MEMORANDUM OPINION

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor.

As a bench judge in a court of equity, much of what I do involves problems of, in a general sense, agency: insuring that those acting for the benefit of others perform with fidelity, rather than doing what comes naturally to men and women— pursuing their own interests, sometimes in ways that conflict with the interests of their principals. In this task, I am generally aided by advocates in an adversarial system, each representing the interest of his client. Of course, these counsel are themselves agents, but their actions are generally aligned with that of their principals in a way that does not require Court involvement. The area of class litigation involving the actions of fiduciaries stands apart from this general rule, however, especially in litigation like the instant case, involving the termination of ownership rights of corporate stockholders via merger. Such cases are particularly fraught with questions of agency: among others, the basic questions regarding the behavior of the fiduciaries that are the subject of the litigation; questions of meta-agency involving the adequacy of the actions of the class representative—the plaintiff—on behalf of the class; and what might be termed meta-meta-agency questions involving the motivations of counsel for the class representative in prosecuting the litigation. At each remove, there may be interests of the agent that diverge from that of the principals. This matter, involving the deceptively straightforward review of a proposed settlement, bears a full load of such freight.

This matter is before me to approve a settlement on behalf of a class consisting of the common stockholders (the "Class")1 of Riverbed Technology, Inc. ("Riverbed" or the "Company"). The litigation arises from a transaction in which Thoma Bravo, LLC ("Thoma Bravo") and Teachers' Private Capital, an affiliate of Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, acquired all outstanding shares of Riverbed at a price of $21 per share, cash, valuing the Company at approximately $3.6 billion (the "Merger"). The Plaintiffs initially sought to enjoin the Merger, alleging that the sales process undervalued the Company and was tainted by conflicts of interest.2 The Plaintiffs also raised a number of disclosure claims, some of which were mooted by the definitive proxy (the "Mooted Disclosures"). Shortly after the filing of the definitive proxy, I granted expedition on the claims regarding disclosure of potential conflicts of interest held by Goldman Sachs, one of the financial advisors. Approximately ten days later, the parties executed a Memorandum of Understanding, and ultimately entered into the Stipulation and Agreement of Compromise, Settlement and Release (the "Settlement") pursuant to which the Company made supplemental disclosures in an SEC filing prior to the stockholder vote (the "Supplemental Disclosures").

A. Class Certification

I first address the certification of the Class. This is a stockholder action that alleges breaches of fiduciary duties, raising identical issues with respect to each member of the very numerous Class. For the reasons set out in multiple decisions of this Court, this Class and its representation by experienced Plaintiffs' counsel meets the requirements of Rule 23(a).3 This action also satisfies Rule 23(b)(1)-(2); this Court has recognized that actions challenging the exercise of fiduciary duties in corporate transactions are properly certifiable under Rule 23(b)(1), and Rule 23(b)(2) is satisfied because the Plaintiffs seek final relief with respect to the Class as a whole.4 The only remaining question regarding certification of the Class representatives involves whether the representatives and their counsel had adequate incentives to pursue faithfully the interests of the Class, which is subsumed in the analysis of the Settlement, discussed below.

B. Objectors' Standing

Before turning to the substantive analysis of the agency considerations at issue, both in the class action context generally and in the specific Settlement here, I note that no stockholder owning stock on or before the date the Merger was announced made a timely objection.5 However, one objector, Sean J. Griffith (the "Objector"), a law school professor who has written academically on the agency problem addressed here,6 bought stock in the Company for the specific purpose of making an objection. He filed a brief opposing the Settlement and was represented by counsel at the settlement hearing.

The Plaintiffs urge me to find that a party taking exception to a potential settlement must be a stockholder before the underlying transaction is announced. This argument is made despite the fact that Mr. Griffith is clearly a member of the Class who will be affected by the Settlement, and that it is the Settlement itself that is the "transaction" he seeks to challenge. The Plaintiffs opine that if objectors in Mr. Griffith's position are permitted to be heard, "professional" objectors with nefarious strike-suit motives will pop up like mushrooms after a two-day rain. This Court has tools, however, including application of the doctrine of unclean hands, to deal with that problem, should it occur. At any rate, given that Mr. Griffith is a member of the Class and thus interested in the Settlement, I find that he is entitled to oppose the Settlement.

B. Consideration of the Proposed Settlement

In light of the agency problems inherent in representative litigation, mentioned above and discussed in more detail below, it falls to this Court to determine whether a proposed class action settlement is fair to the Class. This Court and our Supreme Court have recognized that the evaluation of fairness involves consideration of the "balance [of] the value of all the claims being compromised against the value of the benefit to be conferred on the Class by the settlement."7 But, more broadly, "[t]he Court of Chancery plays a special role when asked to approve the settlement of a class or derivative action. It must balance the policy preference for settlement against the need to insure that the interests of the class have been fairly represented."8 This does not require the settlement to be the best possible outcome for the Class conceivable by the Court. It does require the Court to ensure that divided loyalties have not influenced the actions of the Class representative and counsel, and that the settlement reached is reasonable in light of the facts alleged and the record developed, and in light of the proposed release of claims.

1. The Agency Problems

a. The Interests of the Class Representative and Counsel

Settlements in class actions present a well-known agency problem: A plaintiff's attorney may favor a quick settlement where the additional effort required to fully develop valuable claims on behalf of the class may not generate an additional fee as lucrative to the plaintiff's attorney as accepting a quick and moderate fee, then pursuing other interests. The interest of the principal—the individual plaintiff/stockholder—is often so small that it serves as scant check on the perverse incentive described above, notwithstanding that the aggregate interest of the class in pursuing litigation may be great—the very problem that makes class litigation appropriate in the first instance.

This agency problem is, in part, ameliorated—but not entirely eliminated— by requiring counsel for both sides to refrain from negotiating fees until a settlement of the underlying matter is reached. I am assured that this hygienic procedure was followed scrupulously here. Nonetheless, the agency problem remains, as both sides are necessarily aware that the common benefit doctrine will permit the plaintiffs to seek an award of fees.

Nothing in this discussion should be read as a criticism of plaintiffs' counsel in class actions, either collectively or with reference to the individuals here. In fact, the proper functioning of our system of common-law review of corporate actions could not occur absent an active plaintiffs' bar, and much conduct by corporate fiduciaries inimical to the interests of the stockholders—the core agency problem—would never see the light of day if not for the efforts of counsel and the risks they take in the prosecution of cases for a contingency fee, on behalf of the stockholders.9 It has also been my experience that counsel appearing on behalf of a class take their professional responsibilities to that class seriously. Nonetheless, in reviewing settlements, the incentives that operate on the representatives and their counsel bear examination.

b. The Incentives of the Defendants

The adversarial system provides little comfort that mal-alignments between the interests of the class and its counsel resulting from perverse incentives will be revealed and addressed, because the defendants' interest is largely subsumed within that of the successor entities' interest, which is commonly in the consummation of the deal and the termination of any further litigation threat. Where the defendants' interest may be captured via a broad release, inexpensive disclosures and a modest—in light of the value of the merger—fee award, there is little incentive for the defendants to engage in further litigation even if the claims are weak; and every reason to go forward to obtain via settlement what one member of this Court has termed "deal insurance," the broadest release possible.10

In combination, the incentives of the litigants may be inimical to the class: the individual plaintiff may have little actual stake in the outcome, her counsel may rationally believe a quick settlement and modest fee is in his best financial interest, and the defendants may be happy to "purchase," at the bargain price of disclosures of marginal benefit to the class and payment of the plaintiffs' attorney fees, a broad release from liability.

c. The Lack of an Adversary

It is the agency problem just described (among other factors) that, despite this Court's general encouragement of settlement rather than litigation, mandates scrutiny of settlements by this Court in class actions.11 In a case involving individual litigants as opposed to a class action, of course, it is the plaintiffs who must scrutinize the claims being given up, the value of the settlement, and, in the case of a broad release, the potential value of unknown claims being surrendered in connection with the settlement. In the class action arena, it falls to the Court to consider the fairness of that exchange.12

The interests of the individual litigants and their counsel may not be fully aligned with the class, as I have described. Moreover, members of the class, who are the potential losers if the settlement is improvidently approved, may, like the class representative, have but a small stake in the outcome; they may not have sufficient incentive to make appearance and objection worthwhile.13 This typically leaves the judge to attempt to address the practical equitable factors involved, without the valuable assistance of true adversarial presentations. In this particular case, however, I had the benefit of such a presentation. I now turn to the equities of the settlement proposed.

d. Considerations in this Matter

This case, like many stockholder actions settled in this Court, was resolved by the Defendants agreeing to make additional disclosures to the stockholders, which in theory enable the plaintiff Class to exercise its franchise in a better-informed manner. While such disclosures are in some instances material to the class members in exercising their voting franchise, and are thus valuable,14 in other cases their value is dubious. In return, the Plaintiffs agreed to forgo the substantive process claims alleged in the complaint and to release all claims arising from the merger. The concern of this Court must be the agency problem described above, in light of the Defendants' interest in making a few low-cost disclosures and consenting to a modest fee request in return for release of what might be valuable claims both under fiduciary common law and Federal statutory law. That is the setting under which my analysis must occur.

3. Fairness of this Settlement

The Plaintiffs and the Defendants agree that settlement is appropriate here. The Plaintiffs first point to the Supplemental Disclosures it obtained for the Class.15 The definitive proxy disclosed only that one of the financial advisors, Goldman Sachs, had at least a prior business relationship with the purchasers; the Supplemental Disclosures explicitly showed that Goldman had present engagements with the purchasers and their affiliates. Moreover, the Supplemental Disclosures informed the stockholders, for the first time, of the substantial nature of Goldman's relationship with these entities. Specifically, Goldman had received approximately $25 million in fees from one of the purchasers (or its affiliates)16 within the two years leading up to the Merger here; by contrast, Goldman received approximately $30 million for its services in the Merger.17 The Supplemental Disclosures also included several less substantive disclosures, such as the (conservative) tax rates used by the financial advisors in their fairness opinions. Those are less substantial, in my view, as they merely disclose facts making the transaction more attractive to the Class.18

While the disclosures involving Goldman are negative disclosures of the type this Court has in the past found of value to the Class, I note that, of the shares voting, 99.48% voted in favor of the Merger despite the disclosures. This demonstrates to me, even without resort to the academic literature that questions the value of disclosures to the Class, that the disclosure here was not of great importance. To use the expression first made in this context by Chancellor Allen, the Plaintiffs have achieved for the Class a peppercorn,19 a positive result of small therapeutic value to the Class which can support, in my view, a settlement, but only where what is given up is of minimal value.

The Plaintiffs, through counsel at oral argument and in the briefing, argue strenuously that although the fiduciary duty claims in the complaint were robust, their expert informed the Plaintiffs that he could not opine that the Merger price was unfair to the Class. In light of that representation, therefore, while viable (according to the Plaintiffs) fiduciary duty claims are being released, they are not claims that could have resulted, if pursued, in a benefit to the Class. Further, Plaintiffs' counsel testified that he is expert in the area of Federal securities litigation, that he examined the record with an eye toward potential Federal claims, and that none appeared viable. In light of that, according to the Plaintiffs, the "give" from the Class in connection with the Settlement is basically nil.

The Objector made two arguments against acceptance of the Settlement. First, he argued that the Supplemental Disclosures are essentially valueless. I have already found, however, that the Supplemental Disclosures had tangible, although minor, value to the Class. At oral argument, the Objector pursued a second course: arguing that there may be valuable unknown claims extinguished by the release and that the lack of a full record should cause me to reject the Settlement, leaving the parties to pursue further litigation or attempt to reach a settlement with a much narrower release. This, in light of the rather meager benefit achieved by the Settlement for the Class, as well as the broad release bargained for, is a serious objection. In another factual scenario it might well carry the day. However, under the specific facts here, I find the Settlement appropriate, in light of the following.

I note first that, given the past practice of this Court in examining settlements of this type, the parties in good faith negotiated a remedy—additional disclosures—that has been consummated, with the reasonable expectation that the very broad, but hardly unprecedented, release20 negotiated in return would be approved by this Court. I note that this factor, while it bears some equitable weight here, will be diminished or eliminated going forward in light of this Memorandum Opinion and other decisions of this Court.21 I also note that this is a case in which Plaintiffs' counsel carefully considered Federal claims and found them not viable. Importantly, any potential fiduciary duty damages claims—the claims that the Objector strongly urges should be investigated before a general release is entered—would face the same shortcoming which dooms the claims specifically raised in the Amended Complaint: the lack of an expert opinion that the Merger was at an unfair price.22 Finally, I note that the Objector has no interest in taking over the litigation, and that no other member of the Class has filed a timely objection, let alone sought to pursue further fiduciary claims.

In light of the unique circumstances described above, if I may describe what has been achieved for the Class as a peppercorn, what has been released looks more like a mustard seed. That fact notwithstanding, the breadth of the release is troubling. It is hubristic to believe that upon this record I can properly evaluate, and dismiss as insubstantial, all potential Federal and State claims. If it were not for the reasonable reliance of the parties on formerly settled practice in this Court, which I have found above, the interests of the Class might merit rejection of a settlement encompassing a release that goes far beyond the claims asserted and the results achieved. However, in the specific circumstances presented, I find the Settlement fair to the Class, and approve it.

D. Attorney's Fees

Finally I turn to attorney's fees. This Court follows the American Rule on fees, under which each party bears its own. Exceptions exist, however, and to the extent that the Plaintiffs have achieved a benefit, via prosecution of litigation meritorious when filed, shared by the owners of the company—the class of common stockholders23—the Plaintiffs are entitled to share the reasonable costs of the litigation with the Class.24 Here, the Plaintiffs seek, and Defendants do not oppose, a fee of $500,000. I have already found that a tangible, if minor, Class benefit was achieved by way of one of the Supplemental Disclosures. It is clear that this result was entirely caused by this litigation, as recited in the Stipulation and Agreement of Compromise, Settlement and Release. However, that result is too modest a benefit to justify the fee sought here.

The Plaintiffs also contend that the Mooted Disclosures, that is, those disclosures in the definitive proxy that were made after the seven individual complaints alleged deficiencies in the preliminary proxy, should be considered in my award of attorney's fees. The most significant of the Mooted Disclosures included inputs to the free cash flow projections for 2014-2019 derived by management and relied upon by the financial advisors; management's capital expenditure projections for 2014-2019; and the financial advisors' treatment of stock-based compensation in their fairness opinions. To the extent those disclosures were of value to the Class, they can support a fee award, but only if the litigation itself was both meritorious when filed25 and the cause of the disclosures.

Under Delaware law, a presumption of causation arises by chronology; that is, where claims against a defendant are mooted while litigation is pending, the actions mooting the claims are presumed to have resulted from the litigation.26 This presumption makes good sense, since the defendant taking the action is in the best position to know—and thus demonstrate—its own motivation for acting as it did. I question whether such a presumption should obtain in the situation presented here, however. Here, the disclosures were made in the definitive proxy. It is true that the initial complaints in this case were commenced before the definitive proxy was filed, mooting some claims. It is also true that these cases were pending even before the preliminary proxy was filed, and necessarily contained much in the way of boilerplate of the type ubiquitously pled in connection with public-company mergers; and that the information disclosed in the definitive (but not the preliminary) proxy was of the kind that prudent fiduciaries typically disclose. The Defendants have chosen not to contest causation here, however, and it would be unwise to depart from the general rule absent the aid of an adversarial presentation. I assume, therefore, that the Mooted Disclosures were the result of this litigation. In light of the sequence of events, involving little in the way of litigation, the Mooted Disclosures equitably may sustain but a modest award, however.

I evaluate the Plaintiffs' fee request—$500,000—under the well-known Sugarland factors.27 I have considered each of those, but the following adumbration addresses mainly the most important: the benefit conferred.28 It is, necessarily, a matter of judicial discretion to evaluate a therapeutic, non-monetary benefit of the type conferred here, the effort required to achieve the benefit, and the appropriate fee in light of those considerations. The judge making such an evaluation must be mindful that he serves as a simulacrum for a market, and that his decision will incentivize the amount and quality of litigation that will follow in similar cases;29 that he must therefore compensate without providing an unsavory windfall; that consistency in awards by this Court is of value, and, again, that expectations reasonably based upon prior Court practice are entitled to equitable consideration.30

Here, the benefit achieved via the Supplemental Disclosures (involving banker conflicts) was minor but tangible. While the litigation settled before trial, it was not insubstantial, and clearly produced the benefits discussed. A brief overview of the progress of the litigation follows.

The Merger was announced on December 15, 2014 and the preliminary proxy was filed on January 7, 2015. On January 20, the definitive proxy was filed. Following competing motions and argument, lead counsel was appointed on January 27. On February 5, the Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Expedite; that Motion designated the January 15 Amended Complaint as its operative complaint—that is, a complaint filed before the definitive proxy. I heard argument on the Motion to Expedite on February 13, at which time the Defendants made clear that the majority of the disclosure claims alleged in the Amended Complaint and argued in the opening brief in support of the Motion to Expedite were moot because they were disclosed in the definitive proxy. I reserved my decision to consider closely the few remaining non-mooted claims, and decided on February 16 to allow narrow expedited discovery on the nature of alleged conflicts of interest held by Goldman, and the related question of why a second financial advisor was hired and whether that was related to potential conflicts of interest on the part of Goldman. The parties engaged in discovery, including two depositions, as well as document requests which included bank books and Board minutes. On February 26, the parties reached an agreement in principle and the Company filed an 8-K with the Supplemental Disclosures.

This action was brought on a contingency basis, and according to the Plaintiffs the $500,000 requested would represent an implied hourly rate of $712.95 through the execution of the memorandum of understanding. It is my task to set a fee that adequately incentivizes litigation of benefit to a stockholder class, appropriate in light of the benefit achieved and the other Sugarland considerations, and consistent, to the extent possible, with awards in cases presenting similar circumstances. In consideration of the modest benefit conferred, albeit after considerable effort, I find that the Supplemental Disclosures merit a fee of $200,000. The Mooted Disclosures, in light of the value to the Class and the minimal effort involved, support a fee of $100,000. Together with costs, I find an aggregate award of $329,881.61 appropriate. A review of the remaining Sugarland factors does not convince me to depart from this determination.

D. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, I approve the Settlement and grant the fee request in the amount above. An appropriate Order has been entered separately.