OPINION AND ORDER

Michael H. Simon, District Judge.

Plaintiff Quatama Park Townhomes Owners Association ("Association") brings this lawsuit (Quatama II) against six defendants. Four defendants, Scott McFerran ("McFerran"), Laura Wilson ("Wilson"), Daron Anderson ("Anderson"), and Decatur Advisors LLC ("Decatur") (collectively, the "Moving Defendants"), move to disqualify the law firm of Vial Fotheringham LLP ("VF") from continuing to represent the Association in this action. In an Opinion and Order, United States Magistrate Judge Stacie F. Beckerman granted the motion to disqualify the Association's counsel, and the Association timely objected. After reviewing the record and hearing oral argument, the Court finds the Opinion and Order is contrary to law and denies the motion to disqualify.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Federal Magistrates Act grants district courts the authority to delegate certain matters to magistrate judges. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). In civil actions, a district court may designate a magistrate judge to determine any pretrial matter, except motions for injunctive relief, for judgment on the pleadings, for summary judgment, to permit or deny maintenance of a class action, to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and to involuntarily dismiss an action. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). For any of these excluded motions, a district judge may designate a magistrate judge to conduct hearings and submit proposed findings of fact and recommendations for disposition. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B).

Rule 72 of the Federal Rules of Civil procedure implements the authority provided by the Federal Magistrates Act. Under Rule 72(a), a magistrate judge may "hear and decide" all referred pretrial matters that are "not dispositive of a party's claim or defense." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a). For pretrial matters referred to a magistrate judge that are dispositive of a claim or defense, in the absence of consent by all parties, Rule 72(b) allows the magistrate judge only to "enter a recommended disposition, including, if appropriate, proposed findings of fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(1).

The terms "dispositive" and "nondispositive" in Rule 72 do not perfectly coincide with the categories listed in 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). For example, a magistrate judge may not issue a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction, even though such orders are not dispositive. The Ninth Circuit has held that the motions excluded from determination by a magistrate judge under § 636(b)(1)(A) "are not an exhaustive list of all the pretrial matters that are excepted from the magistrate judge's authority." United States v. Rivera-Guerrero, 377 F.3d 1064, 1067 (9th Cir. 2004). As explained by the Ninth Circuit, "magistrate judges may hear and determine nondispositive matters, but not dispositive matters[.]" Mitchell v. Valenzuela, 791 F.3d 1166, 1168 (9th Cir. 2015). Dispositive matters include those expressly listed in § 636(b)(1)(A), as well as "analogous" matters. Id. "To determine whether a motion is dispositive, [the Ninth Circuit has] adopted a functional approach that looks to the effect of the motion, in order to determine whether it is properly characterized as dispositive or nondispositive of a claim or defense of a party." Id. at 1168-69.

The distinction between a dispositive motion and a nondispositive matter is significant for the standard of review. When a party timely objects to a magistrate judge's findings and recommendations concerning a dispositive motion, the district judge shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the magistrate judge's proposed findings and recommendations to which an objection has been made. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). When a party timely objects to a magistrate judge's determination of a nondispositive matter, however, the district judge may reject that determination only when it has been shown that the magistrate judge's order is either clearly erroneous or contrary to law. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a).

"To the extent a district judge is concerned about the possibility that assigning a nondispositive matter to a magistrate judge will confine his or her power to revise the outcome, a reference directing the magistrate judge to make recommendations is possible." 12 Charles Alan Wright and Arthur R. Miller, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 3069 (3d ed. 2018) ("Wright & Miller"). As explained by one district court,

Delco Wire & Cable, Inc. v. Weinberger, 109 F.R.D. 680, 685 (E.D. Pa. 1986), quoted in Wright & Miller, supra, § 3069. "Thus, when a district court judge refers a nondispositive matter to a magistrate judge specifically for recommendation— even though the matter could have been referred for determination—review is plenary...." Howe Inv., Ltd. v. Perez Y Cia. de Puerto Rico, Inc., 96 F.Supp.2d 106, 113 (D. P.R. 2000); see also Trone v. Smith, 621 F.2d 994, 997-98 (9th Cir. 1980) (noting that the magistrate judge only "recommended" that a motion to disqualify counsel be denied, which the district court then reviewed de novo).

In the pending lawsuit, the Association urges the Court to treat Magistrate Judge Beckerman's Opinion and Order as findings and recommendations on a dispositive matter and, thus, provide de novo review. Defendants, however, argue that a motion to disqualify counsel is a nondispositive matter and that the Magistrate Judge's decision should only be rejected if its factual findings are clearly erroneous or its conclusions are contrary to law. The Court agrees with Defendants. If the Magistrate Judge's decision is upheld, the Association may continue to prosecute all of its claims against each of the Defendants, after obtaining new counsel. Thus, there is nothing in the pending motion to disqualify Plaintiff's counsel that is analogous to any of the motions expressly identified in § 636(b)(1)(A). See also Howe Inv., Ltd., 96 F.Supp.2d at 113 (holding that a motion to disqualify is a nondispositive matter that a magistrate judge may determine unless the district court referred the matter only for a report and recommendation). Accordingly, the Court will evaluate the Magistrate Judge's factual findings to determine if any are clearly erroneous. More relevant to the pending dispute, however, the Court also will evaluate the Magistrate Judge's legal conclusions to determine if any are contrary to law, which involves a de novo review of those issues.1

BACKGROUND

A company owned by James Standring ("Standring") developed a planned residential community in Washington County, Oregon known as "Quatama Park Townhomes" ("Quatama Park"). Other companies owned by Standring provided construction and other services for Quatama Park. The construction lender was RBC Real Estate Finance, Inc. ("RBC"). In 2011, RBC foreclosed on the Quatama Park project and became the successor declarant for that development. RBC then hired Decatur to manage the completion of the development.

Wilson and Anderson worked for Decatur. RBC appointed Wilson and Anderson as the sole members of the Association's Board of Directors (the "Board") until control of Quatama Park would be turned over to the lot owners. In July 2013, Lamplight Capital & Asset Management, LLC ("Lamplight") purchased RBC's interest in the project. Lamplight reappointed Wilson and Anderson as the Association's sole directors.

In July 2015, the Board hired VF to provide legal services to the Association as outside general counsel. VF's representation agreement was addressed to the Board, which then consisted of only Wilson and Anderson. There were no other officers or managers of the Association, whose activities were solely directed by Wilson and Anderson. Wilson signed VF's representation agreement as the "Authorized Representative" of the Association. In August 2015, Anderson resigned from the Board, and Lamplight appointed McFerran to replace him. McFerran also worked for Decatur.

In November 2015, the Association engaged VF on a contingent fee basis to file a lawsuit for money damages against Standring's companies and other contractors and sub-contractors, seeking money damages for repairs related to various construction defects. McFerran signed the contingent fee agreement with VF as the "Authorized Representative" of the Board. At that time, Wilson and McFerran were the only directors of the Board. Before filing this lawsuit, attorney Ryan Harris ("Harris") from VF asked both Wilson and McFerran to provide Harris with "any other documents showing other potential defendants."

Also during this time period, Wilson and McFerran were consulting with attorney Eugene Grant of Davis Wright Tremaine LLP ("Davis Wright"). In response to a request to Wilson and McFerran from VF sent on November 2, 2015, Eugene Grant of Davis Wright responded to VF as follows:

ECF 25-1 at 196 (Ex. 44). Wilson and McFerran ultimately did not provide any documents in response to Harris's request. VF filed the Quatama I lawsuit on behalf of the Association.

In mid-2016, several homeowners threatened to sue Lamplight, Wilson, and McFerran over repair costs relating to the alleged construction defects. In June 2016, one homeowner sent an email to Harris at VF, suggesting that Wilson and McFerran had breached their fiduciary duties owed to the homeowners by commencing the Quatama I lawsuit for construction defects without adequately determining whether the costs for that litigation would be recovered. Harris forwarded that email to Wilson and McFerran, asking for their response. Harris then responded to the homeowner, commenting that a disagreement over whether to file the lawsuit did not necessarily mean that the Board was breaching its fiduciary duties. During the next two months, Harris met with Wilson and McFerran in person and spoke with them by telephone to discuss the homeowners' allegations.

In August 2016, the defendants in Quatama I, Standring's companies, issued subpoenas to Wilson and Decatur for documents relating to the development. Wilson and McFerran provided their complete files to Harris at VF. Anderson also provided Harris with all of his documents related to the development. At some point in reviewing these files, Harris discovered documents purportedly showing that Wilson, McFerran, or Anderson may have known about the construction defects at the development as early as 2012.

On August 29, 2016, Damon Henrie ("Henrie"), an attorney for several homeowners at the Quatama Park development, sent a letter to Harris and counsel for Lamplight and RBC. Henrie's letter placed those counsel on notice that Henrie's clients intended to pursue claims against Lamplight, McFerran, and Wilson. On September 1, 2016, after soliciting comments from Wilson and McFerran, Harris replied to Henrie.

In January 2017, the defendants in the Quatama I lawsuit moved for leave to amend their third-party complaint to assert contribution claims against the Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson. On their behalf, Harris tendered these claims to the Association's Directors and Officers Insurance carrier. In March 2017, Wilson and McFerran resigned from the Board, which then transitioned to homeowner control. Shortly before that transition, however, Harris informed Wilson and McFerran that Harris had received a settlement offer from the Quatama I defendants. Harris stated that he believed "we can do better" and recommended that Wilson and McFerran allow the Association's new Board to make that decision. Wilson and McFerran agreed.

In April 2017, the Quatama I defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that the applicable statute of limitations had expired. They presented evidence that the Association's previous directors had known about the construction defects more than two years before the lawsuit was filed. Also in April 2017, Harris exchanged emails with Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson regarding requests for their depositions by the Quatama I defendants. Harris also offered to represent Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson at those depositions. The depositions, however, had not yet occurred when, in May 2017, Harris sent a letter to counsel for RBC stating that the recently-elected directors of the Association (i.e., the homeowners or lot owners) did not believe it was in the Association's best interest to sign a common interest agreement among the Association, Wilson, Decatur, RBC, and Lamplight.

On June 19, 2017, Harris sent a letter to Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson, informing them that, if the Quatama I defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted, the Association may file a breach of fiduciary duty lawsuit against Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson, based on their failure timely to authorize the filing of lawsuit after discovering the construction defects. Harris also explained that, after the defendants in Quatama I had requested to take the depositions of the former directors, Harris initially had intended to defend those depositions, but "as the Association's lawyer, I can no longer do that." Harris also advised Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson to consult their own counsel. Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson then retained their own counsel, Kurt Peterson ("Peterson"). On July 10, 2017, Peterson told Harris that the three former directors of the Association (Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson) all believed that they each personally had formed an attorney-client relationship with the VF law firm. On July 17, 2018, Peterson wrote to VF, stating that if VF pursued litigation against the former Directors on behalf of the Association, he would move to disqualify VF as Plaintiff's counsel.

In August 2017, the Washington County Circuit Court granted summary judgment in favor of the Quatama I defendants. On October 5, 2017, the Association, through its counsel VF, filed this lawsuit in state court, alleging claims of fraud, negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and unlawful trade practices. On January 3, 2018, Defendants timely removed the action to federal court. On May 1, 2018, Wilson, McFerran, and Anderson moved to disqualify VF as counsel for the Association. Shortly thereafter Decatur (as well as McFerran) joined that motion. After receiving the parties' briefs and hearing oral argument, Magistrate Judge Beckerman issued her Opinion and Order, granting Defendants' motion to disqualify Plaintiff's law firm. Plaintiff timely objected, seeking review by the district court.

DISCUSSION

A. Choice of Law When Considering Motions to Disqualify Counsel

Federal law determines the ethical standards of attorneys appearing in federal court. In re Snyder, 472 U.S. 634, 645 n.6, 105 S.Ct. 2874, 86 L.Ed.2d 504 (1985) ("Federal courts admit and suspend attorneys as an exercise of their inherent power; the standards imposed are a matter of federal law."). "The district court has the duty and responsibility of supervising the conduct of attorneys who appear before it." Erickson v. Newmar Corp., 87 F.3d 298, 300 (9th Cir. 1996). As the Ninth Circuit explained long ago, "[w]hen an attorney appears before a federal court, he is acting as an officer of that court, and it is that court which must judge his conduct." Cord v. Smith, 338 F.2d 516, 524 (9th Cir. 1964), clarified, 370 F.2d 418 (1966). "The right to disqualify counsel is a discretionary exercise of the trial court's inherent powers." Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 264 F.Supp.2d 914, 918 (N.D. Cal. 2003).

Congress has authorized all federal courts to "prescribe rules for the conduct of their business." 28 U.S.C. § 2071(a). Many district courts have adopted the standards and rules governing the professional conduct of lawyers that apply in the jurisdiction in which the court sits. See generally RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 1 cmt. b (2000) ("Federal district courts generally have adopted the lawyer code of the jurisdiction in which the court sits, and all federal courts exercise the power to regulate lawyers appearing before them."). Even when a district court, however, has adopted, through its local rules, a state's ethical code governing lawyers, some circuits direct that the state codes are not the sole authority governing a motion to disqualify. See, e.g., In re Am. Airlines, Inc., 972 F.2d 605, 610 (5th Cir. 1992). In addition, according to the law in some circuits, "we consider the motion [to disqualify] governed by the ethical rules announced by the national profession in light of the public interest and the litigants' rights." Id.

Other circuits approach the choice of law question differently. When considering a motion to disqualify counsel in the Ninth Circuit, at least when a district court has adopted by local rule the ethical code governing lawyers promulgated by the state in which that court sits, federal courts are directed to apply the law of the forum state and "must follow the reasoned view of the state supreme court when it has spoken on the issue." In re Cty. of Los Angeles, 223 F.3d 990, 995 (9th Cir. 2000); see also Radcliffe v. Hernandez, 818 F.3d 537, 543 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Cty. of Los Angeles). If, however, a district court has not adopted its forum state's code of professional conduct, the question of choice of law is less clear, at least in the Ninth Circuit. See Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington Cty., Oregon v. Jelco, Inc., 646 F.2d 1339, 1342 n.1 (9th Cir. 1981) ("We express no opinion on the law to apply where the district court has not designated the applicable rules of professional responsibility (e.g., state law, the Model Code of Professional Responsibility, or a federal common law of professional responsibility).").

At the time this action (Quatama II) was filed, the District of Oregon's local rules for civil cases provided in relevant part that every attorney admitted to general or special practice in this district must "[b]e familiar and comply with the Oregon State Bar Standards of Professional Conduct and this Court's Statement of Professionalism." LR 83-7(a). There was, however, no such document known as the "Oregon State Bar Standards of Professional Conduct." Instead, effective January 1, 2005, the Oregon Supreme Court adopted the Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct, which replaced the Oregon Code of Professional Responsibility. See In re Conduct of Ellis, 356 Or. 691, 693 n.1, 344 P.3d 425 (2015).2 If the Court construes the "Oregon State Bar Standards of Professional Conduct" as referring to the Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct, which it does, then the Court "must follow the reasoned view of the state supreme court when it has spoken on the issue." In re Cty. of Los Angeles, 223 F.3d at 995. If, however, the District of Oregon's then-existing local rules are deemed to have not formally adopted the Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct, then, at a minimum, the Court considers the rules as guideposts. See Jimenez v. Rivermark Cmty. Credit Union, 2015 WL 2239669, at *2 (D. Or. May 12, 2015) (explaining that "in this case Oregon's Rules of Professional Conduct serve as guideposts for this Court to analyze Plaintiff's Motion [to Disqualify Counsel]"). In the context of the pending motion, the result would be the same.

B. Heightened Judicial Scrutiny of Motions to Disqualify Opposing Counsel

Disqualification "ultimately involves a conflict between a client's right to chosen counsel and the need to maintain ethical standards of professional responsibility." Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London, 264 F.Supp.2d at 918 (citation and quotation marks omitted). "[B]ecause a motion to disqualify is often tactically motivated, and can be disruptive to the litigation process, it is a drastic measure that is generally disfavored.... At the same time, the paramount concern must be the preservation of public trust both in the scrupulous administration of justice and in the integrity of the bar." Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

The Ninth Circuit has cautioned: "The cost and inconvenience to clients and the judicial system from misuse of the rules for tactical purposes is significant." Optyl Eyewear Fashion Int'l. Corp. v. Style Cos., Ltd., 760 F.2d 1045, 1050 (9th Cir. 1985). Further, "[b]ecause of this potential for abuse, disqualification motions should be subjected to particularly strict judicial scrutiny." Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

C. Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct

As explained by the Oregon Supreme Court, "[t]he disciplinary rules are standards adopted by this court to govern the supervision and discipline of attorneys." Brown v. Or. State Bar, 293 Or. 446, 451, 648 P.2d 1289 (1982). The two Oregon Rules of Professional Conduct ("RPC") most relevant to the pending dispute are RPC 1.9 and RPC 1.13. They provide as follows:

D. Application

In Christensen v. United States District Court for the Central District of California, the Ninth Circuit granted a petition for mandamus and vacated an order of disqualification. 844 F.2d 694, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). After the Beverly Hills Savings and Loan Association ("BHSL") became insolvent, the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ("FSLIC") placed BHSL into receivership. Id. at 696. FSLIC then brought a civil lawsuit against BHSL's former management groups, the Fitzpatrick group and the Amir group, alleging mismanagement and various regulatory violations. Id. Terry Christensen was a partner in the law firm of Wyman, Bautzer, Christensen, Kuchel & Silbert ("Wyman"). The Wyman law firm had previously provided legal services to BHSL and the Amir group, including investigating wrongdoing by the Fitzpatrick group. Christensen also served as an outside director of BHSL while the Amir group was in control of BHSL. FSLIC did not name Christensen as a defendant in the lawsuit, but the Fitzpatrick group later brought Christensen into the case as a third-party defendant.

Wyman appeared as counsel for both Christensen and the Amir group. FSLIC moved to disqualify Wyman based on Wyman's previous work for BHSL. After the district court found that FSLIC was the successor to BHSL and that a "substantial relationship" under the California Rules of Professional Conduct existed between Wyman's former representation of BHSL and its current representation of Christensen, the district court granted FSLIC's motion to disqualify the Wyman law firm. Christensen sought mandamus. The Ninth Circuit granted that petition and vacated the district court's order disqualifying Wyman from representing Christensen in the action. Most significantly to the present lawsuit, the Ninth Circuit held in Christensen that

Christensen, 844 F.2d at 699.3

In Christensen, the Ninth Circuit explained the Allegaert rule that it adopted. According to the Ninth Circuit:

Christensen, 844 F.2d at 698 (additional citations omitted). In Christensen, the Ninth Circuit noted that the facts in that case were very similar to the facts in Allegaert. "BHSL necessarily knew that any information it gave to Wyman would be conveyed to Christensen as a BHSL director and a senior partner in the law firm." Id.

Similarly, in Exterior Sys., Inc. v. Noble Composites, Inc., United States Magistrate Judge Nuechterlein well summarized Allegaert as follows:

175 F.Supp.2d 1112, 1118 (N.D. Ind. 2001).

The same is true in this case. At all relevant times, the Association was the primary client of VF for purposes of the dispute now before the Court. The VF law firm was retained by the Association "acting through its duly authorized constituents." See RPC 1.13(a). For purposes of the pending motion, the Court will assume without deciding that the Moving Defendants reasonably believed that they had formed a secondary attorney-client relationship with VF and, thus, there was a situation of dual representation.4 Even if there was dual representation, the Moving Defendants would necessarily have known that any information they (as the secondary clients) gave to VF would be conveyed to VF's primary client, the Association. Thus, as the Ninth Circuit held in Christensen, the "substantial relationship" test set forth in RPC 1.9 is inapplicable when the purported former secondary clients (the Moving Defendants) would have had no reason to believe that information they gave to VF would not have been disclosed to the law firm's primary (and continuing) client, the Association.5

Based on the Ninth Circuit's decision in Christensen, the Court concludes that it was contrary to law for the Magistrate Judge to apply the substantial relationship test of RPC 1.9 to the facts presented in this case. The Court, however, is not the slightest bit critical of the Magistrate Judge. The fault lies with Plaintiff. As the Magistrate Judge noted in her Opinion and Order:

ECF 38 at 9. Before the Magistrate Judge, the Plaintiff never argued that the substantial relationship test is inapplicable based on the rule of Allegaert adopted by the Ninth Circuit in Christensen. Had the Plaintiff done so, perhaps the Magistrate Judge would have reached the same conclusion that the Court now holds.

The final matter to address is whether Plaintiff has waived the argument that the substantial relationship test is inapplicable based on the rule of Allegaert adopted by the Ninth Circuit in Christensen. As Wright & Miller explain:

Wright & Miller, supra, § 3069. As discussed above, however, whether to grant a motion to disqualify opposing counsel is not of "very limited importance." Indeed, as the Ninth Circuit has recognized, the "cost and inconvenience to clients" and the risk from "misuse of the rules for tactical purposes is significant." Optyl Eyewear, 760 F.2d at 1050. Thus, it would be appropriate for the Court to consider Plaintiff's late-discovered argument, assuming the Court has discretion to do so even though it was not presented to the Magistrate Judge. The Court believes that it does have that discretion.

As Wright & Miller further explain:

Wright & Miller, supra, § 3069 (footnotes omitted) (noting also that it makes little sense for a district court not to be able to reconsider a magistrate judge's opinion when magistrate judges may reconsider their own opinions and district court judges may reconsider their own opinions and that "it would turn the jurisprudential system on its head to ascribe irrevocably finality (akin to that of a final judgment) to any unreviewed discovery or evidentiary rulings by a magistrate judge") (citation omitted). Moreover, even for those courts that adhere to a strict application of the "clearly erroneous" standard, "it is limited to factual findings; even the Third Circuit6 recognized that `the phrase "contrary to law" indicates plenary review as to matters of law.'" Id. (footnote omitted). The latter is the situation that we have here.

CONCLUSION

Because the Opinion and Order of the United States Magistrate Judge granting Defendants' Motion to Disqualify Counsel (ECF 38) is contrary to law, Defendants' Motion to Disqualify Counsel (ECF 21) is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.