5 (2d Cir.1997) (indicating that remission process is an adequate remedy at law obviating the need for an equitable remedy of a constructive trust); United States v. Lavin, 942 F.2d 177, 185 (3d Cir.1991) ("For the majority of third parties ... who assert an equitable, rather than a legal, entitlement to relief, petitioning the Attorney General for remission and mitigation remains the exclusive remedy.").17

In short, a constructive trust theory does not provide LEPI with an interest in the Defendant Money Orders.

V. CONCLUSION

Because LEPI is an unsecured general creditor of Valentine, the court must strike its Claim to the Defendant Money Orders for lack of standing. See $20,193.39 in U.S. Currency, 16 F.3d at 346. It cannot be an "owner." 18 U.S.C. § 983(d)(6)(B)(i). And a constructive trust theory does not apply to give LEPI a sufficient equitable interest so as to make a claim. Striking LEPI's Claim means Kornhauser's Claim (which is entirely derivative) necessarily fails as well. Further, the Government has proven that it is otherwise entitled to forfeiture of the Defendant Money Orders.

Accordingly, the Government's Motion to Dismiss or Strike Claims and Answers filed by Life Enhancement Products, Inc., Will Block, and Samuel Kornhauser and/or Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 30] is GRANTED. Because the Government is otherwise entitled to forfeit the Defendant Money Orders, and default has been entered specifically as to Valentine and Smith, and as to any other potential claimant, see Doc. Nos. 13-6 & 27-6, the Government is entitled to summary judgment on its forfeiture action.

IT IS SO ORDERED.