ORDER AFFIRMING AND ADOPTING RECOMMENDATIONS OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

WILEY Y. DANIEL, SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

THIS MATTER is before the Court on the Motion for Entry of Default Judgment against Defendant Christopher Ling (ECF No. 21), filed November 25, 2014. This motion was referred to Magistrate Judge Hegarty, who issued a Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge (ECF No. 23), filed December 31, 2014, and is incorporated herein by reference. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b); D.C.COLO.LCivR. 72.1.

Magistrate Judge Hegarty recommended therein that Plaintiff's Motion for Entry of Default Judgment be granted in part and denied in part. (ECF No. 23 at 1, 15.) He notes that Ling did not answer or respond to the Amended Complaint before the deadline, and that an entry of Default was issued on September 25, 2014. (Id. at 7.) He further notes that Ling did not respond to the motion for default judgment. (Id.)

It is then recommended that default judgment be entered in Plaintiff's favor against Ling pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(b)(2). (Id. at 8-9.) In support of this, Magistrate Judge Hegarty finds that the Court has jurisdiction and that "taking its allegations as true, the Plaintiff has established violations of its copyrights by Defendant Christopher Ling, in that a computer at Christopher Ling's residence participated in an illegal download of twelve (12) of Plaintiff's copyrighted works." (ECF No. 23 at 9.) Thus, he "finds that Plaintiff has established Defendant Christopher Ling copied Plaintiff's copyright protected works" and "recommends that the District Court find Christopher Ling has committed twelve (12) direct infringements of the Copyright Act against Plaintiff." (Id. at 12-13.) As to damages, it is recommended that Ling be ordered to pay Plaintiff $2,250.00 per infringement ($27,000 in total for the 12 infringements) in statutory damages as authorized by 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1), and $1,627.00 for attorney's fees and costs as authorized by 17 U.S.C. § 505. (Id. at 13-14.)

Finally, Magistrate Judge Hegarty recommends that the Court grant in part and deny in part Plaintiff's request for injunctive relief. (Id. at 15.) Thus, it is recommended that Plaintiff's request for an order directing Ling to "destroy all copies of Plaintiff's works that Defendant has downloaded onto any computer hard drive or server without Plaintiff's authorization, and [ ] destroy all copies of the Works transferred onto any physical medium or device in Defendant's possession, custody or control" be granted. (Id. at 14-15.) On the other hand, Magistrate Judge Hegarty recommends that the Court deny Plaintiff's request for an order, if sought, enjoining Ling from "continuing" to infringe on Plaintiff's copyrighted works. (Id. at 16.)

Magistrate Judge Hegarty advised the parties that written objections were due within fourteen (14) days after service of a copy of the Recommendation. Despite this advisement, no objections were filed to the Magistrate Judge's Recommendation. No objections having been filed, I am vested with discretion to review the Recommendation "under any standard [I] deem[ ] appropriate." Summers v. Utah, 927 F.2d 1165, 1167 (10th Cir.1991); see also Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 150, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985) (stating that "[i]t does not appear that Congress intended to require district court review of a magistrate's factual or legal conclusions, under a de novo or any other standard, when neither party objects to those findings"). Nonetheless, though not required to do so, I review the Recommendation to "satisfy [my]self that there is no clear error on the face of the record."1 See FED. R. CIV. P. 72(b) Advisory Committee Notes.

Having reviewed the Recommendation (ECF No. 23), I am satisfied that there is no clear error on the face of the record. The Recommendation is well reasoned and persuasive. I agree that Plaintiff should be granted default judgment against Defendant Ling for direct infringement of Plaintiff's copyrighted works. I further agree with the Recommendation on damages and attorney's fees and costs. Finally, I agree that Plaintiff's request for injunctive relief should be granted in part and denied in part as set forth in the Recommendation. Accordingly, it is

ORDERED that Magistrate Judge Hegarty's Recommendation (ECF No. 23) is AFFIRMED and ADOPTED. In accordance therewith, it is

ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for Entry of Default Judgment against Defendant Christopher Ling (ECF No. 21) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART; namely, it is granted as to the request for a default judgment and for damages, and granted in part and denied in part as to the request for injunctive relief. Therefore, it is

ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall enter judgment in Plaintiff's favor against Defendant Ling for direct copyright infringement of Plaintiff's copyrighted works, as set forth in Count I of the Amended Complaint. It is

FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Ling shall to pay to Plaintiff the sum of $27,000.00 in statutory damages, as authorized by 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1), and $1,627.00 for attorney's fees and costs as authorized by 17 U.S.C. § 505. It is

FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant Ling shall permanently destroy all of the digital media files relating to, and copies of, Plaintiff's copyrighted works made or used by him in violation of Plaintiff's exclusive rights, as well as all masters in his possession, custody or control from which such copies may be reproduced. Finally, it is

ORDERED that Plaintiff's request, if sought, to permanently enjoin Defendant and all other persons who are in active concert or participation with Defendant from continuing to infringe Plaintiff's copyrighted works is DENIED.

RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Michael E. Hegarty, United States Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff has filed a Motion for Entry of Default Judgment against Defendant Christopher Ling [filed November 25, 2014; docket # 21]. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and D.C. Colo. LCivR 72.1(c), the motion was referred to me for a Report and Recommendation. The matter is briefed to the extent permitted by court rules and the prevailing law, and the Court finds oral argument will not assist in the adjudication of the motion. Based upon the record and for the reasons that follow, the Court recommends that the District Court grant in part and deny in part the motion as set forth herein.1

BACKGROUND

In this case, Plaintiffs allegations involve a complicated technical process used to download copyrighted works (here, motion pictures) through the BitTorrent program; therefore, this Court finds it necessary first to explain how BitTorrent works, then to note its findings of fact in this case.

I. BitTorrent Protocol

Several courts in this country have researched, defined and described the protocol in such a way that even technologically challenged individuals may understand the intricacies of the BitTorrent program. This Court finds particularly instructive and gratefully adopts the description provided by the Honorable Thomas L. Ludington, District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, in Patrick Collins, Inc. v. John Does 1-28, No. 12-13670, 2013 WL 359759 (E.D.Mich. Jan. 29, 2013), in which Judge Ludington first defines terms used with the protocol, then describes how Bit-Torrent operates. Id. at *1-*3. First, the vocabulary used in the technology:

Patrick Collins, Inc., 2013 WL 359759, at *1-2 (citations omitted). Judge Ludington proceeds to describe the protocol and how BitTorrent works:

Id. at *2-*3 (citations omitted).

II. Findings of Fact

1. Defendant Christopher Ling is an individual residing at 1320 Idalia Court, Apt. 202, Aurora, Colorado 80011. Ling was served with a summons and the Amended Complaint in this action on August 15, 2014. Affidavit of Service, docket # 15.

2. Plaintiffs investigator, IPP International UG ("IPP"), established a direct connection with IP address 50.155.196.145, which has been identified by the applicable Internet Service Provider (ISP) as belonging to Ling. Declaration of Tobias Feiser, April 23, 2014 ("Tobias Declaration"), docket # 7-4.

3. IPP downloaded from Ling one or more bits of each of the digital movie files identified by file hashes as follows:

   Hit Date UTC    File Hash                                    Title

   04/15/2014      0A9495760C51B2EA408ADC90C8A41AC17F67A425     Catching Up
   04/06/2014      BE8D1D6FC734C53D97F7/FDE5769D86B2DEO1DCF     Floating Emotions
   03/06/2014      B5B43E4DB872B1542BE930D603EE869ECBFOAE6D     Trophy Wife
   03/03/2014      1CE6993D842862C7A46C528C5D8BC3D82415BD76     It Is A Fine Line
   01/23/2014      5FFD111B645C6FBB09011561D4429404574D008C     Mile High Club
   01/23/2014      C0624BD9EEFC377EE4EDEB51362EC52876ACFA2B     Get Wild at Home
   12/06/2013      4CC36EB333221192823BE772CA0D3C7B2E0D873A     Ready for Love
   11/13/2013      56B890DBF45818C57D350DFCE7A9F33615B24F 6E    My Naughty Girl
   11/09/2013      F84E7BD9064DC07A14CFD0658A4F360003C656E1     Blindfold Me Part #2
   10/31/2013      AE17747810E6B5F659238133D57DC7A310B6FAF3     Threes Company
   10/19/2013      B83B2B451FFF165795F5E6EF18292168282C6359     Grow Up With Me
   08/05/2013      791A76AC8246E4E52C5C5556D36CDD30E2D85FFC     Finding Elysium

Tobias Declaration, docket # 7-4; see also Exhibit A to Amended Complaint, docket # 11-1.

4. Each of the cryptographic file hashes as set forth above correlates to copyrighted movies owned by Plaintiff as identified here:

  Title                   Registration Number   Date of First Publication   Registration Date

  Blindfold Me Part #2    PA0001867890          11/03/2013                  11/06/2013
  Catching Up             PENDING               04/13/2014                  04/15/2014
  Finding Elysium         PA0001814784          11/15/2012                  11/19/2012
  Floating Emotions       PA0001887126          04/05/2014                  04/07/2014
  Get Wild at Home        PA0001877470          01/22/2014                  01/31/2014
  Grow Up With Me         PA0001866185          10/17/2013                  10/19/2013
  It is A Fine Line       PA0001880437          02/1512014                  02/21./2014
  Mile High Club          PA0001877249          01/16/2014                  01/2612014
  My Naughty Girl         PA0001868094          10/2812013                  11/01/2013
  Ready for Love          PA0001872968          12/05/2013                  12/07/2013
  Threes Company          PA0001804939          08/17/2012                  08/21/2012
  Trophy Wife             PA0001883767          03/05/2014                  03/22/2014

Amended Complaint ¶ 20; see also Exhibit B to Amended Complaint, docket # 11-2.

5. IPP downloaded from Ling one or more bits of each of the digital movie files identified by the file hashes above, and further downloaded a full copy of each file hash from the BitTorrent file distribution network and confirmed through independent calculation that the file hash matched what is listed above. Tobias Declaration, ¶ 15, docket # 7-4.

6. IPP then verified that the digital media file correlating to each file hash listed above contained a copy of a movie which is identical (or alternatively, strikingly similar or substantially similar) to the movie associated with that file hash. Id. at ¶¶ 16, 21.

7. This process indicates that Ling downloaded Plaintiffs copyrighted works without authorization or payment. Amended Complaint, ¶ 19.

8. The most recent connection between IPP and Ling's IP address for each file hash listed above is included within the column labeled Hit Date UTC. UTC refers to Universal Time which is utilized for air traffic control as well as computer forensic purposes. Id., ¶ 22.

9. IPP also engaged in enhanced surveillance of other digital media files that had been distributed by Ling. Tobias Declaration, ¶ 17, docket # 7-4; Amended Complaint, ¶ 24.

10. Plaintiff seeks statutory damages for willful infringement and injunctive relief in this case. Amended Complaint, docket # 11 at 7.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff initiated this action on April 29, 2014. The case was originally drawn to Senior Judge Wiley Y. Daniel and to the undersigned as a result of a decision to have the numerous, related cases in this District assigned to a single District Judge and Magistrate Judge for efficiency purposes. On July 23, 2014, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint naming Christopher Ling as the sole Defendant in this case. Plaintiff served a summons and the Amended Complaint upon Defendant Ling on August 15, 2014; thus, Ling's answer or other response was due to be filed on or before September 5, 2014. Docket # 15. However, Ling filed no answer nor other response before the deadline. Plaintiff then filed a motion for entry of default, which was entered by the Clerk of the Court on September 25, 2014. Dockets # # 16, 18. Plaintiff filed the present motion seeking default judgment on November 25, 2014; although provided the opportunity to do so, Ling did not respond.

The Court is now fully advised and recommends as follows.

LEGAL STANDARDS

Fed.R.Civ.P. 55 governs motions for default judgment. Rule 55(b)(2) provides the authority for the District Court to enter default judgment. After an entry of default, a defendant cannot defend a claim on the merits. See Olcott v. Delaware Flood Co., 327 F.3d 1115, 1125 (10th Cir.2003) ("defendant, by his default, admits the plaintiffs well-pleaded allegations of fact") (quoting Jackson v. FIE Corp., 302 F.3d 515, 525 (5th Cir.2002) (finding that "[a] default judgment is unassailable on the merits.")); see also Adriana Int'l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d 1406, 1414 (9th Cir.1990) ("[A] default judgment generally precludes a trial of the facts except as to damages.").

Even after entry of default, however, it remains for the court to consider whether the unchallenged facts constitute a legitimate basis for the entry of a judgment. See McCabe v. Campos, No. 05-cv-00846-RPM, 2008 WL 576245, at *2 (D.Colo. Feb. 28, 2008) (unpublished) (citing Black v. Lane, 22 F.3d 1395, 1407 (7th Cir.1994)). In determining whether a claim for relief has been established, the well-pleaded facts of the complaint relating to liability are deemed true. Id. (citing Dundee Cement Co. v. Howard Pipe & Concrete Prods., Inc., 722 F.2d 1319, 1323 (7th Cir.1983)); see also Personal Indus. Loan Corp. v. Forgay, 240 F.2d 18, 20 (10th Cir.1957) ("By failing to appear and permitting a default judgment to be entered, [defendant] admitted only facts well pleaded"). In addition, the court accepts the undisputed facts set forth in any affidavits and exhibits. Deery American Corp. v. Artco Equip. Sales, Inc., No. 06cv-01684-EWN-CBS, 2007 WL 437762, at *3 (D.Colo. Feb. 6, 2007) (unpublished).

"[A] party is not entitled to a default judgment as of right; rather the entry of a default judgment is entrusted to the `sound judicial discretion' of the court." Cablevision of Southern Connecticut, Ltd. P'ship v. Smith, 141 F.Supp.2d 277, 281 (D.Conri.2001) (quoting Shah v. New York State Dep't of Civil Serv., 168 F.3d 610, 615 (2d Cir.1999)). A trial court is vested with broad discretion in deciding whether to enter a default judgment. Grandbouche v. Clancy, 825 F.2d 1463, 1468 (10th Cir.1987); see also Weft, Inc. v. G.C. Inv. Assocs., 630 F.Supp. 1138, 1143 (E.D.N.C.1986) (citing Nishimatsu Constr. Co. v. Houston Nat'l Bank, 515 F.2d 1200, 1206 (5th Cir.1975)) ("upon a default, a plaintiff is entitled to a determination of liability unless he has failed to state a legal basis for relief or it is clear from the face of the complaint that the allegations are not susceptible of proof').

ANALYSIS

Upon review of the record, the Court recommends finding that default judgment be entered in Plaintiff's favor against Defendant Christopher Ling pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 55(b)(2) as follows.

I. Jurisdiction and Liability

In determining whether entry of default judgment is warranted, the court must first consider personal and subject matter jurisdiction. See, e.g., Williams v. Life Say. & Loan, 802 F.2d 1200, 1203 (10th Cir.1986) (lack of subject matter jurisdiction constitutes good cause to set aside a default judgment); see also Dennis Garberg & Assoc. v. Pack-Tech Int'l Corp., 115 F.3d 767, 772 (10th Cir.1997) (district court erred in failing to determine personal jurisdiction issue before considering entry of default judgment). Here, the record reveals that Defendant Christopher Ling resides in Colorado and was served with process at his residence, 1320 Idalia Court, Apt. 202, Aurora, Colorado 80011. See docket # 15. As such, the Court has personal jurisdiction over Ling. In addition, this is a copyright infringement case, and the federal courts have original jurisdiction in such cases. See 28 U.S.C. § 1338. The Copyright Act creates a cause of action in favor of the owner of a copyright for direct infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 501.

Furthermore, taking its allegations as true, the Plaintiff has established violations of its copyrights by Ling, in that a computer at Ling's residence participated in an illegal download of twelve (12) of Plaintiffs copyrighted works. A plaintiff is entitled to a determination of liability unless it has failed to state a legal basis for relief or it is clear from the face of the complaint that the allegations are not susceptible of proof. Weft, Inc., 630 F.Supp. at 1143. Here, Plaintiff alleges the following claims, summarized by the Court as follows:

See Motion, docket # 21-1 at 4-7.

There are two elements to a copyright infringement claim: "(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original." La Resolana Architects, PA v. Reno, Inc., 555 F.3d 1171, 1177 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361, 111 S.Ct. 1282, 113 L.Ed.2d 358 (1991)). "The plaintiff bears the burden of proof on both elements." Id. (citing Palladium Music, Inc. v. EatSleepMusic, Inc., 398 F.3d 1193, 1196 (10th Cir.2005)).

Here, the Plaintiff alleges it owns the copyrights to each of the works (films) listed above, and provides the registration number, publication date and registration date for each such film. See supra; see also Exhibit B to Amended Complaint, docket # 11-2. The Court takes Plaintiffs well-pleaded allegations as true.

For the second element, Plaintiff must prove that Ling "unlawfully appropriated protected portions of the copyrighted work." La Resolana Architects, 555 F.3d at 1178 (quoting Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus., Ltd., 9 F.3d 823, 832 (10th Cir.1993)). "This requires proving both: (1) that [Defendant], as a factual matter, copied portions of [Plaintiffs] work; and (2) that those elements of the work that were copied were `protected expression and of such importance to the copied work that the appropriation is actionable.'" Id.; see also Jacobsen v. Deseret Book Co., 287 F.3d 936, 942 (10th Cir.2002).

"[A] plaintiff can indirectly prove copying (in a factual sense) `by establishing that a defendant had access to the copyrighted work and that there are probative similarities between the copyrighted material and the allegedly copied material.'" La Resolana Architects, 555 F.3d at 1178 (quoting Country Kids 'N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen, 77.F3d 1280, 1284 (10th Cir.1996)). "A plaintiff may meet the initial burden of establishing access `by showing that the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to view or [an] opportunity to copy the allegedly infringed work.'" Id. (quoting Autoskill Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys., Inc., 994 F.2d 1476, 1490 (10th Cir.1993), overruled on other grounds by TW Telecom Holdings Inc. v. Carolina Internet Ltd., 661 F.3d 495, 496 (10th Cir.2011)). "Thus, while a plaintiff is not required to demonstrate the defendant's actual access to the work, `evidence that only creates a bare possibility that the defendant had access is not sufficient.'" Id. (quoting Mag Jewelry Co. v. Cherokee, Inc., 496 F.3d 108, 117 (1st Cir. 2007)).

Once copying has been established, "liability for copyright infringement will attach only where protected elements of a copyrighted work are copied." Id. at 1180 (quoting Country Kids 'N City Slicks, Inc., 77 F.3d at 1284). "The plaintiff must prove that there is a "substantial similarity between those aspects of Plaintiff's [work] which are legally protectable and the Defendants' [work]." Id. Substantial similarity is measured by whether an "ordinary observer," who is not specifically looking for disparities, would tend to overlook any differences between the works. Id.

In this case, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that Ling copied its protected works by demonstrating, through verified testimony, that its investigator was able to download from Ling's IP address one or more bits of each of the digital movie files identified by file hashes, then downloaded a full copy of each file hash from the BitTorrent file distribution network (accessed by Ling) and confirmed through independent calculation that the file hash matched the Plaintiff's copyrighted works. Plaintiffs investigator then verified that the digital media file correlating to each file hash contained a copy of a movie which is identical, strikingly similar or substantially similar to the movie associated with that file hash. In fact, Plaintiffs investigator, Tobias Feiser, declares that he verified the similarity of the works by "view[ing] each movie side-by-side with the corresponding digital movie files identified by their file hash values." Tobias Declaration, ¶ 16, docket # 7-4. Taking these well-pled allegations as true, the Court finds that Plaintiff has established Defendant Ling copied Plaintiffs copyright protected works and recommends that the District Court find Ling has committed twelve (12) direct infringements of the Copyright Act against the Plaintiff.

II. Damages

Here, Plaintiff seeks statutory damages and costs for the twelve (12) alleged copyright infringements during the period, August 2013—April 2014. Under federal copyright law, "the copyright owner may... recover ... an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, with respect to any one work... a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just." 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). Damages may be increased to up to $150,000 if the infringement is willful. 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2).

In this case, Plaintiff seeks $27,000.00 ($2,250.00 per infringement) on the basis of its allegation of willful infringement. Plaintiff also seeks proportionate attorney's fees and costs, in the amount of $1,182.00 and $445.00 respectively. These are also authorized under the statute. Id. § 505. Finally, Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief to prevent any further violations by Ling, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 502 as follows:

Motion, docket # 21-1 at 15-16. Notably, 17 U.S.C. § 503(b) provides that "the court may order the destruction ... of all copies... found to have been made or used in violation of the copyright owner's exclusive rights."

This case is one of dozens filed in this District and handled by me as Magistrate Judge. It is also one of hundreds or, perhaps, thousands filed around the country in recent years by Plaintiff and other owners of pornographic films. Many of the defendants named in these lawsuits settle very early in the case. Some of those who do not settle have denied any participation in copyright infringement. Other defendants allege that their wireless connection may have been used by someone else to participate in the alleged swarm against Plaintiffs protected movies.

However, in this case, there is no evidence that anyone other than Ling committed the infringements, and evidence exists of his repeated infringements over a nine-month period. Despite being informed both before and during this litigation of the allegations against him, Ling has failed to answer or otherwise defend himself in this case. For these reasons, I believe that Plaintiff has established entitlement to willful infringement damages.

Furthermore, Plaintiff has established at a previous hearing in a related case that courts across the country have typically awarded an average of $2,250.00 per infringement in cases of this type. As an exercise of judicial discretion, I believe that a statutory damage award of $2,250.00 per infringement is appropriate and just in this case to accomplish the intent set forth by Congress in passing the Copyright Act. In addition, Plaintiffs request for $1,627.00 for attorney's fees and costs should be granted.

Finally, Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief prohibiting Ling from infringing Plaintiffs copyrighted works and requiring Ling to delete the torrent files relating to Plaintiffs movies from each computer in Ling's possession, custody or control, and to delete any actual copy of Plaintiffs copyrighted works from such computers. The Court finds that Plaintiffs requests for an order directing Ling to "destroy all copies of Plaintiffs works that Defendant has downloaded onto any computer hard drive or server without Plaintiffs authorization, and [destroy all copies of the Works transferred onto any physical medium or device in Defendant's possession, custody or control" are reasonable requests and should be granted.

However, to the extent that the Plaintiff seeks the relief set forth in the Amended Complaint—to enjoin Ling "from continuing to infringe Plaintiffs copyrighted works"—the Plaintiff has failed to proffer evidence sufficient to justify such request; the Plaintiff has produced no evidence that, as of this date, Ling actually possesses the copyrighted works on his computer(s) and continues to upload them to others. Further, there is no evidence today that Ling has downloaded (copied) any other of the Plaintiff's copyrighted works since April 2014. The Court notes that, if the District Court were to grant Plaintiffs requested injunction for the deletion of Plaintiffs copyrighted works on Ling's computer(s), Ling would be unable to "continue" uploading such works via the Bit-Torrent system. Therefore, the Court recommends that the District Court deny Plaintiffs request, if sought, for an order enjoining Ling from "continuing" to infringe on the Plaintiffs copyrighted works.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, and the entire record provided to the Court, I do respectfully RECOMMEND that the District Court GRANT IN PART AND DENY IN PART the Plaintiffs Motion for Entry of Default Judgment against Defendant Christopher Ling [filed November 25, 2014; docket # 21] as follows:

Dated at Denver, Colorado, this 31st day of December, 2014.