ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' SUCCESSIVE MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

(Doc. 184)

SHEILA K. OBERTO, Magistrate Judge.

Pending before the Court is the Successive Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("Defendants' Motion") brought by Defendant and Counterclaimant Guardian Protection Products, Inc. ("Guardian") and Defendant RPM Wood Finishes Group, Inc. (Doc. 184.) For the reasons provided herein, the Court DENIES the Motion. (Id.)

I. BACKGROUND

The Court fully described the background for this case in its January 18, 2017 Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part the Parties' Motions for Summary Judgment (the "January Order"). (Doc. 133.) As such, the Court shall not repeat the full background for this matter.

A. The Agreements and the Product Language

As is relevant here, Guardian and Plaintiff/Counter-defendant G.P.P., Inc. d/b/a Guardian Innovative Solutions ("GIS") are parties to six warehousing distributor agreements (collectively, the "Agreements"), "which grant GIS the exclusive right to distribute `Guardian Products' in" the geographic areas covered by those Agreements. (Doc. 98, Ex. 2 ¶ 12.) Specifically, the Agreements provide that GIS has distribution rights to certain Guardian products in the following geographic areas: (1) certain counties in Pennsylvania (the "Pennsylvania Agreement"), (Doc. 120, Ex. 1); (2) Ohio (the "Ohio Agreement"), (id., Ex. 3); (3) Indiana (the "Indiana Agreement"), (id., Ex. 5); (4) the remaining counties in Illinois, Iowa, and certain counties in Missouri (the "Midwest Agreement"), (id., Ex. 6); (5) Alabama (the "Alabama Agreement"), (id., Ex. 7); and (6) Tennessee (the "Tennessee Agreement"), (id., Ex. 9).1 All of the Agreements "are governed by California law." (Doc. 98, Ex. 2 ¶ 13.)

With the exception of the Pennsylvania Agreement, the Agreements all provide the following pertinent description of "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products": "It is understood that unless specifically noted by a mutually agreed upon Addendum hereto, Guardian Labeled Distributor Products shall be only those items indicated in Exhibit `B' which is attached hereto" (the "Product Language"). (Doc. 120, Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8; see also id., Ex. 3 ¶ 8 (providing an identical statement regarding "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" in the Ohio Agreement, with the exception that the "Exhibit `B'" is described as "a part of this Agreement").) The Ohio, Indiana, Midwest, Alabama, and Tennessee Agreements in the record do not include an "Exhibit `B'" providing a list of products that qualify as "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products," or an addendum otherwise describing what constitutes these products. (See id., Exs. 3, 5-7, 9.) Unlike the other Agreements, the Pennsylvania Agreement does not include any description of which products qualify as "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products." (See id., Ex. 1.)

B. EFPPs and the Price Lists

"[I]n June of 2009," Guardian "began selling" electronic furniture protection plans ("EFPPs"). (Doc. 184, Ex. 2 ¶ 2.) These EFPPs are electronic warranties provided by Guardian and underwritten by AIG and/or Chartis. (See, e.g., Doc. 92, Ex. 3 at 272:23-273:1; Doc. 130, Ex. 3.) Guardian permitted GIS to purchase EFPPs for resale and counted GIS's sales of EFPPs towards GIS's quotas under the Agreements. (See, e.g., Doc. 125, Ex. 6 at 202:23-203:20; see also Doc. 98, Ex. 2 ¶ 21 (stating that "[t]he numbers cited in Guardian's notices of breach of the Alabama, Florida, and Tennessee Agreements included the sale of [EFPPs]").)

Guardian and its distributors, including GIS, devoted resources to convert from the sale of paper warranties to EFPPs. (See, e.g., Doc. 127, Ex. 6 at 2; Doc. 148, Ex. 1 at 248:12-250:24.) GIS "lost several key accounts during this [conversion] process." (Doc. 127, Ex. 6 at 2).

Additionally, during the course of their relationship, Guardian sent certain correspondences to GIS and other distributors that included lists of Guardian products. (See, e.g., Doc. 184, Exs. 7-10; Doc. 196.) The parties have identified certain of these lists of products that GIS may or may not argue are "Addend[a]" under the Agreements (the "Price Lists").2 (See, e.g., Doc. 184, Exs. 7-10; Doc. 196.) GIS also contends—and Defendants have not contested"that EFPPs are included in at least some of these Price Lists. (See, e.g., Doc. 185, Ex. 2 ¶ 24.)

C. The Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement

In addition to the Agreements, GIS contends in this litigation that certain discussions between representatives of Guardian and GIS in 2010 regarding Guardian's sales of products to a third party, Bob's Discount Furniture, in areas covered by the Agreements resulted in a binding contract (the "Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement"). (See, e.g., Doc. 123 at 23-26.) Under the purported Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement, Guardian paid commissions to GIS in exchange for Guardian selling products to Bob's Discount Furniture in these areas. (See, e.g., Doc. 128; Doc. 165, Ex. 5 at 84:7-85:5.)

The parties have only referenced a single product that Guardian allegedly sold to Bob's Discount Furniture in the areas covered by the Agreements—"private-label products . . . under the brand name `Bob's Goof Proof.'" (Doc. 103, Ex. 5 ¶ 3. See generally Doc. 185 at 9 (providing GIS's assertion that "Bob's Goof Proof warranties are the same as ordinary EFPPs").) "Guardian first began selling private-label products under the brand name `Bob's Goof Proof' on May 28, 2010. . . ." (Doc. 184, Ex. 2 ¶ 3.)

Subsequent to the parties' 2010 discussions, Guardian "made $40,741.55 in commission payments to" GIS "[f]or nearly four years from 2011 to 2014," which were "based on 5% of sales made by Guardian to Bob's Discount Furniture stores." (Doc. 98, Ex. 2 ¶ 26.) In November 2014, Guardian unilaterally terminated these commission payments to GIS. (Doc. 125, Ex. 2 at 114:1-6.)

D. Pertinent Procedural Background

By its order entered on March 14, 2017, the Court ordered "that the parties may conduct additional discovery regarding the Product Language under the Ohio, Indiana, Midwest, Alabama, and Tennessee Agreements, as well as the meaning of `Guardian Labeled Distributor Products' under the Pennsylvania Agreement" (cumulatively, the "Additional Discovery"). (Doc. 177 at 3.) In its order entered on March 31, 2017, the Court permitted the parties to file second or successive summary judgment motions. (Doc. 183 at 3.) However, the Court "specifically tailored" this "opportunity for additional summary judgment motions" to "the expanded factual record in this case relating to the Additional Discovery." (Id. at 3-4.) Consequently, "if a party could have raised a motion for summary judgment during the initial summary judgment round in this case before the Additional Discovery, they [could] not raise that motion during this second round of summary judgment." (Id. at 4 (citations omitted).) Given the present posture of this case, the Court also set limits on the briefing schedule and length of briefs associated with this second round of summary judgment motions. (See id. at 3 & 6.)

Defendants filed Defendants' Motion on April 20, 2017. (Doc. 184.) GIS filed its opposition to Defendants' Motion on April 27, 2017, (Doc. 185), and Defendants filed their reply in support of this motion on May 2, 2017, (Doc. 190). The Court then heard oral argument regarding Defendants' Motion on May 4, 2017. (Doc. 194.) As such, Defendants' Motion is ready for disposition.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

"Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 governs motions for summary judgment," Smith v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., No. 2:12-cv-00656-TLN-CKD, 2013 WL 5718874, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2013), and provides, in part, that "[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law," Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the court "must draw all reasonable inferences supported by the evidence in favor of the non-moving party and then decide whether any genuine issues of material fact exist." Guidroz-Brault v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 254 F.3d 825, 829 (9th Cir. 2001). "A fact issue is genuine `if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.'" Id. (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). "A material fact is one that may affect the outcome of the case under the applicable law." Cotta v. Cty. of Kings, 79 F.Supp.3d 1148, 1156 (E.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248).

"A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)); see, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A) (stating that a party seeking summary judgment must support their motion by "citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials"). "The exact nature of this responsibility, however, varies depending on whether the issue on which summary judgment is sought is one in which the movant or the nonmoving party carries the ultimate burden of proof." Cotta, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1157 (citations omitted). "Where the moving party will have the burden of proof on an issue at trial, the movant must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party." Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. On the other hand, a moving party that does not carry "the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial" must "either produce evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim or defense or show that the nonmoving party does not have enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial." Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).

"If a moving party fails to carry its initial burden of production, the nonmoving party has no obligation to produce anything, even if the nonmoving party would have the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial." Id. at 1102-03 (citations omitted). "In such a case, the nonmoving party may defeat the motion for summary judgment without producing anything." Id. at 1103 (citation omitted).

However, "[i]f the moving party meets its initial burden, the non-moving party must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984 (quoting Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 250). Stated differently, "[i]n order to avoid summary judgment, a non-movant must show a genuine issue of material fact by presenting affirmative evidence from which a jury could find in its favor." F.T.C. v. Stefanchik, 559 F.3d 924, 929 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 257). "A non-movant's bald assertions or a mere scintilla of evidence in his favor are both insufficient to withstand summary judgment." Id. (citing Galen v. Cty. of L.A., 477 F.3d 652, 658 (9th Cir. 2007)); see, e.g., Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984 ("Conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment." (citations omitted)); F.T.C. v. Publ'g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1170 (9th Cir. 1997) ("Once the [moving party] has made a prima facie case for summary judgment, the [non-moving party] cannot rely on general denials; [they] must produce significant probative evidence that demonstrates that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial." (citing Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 249-50)).

"In judging evidence at the summary judgment stage, the court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence." Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. "That remains the province of the jury or fact finder." Cotta, 79 F. Supp. 3d at 1157 (citation omitted). "Rather, [the court] draws all inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984 (citing T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630-31 (9th Cir. 1987)). "The evidence presented by the parties must be admissible." Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).

III. GUARDIAN'S FIRST COUNTERCLAIM

Defendants first argue that summary judgment is warranted on Guardian's First Counterclaim to the extent this claim seeks declaratory judgment that EFPPs are not covered by the Agreements.3 (See Doc. 184 at 9-19.) Specifically, Defendants argue that EFPPs are not "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Product Language, which—with the exception of the Pennsylvania Agreement—is provided in each of the Agreements. (See id. at 9-17.) GIS argues in response that (1) EFPPs are covered by the Product Language, (2) the parties modified the Agreements to include EFPPs through their course of conduct, and (3) Guardian is estopped from arguing that EFPPs are not covered by the Agreements. (See Doc. 185 at 10-18.) The Court shall address each of these issues, in turn.

A. The Agreements' Product Language

Defendants argue that summary judgment is warranted on Guardian's First Counterclaim because EFPPs are not covered products under the terms of the Product Language. (See Doc. 184 at 9-17.) The Court disagrees with Defendants' position.

"Under California law, the interpretation of a written contract is a matter of law for the court even though questions of fact are involved." Britz Fertilizers, Inc. v. Bayer Corp., 665 F.Supp.2d 1142, 1159 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (quoting Southland Corp. v. Emerald Oil Co., 789 F.2d 1441, 1443 (9th Cir. 1986)). "The basic goal of contract interpretation is to give effect to the parties' mutual intent at the time of contracting." Founding Members of the Newport Beach Country Club v. Newport Beach Country Club, Inc., 109 Cal.App.4th 944, 955 (2003) (citations omitted). "When a contract is reduced to writing, the parties' intention is determined from the writing alone, if possible." Id. (citation omitted). "Unless the words in a contract are used in a technical manner or are defined in the contract, the words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense." Britz Fertilizers, Inc., 665 F. Supp. 2d at 1159-60 (citations omitted). "When interpreting a contract, `[t]he whole of a contract is to be taken together' with `each clause helping to interpret the other.'" Id. at 1160 (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1641). "In addition, a court `may not read the contract in a manner that leads to an absurd result.'" Id. (quoting Kassbaum v. Steppenwolf Prods., Inc., 236 F.3d 487, 491 (9th Cir. 2000)).

In this case, with the exception of the Pennsylvania Agreement, each of the Agreements includes the following Product Language: "It is understood that unless specifically noted by a mutually agreed upon Addendum hereto, Guardian Labeled Distributor Products shall be only those items indicated in Exhibit `B' which is attached hereto." (Doc. 120, Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8; see also id., Ex. 3 ¶ 8 (providing an identical statement regarding "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" in the Ohio Agreement, with the exception that the "Exhibit `B'" is described as "a part of this Agreement").) Thus, the Product Language provides the following two distinct descriptions of "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products": (1) "only those items indicated in Exhibit `B' which is attached hereto," (2) "unless specifically noted by a mutually agreed upon Addendum hereto."4 (Id., Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8; see also id., Ex. 3 ¶ 8 (providing that, absent a pertinent addendum, the covered products are "indicated in Exhibit `B' which is a part of this Agreement").)

Turning to the "Addendum" provision of the Product Language, Defendants argue, in relevant part, that the Price Lists are not covered by the Agreements because they do not satisfy the "specifically noted" requirement of the Product Language. (See, e.g., Doc. 184 at 11-12.) The Court agrees. A plain reading of the Product Language requires that the potential addenda to the Agreements must "specifically note[]," in some way, that they provide items that are "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Agreements. (See Doc. 120, Ex. 3 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8.) See generally Britz Fertilizers, Inc., 665 F. Supp. 2d at 1159-60 ("Unless the words in a contract are used in a technical manner or are defined in the contract, the words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense." (citations omitted)). The methods of demonstrating this connection with the Agreements may vary—for example, the purported addendum could "specifically note[]," in some way, that (1) it is an "Addendum" to the Agreements, (2) the products indicated in the addendum are "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products," or (3) the products indicated in the addendum are covered by the Agreements. Conversely, if a purported addendum provides no specific indication that it includes items that are covered by the Agreements, then it is not a valid "Addendum" under the plain meaning of the Product Language.5 (See Doc. 120, Ex. 3 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8.)

In connection with Defendants' Motion, the parties provided numerous Price Lists that GIS contends include EFPPs and constitute "Addend[a]" under the Product Language. (See Doc. 184, Exs. 7-10; Doc. 196.) However, none of these Price Lists "specifically note[]," in any form, that (1) they are "Addend[a]" to the Agreements, (2) the products listed in the Price Lists are "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products," or (3) the products listed in the Price Lists are covered by the Agreements. (See Doc. 184, Exs. 7-10; Doc. 196.) Indeed, the Price Lists provide no statement, whatsoever, specifically linking the products listed on the Price Lists with the Agreements. (See Doc. 184, Exs. 7-10; Doc. 196.) As the Price Lists lack this language, the Price Lists do not satisfy the "specifically noted" requirement of the Product Language. (See Doc. 120, Ex. 3 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8.) The Court therefore finds that the Price Lists are not "Addend[a]" under the Product Language.6 Further, as the parties have not directed the Court to any documents beyond the Price Lists that are purportedly "Addend[a]," (see, e.g., Doc. 191 at 2; Doc. 192), the Court also finds that there are no documents in the record that constitute "Addend[a]" under the Product Language.

These determinations do not, however, resolve the question of whether EFPPs are "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Product Language. While the record does not include valid "Addend[a]," the Product Language provides one additional method for determining whether products are covered by the Agreements—namely, covered products include "those items indicated in [an] Exhibit `B'" to the Agreements. (See Doc. 120, Ex. 3 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8.)

In its January Order, the Court previously found that the record did not include a relevant addendum or exhibit providing the "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products." (Doc. 133 at 72.) The Court further "decline[d] to engage in speculation" as "to whether EFPPs are included as `Guardian Labeled Distributor Products'" in "these exhibits or a relevant addendum." (Id.) The Court therefore found "that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether EFPPs are `Guardian Labeled Distributor Products' under" the Agreements. (Id.)

The present situation is materially identical for purposes of this analysis. Just like at the first summary judgment stage, there is no relevant exhibit in the record listing the products that are covered by the Agreements. Further, Defendants have not directed the Court to any evidence demonstrating that EFPPs were not or could not have been listed in a specified exhibit.7 As in the January Order, the Court declines to engage in speculation as to the contents of evidence that is not in the record for this case—namely, any relevant exhibit under the Product Language. The Court therefore finds that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether EFPPs are "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Product Language.8 As such, summary judgment is not appropriate as to Guardian's request for declaratory relief relating to EFPPs in the First Counterclaim.

B. Implied Modification Through Subsequent Course of Performance

GIS argues that summary judgment is also not warranted on Guardian's First Counterclaim because the parties modified the Agreements to cover EFPPs through their course of performance.9 (See Doc. 185 at 10-15.) The Court agrees with GIS's position.

"California contract law recognizes the principle of implied modification by conduct." Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v. MSI Modular Sys., Case No. CV 14-09873-RGK (JEMx), 2015 WL 11438597, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 17, 2015) (citing Diamond Woodworks, Inc. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 109 Cal.App.4th 1020, 1038 (2003), disagreed with on other grounds by Simon v. San Paolo U.S. Holding Co., 35 Cal.4th 1159, 1182-83 (2005)); see also Cal. Com. Code § 1303(f) ("[A] course of performance is relevant to show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent with the course of performance."). See generally Emp'rs Reinsurance Co. v. Superior Court, 161 Cal.App.4th 906, 920-21 (2008) ("Not only is course of performance relevant in ascertaining the meaning of the parties' agreement, it may supplement or qualify the terms of the agreement, or show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent with the course of performance." (citations omitted)). "When one party has, through oral representations and conduct or custom, subsequently behaved in a manner antithetical to one or more terms of an express written contract, he or she has induced the other party to rely on the representations and conduct or custom." Wagner v. Glendale Adventist Med. Ctr., 216 Cal.App.3d 1379, 1388 (1989). "In that circumstance, it would be . . . inequitable to deny the relying party the benefit of the other party's apparent modification of the written contract." Id.

Thus, "where the subsequent conduct of parties is inconsistent with and clearly contrary to provisions of the written agreement, the parties' modification setting aside the written provisions will be implied." Diamond Woodworks, Inc., 109 Cal. App. 4th at 1038 (citing Garrison v. Edward Brown & Sons, 25 Cal.2d 473, 479 (1944)). Indeed, "a written agreement may be modified by the parties' conduct, even if the written agreement includes a clause expressly prohibiting modification." Alvarado Orthopedic Research, L.P. v. Linvatec Corp., No. 11-CV-246-IEG (RBB), 2013 WL 2351814, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 24, 2013) (citing Wagner, 216 Cal. App. 3d at 1388); cf. Cal. Com. Code § 2209(2) ("A signed agreement which excludes modification or rescission except by a signed writing cannot be otherwise modified or rescinded . . . ."); Stanley v. Univ. of S. Cal., 178 F.3d 1069, 1078 (9th Cir. 1999) ("[P]laintiff cannot rely on pre-contract implied terms when contract was integrated; plaintiff cannot rely on post-contract implied terms when contract required all modifications be written . . . ." (citing Haggard v. Kimberly Quality Care, Inc., 39 Cal.App.4th 508 (1995))). However, "[b]efore a contract modifying a written contract can be implied, the conduct of the parties according to the findings of the trial court must be inconsistent with the written contract so as to warrant the conclusion that the parties intended to modify the written contract." Alvarado Orthopedic Research, L.P., 2013 WL 2351814, at *4 (quoting Diamond Woodworks, Inc., 109 Cal. App. 4th at 1038).

GIS argues that there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the parties impliedly modified the Agreements—and, in particular, the Product Language"through their course of performance by treating EFPPs as products that are covered under the Agreements.10 (See Doc. 185 at 10-15.) The Court agrees.11

As noted previously, the Product Language provides two distinct descriptions of "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products": (1) "only those items indicated in Exhibit `B' which is attached hereto," (2) "unless specifically noted by a mutually agreed upon Addendum hereto." (Doc. 120, Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8; see also id., Ex. 3 ¶ 8 (providing that, absent a pertinent addendum, the covered products are "indicated in Exhibit `B' which is a part of this Agreement").) However, GIS has presented evidence that the parties engaged in a course of performance that is inconsistent with and contrary to the Product Language. Specifically, GIS has provided evidence that Guardian periodically sent price lists"such as the Price Lists discussed above"to GIS and GIS was allowed to distribute the products provided on those lists in the territories governed by the Agreements. (See, e.g., Doc. 186, Ex. 1 at 27:4-16 (providing the 30(b)(6) deposition of Guardian's representative, Ronnie Holman, in which Mr. Holman states that, in the context of the Indiana and Midwest Agreements, the parties "updated" price lists "periodically" and "the way the parties did business was that GIS had the exclusive right to sell" the products on the lists "in its territories"); id. at 32:11-20 (providing Mr. Holman's statement that, presuming "that there was no Exhibit B" to the Alabama and Tennessee Agreements, he agreed that "the parties understood that the products subject to those contracts were the products contained on Guardian's product price lists that it distributed to the distributors from time to time"); id., Ex. 2 at 21:16-21 (providing the deposition testimony of Guardian's Vice President, Johnny Green, in which Mr. Green states that, at least after Mr. Green "joined Guardian in October of 2012, if you wanted to find out what products were available to GIS from Guardian, you would want to look at the distributor price list"); id., Ex. 3 at 36:9-18 (providing the deposition testimony of Christopher Nolan, GIS's Executive Vice President, in which Mr. Nolan states that "GIS received price lists from Guardian" and GIS "took those to . . . [GIS's] exclusive territory" and that was "how [GIS] conducted business with Guardian for many, many years and do to this day"). See generally id., Ex. 2 at 33:21-24 (providing Mr. Green's statement that the products "Guardian made available to GIS" were "[n]ot pursuant to any particular agreement" and Guardian's "authorized distributor, such as GIS, would have access to anything on that distribution list").) Indeed, GIS's Executive Vice President, Christopher Nolan, testified that the "items" on price lists that Guardian sent to GIS were "what [GIS] had exclusive rights, territorial rights to" and that GIS was "required to purchase those products." (Id., Ex. 3 at 35:18-36:1; see, e.g., Doc. 149 ¶ 6 (providing the declaration of Christopher Nolan, GIS's Executive Vice President, in which Mr. Nolan states that "Guardian required GIS to distribute those products that were included on these updated product lists, rather than the lists originally attached to the [Agreements]").)

Additionally, GIS contends—and Defendants do not contest"that the list of products provided in at least some of the price lists included EFPPs. (See, e.g., Doc. 185, Ex. 2 ¶ 24; see also Doc. 196 (providing Price Lists, some of which discuss "Chartis" or "AIG" warranties); cf. Doc. 149 ¶ 5 (stating that "[a]ll of the products listed" on a price list attached to a memorandum with the subject line "Notice of Pending Changes — Effective June 1, 2015" are "EFPPs, as indicated by the `EW-' prefix in the `Item Number' column"). Finally, there is also evidence in the record that Guardian included GIS's sales of EFPPs when determining whether GIS sold sufficient "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the quotas for the Agreements. (See, e.g., Doc. 98, Ex. 2 ¶ 21 (providing the parties' joint statement that "[t]he numbers cited in Guardian's notices of breach of the Alabama, Florida, and Tennessee Agreements included the sale of [EFPPs]"); Doc. 125, Ex. 2 at 139:16-140:7 (providing Mr. Green's testimony that he did not "think" Guardian "explicitly went to anybody," including GIS, "and said that [EFPPs] don't apply" towards quotas); id., Ex. 6 at 203:11-17 (providing Mr. Holman's testimony that EFPPs "counted towards [GIS's] quotas"); see also Doc. 186, Doc. 2 at 40:19-41:11 (providing Mr. Green's testimony that "at least since the time [Mr. Green] joined Guardian in October of 2012," he "considered that all products on a Guardian product price list would count towards GIS's quotas").)

In sum, GIS has presented sufficient evidence that, at least prior to the initiation of this litigation, the parties consistently treated EFPPs as products that are covered by the Agreements. Of course, if the parties treated EFPPs as "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" without designating EFPPs as covered products under one of the two methods provided in the Product Language, then this course of performance is inconsistent with and contrary to the Product Language. Nonetheless, GIS has presented sufficient course-of-performance evidence to create a triable issue as to whether the parties mutually intended to modify the Agreements to include EFPPs as "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products."12 The Court therefore finds that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the parties modified the Agreements through their course of performance to include EFPPs as products that are covered by the Agreements. As such, summary judgment is not appropriate as to Defendants' First Counterclaim based on this theory of implied modification.

C. Equitable Estoppel

GIS also argues that Defendants' Motion should be denied as to the First Counterclaim because Guardian is "estopped from claiming that EFPPs . . . are not `Guardian Labeled Distributor Products.'" (Doc. 185 at 15.) The Court again agrees with GIS's position.

"The doctrine of equitable estoppel is founded on concepts of equity and fair dealing" and "provides that a person may not deny the existence of a state of facts if he intentionally led another to believe a particular circumstance to be true and to rely upon such belief to his detriment." Oakland Raiders v. Oakland-Alameda Cty. Coliseum, Inc., 144 Cal.App.4th 1175, 1189 (2006) (citation omitted); see, e.g., Hair v. California, 2 Cal.App.4th 321, 328-29 (1991) ("The essence of an estoppel . . . is that the party to be estopped has by false language or conduct led another to do that which he would not otherwise have done and as a result thereof that he has suffered injury." (alteration in original) (quoting In re Lisa R., 13 Cal.3d 636, 645 (1975))); see also Cal. Evid. Code § 623 ("Whenever a party has, by his own statement or conduct, intentionally and deliberately led another to believe a particular thing true and to act upon such belief, he is not, in any litigation arising out of such statement or conduct, permitted to contradict it."). This doctrine "is applicable where the conduct of one side has induced the other to take such a position that it would be injured if the first should be permitted to repudiate its acts." Old Republic Ins. Co. v. FSR Brokerage, Inc., 80 Cal.App.4th 666, 678 (2000) (citation omitted). "Equitable estoppel . . . focuses on the conduct of the party to be estopped and the reasonable inferences that [may] be drawn by the other party." BNSF Ry. Co. v. San Joaquin Valley R.R. Co., No. CV F 08-1086 AWI SMS, 2012 WL 1355662, at *12 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2012) (citing Oakland Raiders, 144 Cal. App. 4th at 1190).

In California, "[t]he traditional elements of estoppel" include the following: (1) "the party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts;" (2) "he must intend that his conduct shall be acted upon, or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel had a right to believe it was so intended;" (3) the other party must be ignorant of the true state of fact;" and (4) "he must rely upon the conduct to his injury." Oakland Raiders, 144 Cal. App. 4th at 1189 (citation omitted). "Where any one of the elements of equitable estoppel is absent, the claim must fail." Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa. v. Baker, 22 F.3d 880, 892 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting Hair, 2 Cal. App. 4th at 328).

In this case, each of the elements is satisfied with regard to EFPPs. As to the first element, the record reflects that Guardian was apprised of the pertinent facts"namely, that GIS was selling EFPPs, which Guardian, itself, distributed to GIS. (See, e.g., Doc. 98, Ex. 1 ¶ 7 (providing Christopher Nolan's statement that "GIS first began purchasing [EFPPs] from Guardian for certain of GIS's customers in or around June 2009"); Doc. 149 ¶ 5 (providing Christopher Nolan's statement that "[a]ll of the products listed" on a price list attached to a memorandum sent by Guardian with the subject line "Notice of Pending Changes — Effective June 1, 2015" are "EFPPs, as indicated by the `EW-' prefix in the `Item Number' column").) Regarding the second element, Guardian's conduct in distributing EFPPs to GIS and counting GIS's sales of these products towards GIS's quotas under the Agreements, (see, e.g., Doc. 125, Ex. 6 at 203:11-17), demonstrates a clear intent that Guardian intended for GIS to sell these products and consider EFPPs as covered products under the Agreements, (see, e.g., Doc. 149 ¶ 9 (providing Christopher Nolan's statement that "[a]t a meeting with its distributors in or around April 2012 (which [he] attended), Guardian assured GIS that EFPPs would be covered under the [Agreements]")). As to the third element, GIS has presented sufficient evidence that, prior to this litigation, it was not aware of Guardian's present position that EFPPs are not covered by the Agreements. (See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 8-13.) Finally, regarding the fourth element, GIS has provided evidence that it relied on Guardian's conduct regarding EFPPs to its injury, including by expending substantial resources to transition its business from paper to electronic warranties to coordinate with Guardian's shift to the sale of EFPPs, (see Doc. 148, Ex. 1 at 248:12-250:24 (providing Mr. Green's deposition testimony, in which he describes the burdens for Guardian and its distributors in transitioning to EFPPs); Doc. 127, Ex. 6 at 2 (constituting a letter from Charles Gibson of GIS to Johnny Green of Guardian, in which Mr. Gibson describes the resources and efforts required for the "conversion" to EFFPs)), as well as by "los[ing] several key accounts during this process," (Doc. 127, Ex. 6 at 2).

The Court thus finds that there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether Guardian should be estopped from contending that EFPPs are not "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Agreements. Defendants' Motion is therefore properly denied as to the First Counterclaim based on GIS's estoppel theory.13

For the above reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion, (Doc. 184), insofar as Defendants move for summary judgment on Guardian's request for declaratory relief relating to EFPPs in the First Counterclaim.

IV. GIS'S THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION

Defendants next move for summary judgment on GIS's Third Cause of Action, (see Doc. 184 at 17-18), in which GIS alleges that Defendants breached the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement, (see Doc. 67 ¶¶ 65-69). Specifically, Defendants argue that the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement was not a valid contract because it lacked consideration and, as such, GIS's Third Cause of Action fails. (See Doc. 184 at 17-18.) GIS responds that summary judgment is not warranted on this claim because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether (1) the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement was supported by consideration; and (2) Guardian is estopped from claiming that Bob's Goof Proof is not a covered product under the Agreements and, correspondingly, that the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement is not supported by consideration.14 (See Doc. 185 at 9-10, 15-18.)

A. General Discussion Regarding Consideration

"In California, to prove the existence of a contract, a plaintiff must show: [1] parties capable of contracting, (2) the parties' consent, (3) a lawful object, and (4) consideration." Arch Ins. Co. v. Sierra Equip. Rental, Inc., No. 2:12-cv-00617-KJM-KJN, 2016 WL 4000932, at *4 (E.D. Cal. July 25, 2016) (citation omitted); see, e.g., Cal. Civ. Code § 1550 ("It is essential to the existence of a contract that there should be: 1. [p]arties capable of contracting; 2. [t]heir consent; 3. [a] lawful object; and . . . 4. [a] sufficient cause or consideration."). Of course, "[i]t is essential to the existence of a contract that there should be . . . sufficient cause or consideration." Cal. Civ. Code § 1550. Good consideration includes "[a]ny benefit conferred, or agreed to be conferred, upon the promisor, by any other person, to which the promisor is not lawfully entitled, or any prejudice suffered, or agreed to be suffered, by such person, other than such as he is at the time of consent lawfully bound to suffer, as an inducement to the promisor." Cal. Civ. Code § 1605. "[O]rdinarily, a court will not weigh the sufficiency of the consideration once it has found it to be of some value." Walters v. Calderon, 25 Cal.App.3d 863, 876 (1972). "[A]ll the law requires for sufficient consideration is the proverbial `peppercorn.'" San Diego City Firefighters, Local 145 v. Bd. of Admin. of San Diego City Emps.' Ret. Sys., 206 Cal.App.4th 594, 619 (2012) (quoting Third Story Music, Inc. v. Waits, 41 Cal.App.4th 798, 808-09 & n.5 (1995)).

As discussed by the Court in its January Order, the issue of whether GIS provided consideration for the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement turns on whether the product that Guardian sold pursuant to this purported agreement—Bob's Goof Proof"is a "Guardian Labeled Distributor Product" under the Agreements. If this product is covered by the Agreements, then GIS gave consideration by permitting Guardian to sell this product in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements. (See, e.g., Doc. 133 at 32 (providing the Court's finding in the January Order "that—to the extent Guardian sold `Guardian Labeled Distributor Products' to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements—this constitutes sufficient consideration to support the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement" (citing Rice v. Brown, 120 Cal.App.2d 578, 582 (1953))). However, if this product is not covered by the Agreements, then GIS gave no consideration for the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement and GIS's Third Cause of Action fails. (See id. at 33 (stating that if the Agreement under consideration "did not accord GIS an exclusive right to distribute these products in the geographic areas covered by these agreements," then "GIS did not give up any form of consideration by permitting Guardian to distribute [the products] in these areas").)

B. The Agreements' Product Language

Guardian argues that summary judgment is appropriate on GIS's Third Cause of Action, as the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement lacked consideration because the Bob's Goof Proof product is not a covered product under the terms of the Agreements. (See Doc. 184 at 17-18.) The Court disagrees.

All of the Agreements—with the exception of the Pennsylvania Agreement"include the Product Language, which provides the following two descriptions of "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products": (1) "only those items indicated in Exhibit `B' which is attached hereto," (2) "unless specifically noted by a mutually agreed upon Addendum hereto." (Doc. 120, Ex. 5 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 6 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 7 ¶ 8; id., Ex. 9 ¶ 8; see also id., Ex. 3 ¶ 8 (providing that, absent a pertinent addendum, the covered products are "indicated in Exhibit `B' which is a part of this Agreement").) The Court previously found herein that there are no documents in the record that constitute "Addend[a]" under the Product Language.

However, the Court cannot make a similar finding regarding the "Exhibit `B'" to the Agreements, as these exhibits are not in the record for this case. As the Court found in its January Order, "[a]bsent these exhibits or a relevant addendum, the Court is left to speculate as to whether the exhibits include the pertinent `private-label products . . . under the brand name Bob's Goof Proof'" that Guardian sold to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements. (Doc. 133 at 34.) The Court again declines to speculate at this stage as to what these exhibits may or may not provide. Instead, the Court finds that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Guardian sold "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements that include the Product Language" i.e., all of the Agreements, with the exception of the Pennsylvania Agreement.

Of course, if these products do not qualify as "Guardian Labeled Distributor Products" under the Product Language, then GIS did not provide consideration for the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement. As such, the Court also finds that there are genuine issues of material fact regarding whether GIS provided consideration—and, consequently, whether there was a valid contract—for the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement, to the extent this agreement pertains to Guardian's sales of products to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements that include the Product Language.15 These issues are properly reserved for the finder of fact.

C. Equitable Estoppel

GIS argues that summary judgment is also inappropriate as to its Third Cause of Action because Defendants are estopped from claiming that the Bob's Goof Proof product is not covered by the Agreements. (See Doc. 185 at 15-18.) The Court agrees with GIS's position.

As noted previously, "[t]he traditional elements of estoppel" in California include the following: (1) "the party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts;" (2) "he must intend that his conduct shall be acted upon, or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel had a right to believe it was so intended;" (3) the other party must be ignorant of the true state of fact;" and (4) "he must rely upon the conduct to his injury." Oakland Raiders v. Oakland-Alameda Cty. Coliseum, Inc., 144 Cal.App.4th 1175, 1189 (2006) (citation omitted). "Where any one of the elements of equitable estoppel is absent, the claim must fail." Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa. v. Baker, 22 F.3d 880, 892 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting Hair v. California, 2 Cal.App.4th 321, 328 (1991)).

GIS has supplied sufficient evidence to overcome summary judgment on this issue. As to the first element, GIS has provided evidence that Guardian was apprised of the pertinent facts—that GIS believed Guardian was selling products that were covered by the Agreements to Bob's Discount Furniture. (See, e.g., Doc. 165, Ex. 5 at 84:7-85:5 (providing Christopher Nolan's testimony regarding the parties purportedly entering into the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement); Doc. 128 (constituting an e-mail exchange between Christopher Schall of GIS and Ronnie Holman of Guardian on January 13, 2011).) Regarding the second element, GIS has presented evidence that Guardian engaged in conduct to further this impression insofar as Guardian purportedly entered into the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement to pay GIS commissions in exchange for Guardian selling products to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas covered by the Agreements. (See, e.g., Doc. 128 (providing an e-mail purportedly memorializing certain terms of the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement).) As to the third element, there is no indication in the record that GIS was aware of Guardian's current position that Bob's Goof Proof products were not covered by the Agreements until after Guardian discontinued its commission payments to GIS. Finally, there is evidence in the record that GIS relied to its detriment on Guardian's conduct. Specifically, absent the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement, GIS could have pursued its purported exclusive distribution rights under the Agreements to the extent these rights were potentially infringed by Guardian's sales of products that were covered by the Agreements to Bob's Discount Furniture in the geographic areas governed by the Agreements. (See id.)

In summary, the Court finds that GIS has presented sufficient evidence to create genuine issues of material fact on its estoppel argument relating to GIS's Third Cause of Action. As such, summary judgment is not warranted as to this claim.

For these reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion, (Doc. 184), to the extent Defendants request summary judgment on GIS's Third Cause of Action.

IV. GIS'S FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION

Defendants also argue that summary judgment is appropriate on GIS's Fourth Cause of Action, (see Doc. 184 at 17-18), in which GIS argues that Defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing associated with the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement, (see Doc. 67 ¶¶ 70-75). The Court disagrees with Defendants' position.

"It has long been recognized in California that `[t]here is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every contract that neither party will do anything which will injure the right of the other to receive the benefits of the agreement.'" Kransco v. Am. Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 23 Cal.4th 390, 400 (2000) (alteration in original) (quoting Comunale v. Traders & Gen. Ins. Co., 50 Cal.2d 654, 658 (1958)); see, e.g., Marsu, B.V. v. Walt Disney Co., 185 F.3d 932, 937 (9th Cir. 1999) ("Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement." (quoting Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Dev. Cal., Inc., 2 Cal.4th 342, 371 (1992))). "The covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied in every contract as a method to protect the interests of the parties in having the contractual promises and purposes performed." Khan v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 975 F.Supp.2d 1127, 1142 (E.D. Cal. 2013) (quoting Love v. Fire Ins. Exch., 221 Cal.App.3d 1136, 1147 (1990)). "The elements necessary to establish a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing" include the following: "(1) the parties entered into a contract; (2) the plaintiff fulfilled his obligations under the contract; (3) any conditions precedent to the defendant's performance occurred; (4) the defendant unfairly interfered with the plaintiff's rights to receive the benefits of the contract; and (5) the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant's conduct." Reinhardt v. Gemini Motor Transp., 879 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1145 (E.D. Cal. 2012) (citations omitted); see, e.g., Ahmadi v. United Cont'l Holdings, Inc., No. 1:14-CV-00264-LJO-JLT, 2014 WL 1281056, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2014) (providing the same elements (citation omitted)).

Here, Defendants argue that GIS fails to establish the first element of this claim. Specifically, as with their arguments regarding GIS's Third Cause of Action, Defendants contend that the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement is not supported by consideration"and thus is not a valid contract—so GIS's Fourth Cause of Action must fail. (See Doc. 184 at 18.)

The Court previously found that there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the Bob's Discount Furniture Agreement is supported by consideration and, consequently, whether it is a valid contract. As there are genuine issues of material fact as to the first element of GIS's Fourth Cause of Action, the Court finds that summary judgment is not warranted on this claim.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion, (Doc. 184), insofar as Defendants request summary judgment on GIS's Fourth Cause of Action.

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons provided herein, the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion. (Doc. 184.)

IT IS SO ORDERED.