Opinion by JUDGE GRAHAM.

¶ 1 In this premises liability action, plaintiff, Alicia Greene Lucero (Lucero), appeals the judgment entered on a jury verdict in favor of defendant, Jerald Ulvestad (Ulvestad). Because we conclude that Ulvestad was not a landowner under the Colorado Premises Liability Act (CPLA or the Act), section 13-21-115, C.R.S.2014, we affirm.

I. Background

¶ 2 This case arises from Lucero's unsupervised use of a steam room in a home purchased by Danny T. Landers, Sr. (Landers) from Ulvestad.

¶ 3 On September 10, 2009, Ulvestad entered into a bankless financing agreement, commonly known as an installment land contract, with Landers to sell real property located in Jefferson County. The property included a single-family home with a steam room. The contract provided Landers with immediate possession of the property, but record title would remain in Ulvestad's name until Landers paid the entire purchase price. Under the contract, Ulvestad executed a warranty deed in favor of Landers that would be held in escrow until the final payment was made. The contract required Landers to get approval from Ulvestad before making major alterations to the property; required Ulvestad to maintain an insurance policy on the property; and provided that Ulvestad's prior mortgage on the property remained in place.

¶ 4 The next day, Landers asked fifteen-year-old Lucero and her mother to help him move into the house. Landers gave Lucero permission to use the steam room. On the morning of September 12, 2009, Lucero entered the steam room unsupervised and suffered a seizure rendering her unconscious. Before she was found, Lucero suffered severe burns to her face, head, and arm.

¶ 5 Lucero sued Landers under the CPLA and for negligence. Landers failed to respond and the trial court entered a default judgment against him. Lucero then amended her complaint to add Ulvestad and assert the same claims against him. Ulvestad answered and denied any liability to Lucero.

¶ 6 Prior to trial, Ulvestad filed a motion for summary judgment arguing he did not owe Lucero a duty of care and that he was not a landowner as defined by the CPLA. The trial court disagreed, concluding that there existed a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Ulvestad was "a person in possession of real property" and, therefore, a "landowner" under the CPLA. The court also concluded that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether Ulvestad was a landowner because "Lucero was injured on Property to which ... Ulvestad was the record title holder, by a condition on the Property that he had installed." However, the court agreed that Ulvestad owed Lucero no common law duty of care and dismissed her negligence claim. Lucero does not appeal this ruling.

¶ 7 A jury trial was held on the CPLA claim and for a determination of Lucero's damages. At the close of Lucero's case, Ulvestad moved for a directed verdict, again arguing he was not a landowner under the CPLA. The court denied the motion but later determined that as to Ulvestad, Lucero was a trespasser as defined by the CPLA because she had not received his permission to use the steam room. See § 13-21-115(4) ("In any action to which this section applies, the judge shall determine whether the plaintiff is a trespasser, a licensee, or an invitee."). Accordingly, the court instructed the jury that Ulvestad had to have acted "willfully or deliberately" in causing Lucero's injuries to find in favor of Lucero. See § 13-21-115(3)(a) ("A trespasser may recover only for damages willfully or deliberately caused by the landowner."). The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ulvestad and against Lucero.

II. The Act

¶ 8 Lucero appeals the court's determination that she was a trespasser on the property at the time she was injured. We conclude that because Ulvestad was not a landowner under the CPLA, the trial court should have granted Ulvestad's motion for directed verdict. Therefore, Lucero was not harmed by the trespasser determination and we affirm the judgment against Lucero. See Blood v. Qwest Servs. Corp., 224 P.3d 301, 329 (Colo. App.2009) ("[W]e can affirm on any ground supported by the record."); cf. C.R.C.P. 61 ("The court at every stage of the proceeding must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.").1

A. History

¶ 9 Until 1971, a landowner's duty of care was determined based on the common law classification of the injured party as a trespasser, licensee, or invitee. Vigil v. Franklin, 103 P.3d 322, 325-26 (Colo.2004). In Mile High Fence Co. v. Radovich, 175 Colo. 537, 489 P.2d 308 (1971), the supreme court overruled these common law principles because it perceived that they had occasioned harsh rulings as a matter of law against plaintiffs. Pierson v. Black Canyon Aggregates, Inc., 48 P.3d 1215, 1218 (Colo.2002). The court instead applied general negligence law, and considered in its analysis the status of the plaintiff's entry onto the land. Id.

¶ 10 The General Assembly enacted the CPLA in 1986, reinstating the requirement to determine the status of an injured party as an invitee, licensee, or trespasser to determine a landowner's duty. See Vigil, 103 P.3d at 326. When the supreme court held that statute unconstitutional, see Gallegos v. Phipps, 779 P.2d 856, 862-63 (Colo. 1989), the General Assembly amended it to address the court's equal protection concerns, but retained the status classifications. Vigil, 103 P.3d at 326. The CPLA specifically notes that

§ 13-21-115(1.5)(e), C.R.S.2014; see Lakeview Assocs., Ltd. v. Maes, 907 P.2d 580, 583 (Colo.1995).

¶ 11 Thus, "[t]he overriding purpose of the premises liability statute is to clarify and to narrow private landowners' liability to persons entering their land, based upon" the entrant's status as defined in the statute. Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219; see Wycoff v. Grace Cmty. Church of Assemblies of God, 251 P.3d 1260, 1266 (Colo.App.2010) (premises liability act intended to "protect landowners").

¶ 12 Further, the General Assembly indicated its intent to completely occupy the field and supersede the existing law in the area, such that the CPLA "leaves no room for application of common law tort duties." Vigil, 103 P.3d at 328 ("[T]he plain language preempts prior common law theories of liability, and establishes the statute as the sole codification of landowner duties in tort.").

B. Who is a Landowner Under the CPLA

¶ 13 "For the purposes of this section, `landowner' includes, without limitation, an authorized agent or a person in possession of real property and a person legally responsible for the condition of real property or for the activities conducted or circumstances existing on real property." § 13-21-115(1). "Thus, the [C]PLA focuses on duties owed by a landowner in his or her legal capacity as a landowner; that is, someone who is legally responsible for the condition of the property, or for the activities conducted or circumstances existing on the property." Jordan v. Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Ctr., P.C., 2015 CO 24, ¶ 19, 346 P.3d 1035 (Jordan II).

¶ 14 "With respect to the first statutory definition, [the supreme court] held in Pierson that a person `in possession of land is one who occupies the land with intent to control it, although not necessarily to the exclusion of all others." Id. at ¶ 23. "Logically, a person `in possession of real property is presumed to be responsible for the conditions, activities, or circumstances on that property." Id. "However, through the second statutory definition, the General Assembly also conferred landowner status [up]on persons who are otherwise legally responsible for the conditions, activities, or circumstances on the property — even though such persons are not in possession of the property." Id. (emphasis added). This definition "places prospective liability with those who are legally responsible for the conditions, activities, or circumstances on the property." Id. A party's legal responsibility for the condition of a property may be determined by contract. See id. at ¶¶ 34-37 (tenant was not legally responsible for the condition of the sidewalk where the plaintiff fell because the lease between tenant and landlord assigned responsibility for ordinary maintenance and upkeep of the common areas to the landlord).

¶ 15 As a result, "the statutory definition of `landowner' does not automatically make the holder of the title to the property a `landowner' for purposes of determining premises liability under the statute." Perez v. Grovert, 962 P.2d 996, 999 (Colo.App.1998); cf. Nordin v. Madden, 148 P.3d 218, 220 (Colo.App.2006) (discussing when a landlord retains enough control over the premises to be considered a landowner under the CPLA).

C. Installment Land Contracts and the CPLA

¶ 16 "Installment land contracts were common instruments of financing at one time." Sleeping Indian Ranch, Inc. v. West Ridge Grp., LLC, 119 P.3d 1062, 1068 (Colo.2005). "Thinking of an installment land contract as a secured financing arrangement makes the analysis clearer. The sellers held the title in escrow pending fulfillment of contract terms." Id. "The purchaser assumed possession of the realty and the rights and responsibilities of ownership while the seller retained the legal title until the contract was paid in full." Id. (citing § 38-35-126, C.R.S. 2004) (emphasis added); 17 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 50:42, at 417 (4th ed. 2000 & Supp.2004); see Rustic Hills Shopping Plaza, Inc. v. Columbia Savings & Loan Ass'n, 661 P.2d 254, 256 (Colo.1983) ("In the case of an installment land contract, both possession and equitable title are in the purchaser, with the seller retaining bare legal title."); cf. Wiley v. Lininger, 119 Colo. 497, 502, 204 P.2d 1083, 1086 (1949) ("[T]he vendee under a contract for the sale of land, being regarded as the equitable owner, assumes the risk of destruction of or injury to the property where he is in possession.").

¶ 17 "Most jurisdictions abide by the principle that upon contracting for the purchase and sale of land, the vendee is the owner in equity of the land, and the seller merely holds legal title as security for the payment of the purchase price." Sleeping Indian Ranch, 119 P.3d at 1068. "Consequently, under the installment land contract, the vendor's interest is classified as `personalty,' that is, he retains no interest in the real property." Id. at 1068-69. "[T]he vendee's interest under the contract is considered realty so that the vendee is entitled to all benefits attaching to the property, and unless the contract indicates otherwise, he assumes all responsibilities or losses as well." Id. at 1069.

¶ 18 No Colorado case has addressed the intersection of an installment land contract and landowner liability under the CPLA. However, many states that have considered the liability of a seller under an installment land contract to a plaintiff injured on the property after sale have concluded that no liability exists. See, e.g., Anderson v. Cosmopolitan Nat'l Bank of Chicago, 54 Ill.2d 504, 301 N.E.2d 296, 298-99 (1973) (rights retained by vendors of real property under installment contract did not warrant treating vendors as owners in determining liability for injuries resulting from defective condition of property); Jackson v. Scheible, 902 N.E.2d 807, 810 (Ind.2009) ("Generally, a vendor in a land-sale contract will have no liability... because the vendor no longer occupies or controls the condition of the property even if the vendor retains legal title as security."); Graham v. Claypool, 26 Kan.App.2d 94, 978 P.2d 298, 299 (1999) ("The seller of real estate under an executory contract for deed is not liable for torts occurring on the conveyed property unless the seller fails to inform the buyer of known dangerous situations that the buyer could not discover or the seller actively conceals."); Edwards v. Van Skiver, 256 A.D.2d 957, 681 N.Y.S.2d 893, 894-95 (1998) (vendor did not retain sufficient possession and control of property to be subject to liability for tenant's injuries); accord Conneely v. Herzog, 33 A.D.3d 1065, 822 N.Y.S.2d 662, 663 (2006); Welz v. Wong, 413 Pa.Super. 299, 605 A.2d 368, 372 (1992) (a landowner who sells land through a land sale contract and who retains title pending performance of the contract should be treated the same for liability purposes as a vendor who sells the land and delivers a deed); Steiner v. Wis. Am. Mut. Ins. Co., 281 Wis.2d 395, 697 N.W.2d 452, 466 (2005) (installment land contract vendee retained equitable title to property on the date of alleged injury so that its insurer was possibly liable for the plaintiff's injuries); McCarty v. Covelli, 182 Wis.2d 342, 514 N.W.2d 45, 46 (App. 1994) (vendor of property was not liable to tenant of vendee who was in possession at the time the property was transferred; vendee had the right to possession and, therefore, vendor was no longer subject to liability for physical harm caused to vendee or others while upon the land); Dubray v. Howshar, 884 P.2d 23, 26 (Wyo.1994) (vendor of bar under installment land contract who still had liquor license in his name and whose contract included a warranty deed being held in escrow was not a landowner for the purposes of premises liability because he was not in possession of the bar and did not hold title to the bar because title had been placed with the escrow agent); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 352 (1965) ("[A] vendor of land is not subject to liability for physical harm caused to his vendee or others while upon the land after the vendee has taken possession by any dangerous condition, whether natural or artificial, which existed at the time that the vendee took possession."); but see Winningham v. N. Am. Res. Corp., 809 F.Supp. 546, 553-55 (S.D.Ohio 1992) (title holder under installment land contract retained a significant degree of control over property, making it possibly liable to injured party).

¶ 19 The rationale of the Supreme Court of Illinois is instructive:

Anderson, 301 N.E.2d at 298-99; accord Welz, 605 A.2d at 370-71; Dubray, 884 P.2d at 26; see Jackson, 902 N.E.2d at 810; Graham, 978 P.2d at 300; McCarty, 514 N.W.2d at 46. We consider these decisions to be well reasoned and apply them here.

¶ 20 With this precedent in mind, we turn to the status of Ulvestad, as title owner of the property subject to an installment land contract, and the question of whether he is a "landowner" under the CPLA.2

D. Standard of Review

¶ 21 "[I]n reviewing a district court's determination that a party is a landowner under the Act, an appellate court should review the court's findings of historical fact for clear error, deciding only whether there is any evidence in the record to support those findings." Jordan v. Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Ctr., PC, 2013 COA 87, ¶ 13, 350 P.3d 863, aff'd, 2015 CO 24, 346 P.3d 1035. "An appellate court should review the district court's ultimate legal conclusion that a party is a landowner de novo." Id.

E. Ulvestad is Not a Landowner Under the CPLA

¶ 22 The recital clause of the "contract under bankless financing program," which transferred possession of the property from Ulvestad to Landers, states "The Contract Under Bankless Financing Program shall be generally referred to as the Installment Land Contract (ILC)." The contract states in pertinent part:

The contract also allows for simplified eviction procedures if Landers failed to make payments under the contract. An addendum to the contract states in part:

¶ 23 When Landers and Ulvestad executed the contract, they also signed a written notice of transfer by land contract, which was filed with the county recorder. Under the contract, Ulvestad continued to carry insurance on the property and added Landers as an additional insured to the policy.

¶ 24 Based on the plain language of this contract, we conclude that Ulvestad, on the date possession of the property was transferred to Landers, was no longer a person "in possession of real property" or "legally responsible for the condition of real property" making him a landowner under the CPLA. See Jordan II, ¶ 35 (applying plain language of lease to determine landowner status under CPLA).

¶ 25 First, once Landers took possession of the property after signing the installment land contract, Ulvestad was no longer "a person in possession of real property" because he was no longer "in occupation of the land with intent to control it." Id. at ¶ 28 ("[A] person `in possession of land is one who is `in occupation of the land with intent to control it.'" (quoting Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219-20)). Indeed, it is undisputed that Landers received exclusive possession of the property on September 10, 2009.

¶ 26 Second, the terms of the installment land contract gave all responsibility for the conditions, activities, or circumstances on the property to Landers. Landers was responsible for keeping the property "in good repair" and the contract did not reserve any responsibility for the condition of the premises to Ulvestad. While the contract required that Landers receive permission prior to making improvements on the property, this restriction reflects that the property was security for the contract and that Landers was required to seek permission for major changes to protect Ulvestad's security interest. See Jackson, 902 N.E.2d at 811; see also Anderson, 301 N.E.2d at 298-99. And Ulvestad's maintaining insurance on the property is consistent with his desire to protect his financial investment and does not establish legal responsibility with respect to the condition of the property. See Jackson, 902 N.E.2d at 811; Welz, 605 A.2d at 372 ("In this scenario, the seller is filling the shoes of both seller and mortgagee. After the contract is signed the rights retained are essentially those possessed by a mortgagee. Notably, the scope of liability urged by appellant here is not recognized as to a mortgagee, either."). Ulvestad retained the legal title only as a device to protect his interest in the event that Landers defaulted on the contract.

¶ 27 Our analysis is not changed by the fact that sometime after Lucero's accident, Landers failed to make payments on the contract and Ulvestad retook possession of the property. Ulvestad's action in regaining possession does not suggest that he was legally responsible for the condition of the property at the time of the accident.

¶ 28 The plain language of the installment land contract used between Ulvestad and Landers did not reserve possession or legal responsibility for the property in Ulvestad. In sum, Ulvestad was not a landowner under the CPLA.

III. Conclusion

¶ 29 Despite being record title holder of the property, because Ulvestad was not in possession of the property when Lucero was injured and was not otherwise legally responsible for the conditions, activities, or circumstances on the property under the installment land contract, he was not a "landowner" as defined by the CPLA in section 13-21-115(1). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment in favor of Ulvestad and against Lucero on her CPLA claim.

¶ 30 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE WEBB and JUDGE TERRY concur.