OPINION & ORDER

ROBERT E. WIER, District Judge.

Justin Sherwood (Plaintiff), initiated this putative individual and collective action against Defendant Cook Out, Inc., and one of its franchisee restaurants (collectively "Defendants" or "Cook Out") on behalf of himself and other Cook Out employees. DE 1 (Complaint); DE 55 (Second Amended Complaint). Plaintiff asserts violations of state and federal wage laws as well as an alternative KRS 446.070 theory. For the reasons fully explained below, the Court finds the current operative pleading deficient, dismisses the state law claims, but grants a limited period of discovery on the FLSA claim.

I. BACKGROUND

Sherwood bases his claims on the following allegations:1 From September through November 2014, Defendants employed Sherwood as a Manager in Training at the Richmond, Kentucky, Cook Out location. Defendants regularly scheduled Sherwood to work at least 50 hours per week. Plaintiff actually worked over 60 hours per week. Cook Out failed to pay Sherwood 1.5 times his regular rate for hours he worked over 40. Sherwood "harbored no understanding" that he would not be paid time-and-a-half for overtime hours. Cook Out paid Sherwood $8 per hour, so-called "Appreciation Pay," for worked hours exceeding 52.5 in a given workweek. Sherwood contends such additional payments constituted "hours-based bonuses" that caused his salary to vary. Per Sherwood, such variance violates a proper "fluctuating workweek pay practice, which [ ] Defendants used here for Plaintiff[.]" DE 55 at ¶ 37.

Plaintiff alleges (as denominated) violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), the Kentucky Wage Payment Collection Law, and the Kentucky Remedies Law. DE 55 at ¶¶ 57-77. Defendants pursue Rule 12 dismissal of all claims. DE 55 (Motion). The motion stands fully briefed and ripe for review. DE 56 (Response); DE 59 (Reply).

A. Dismissal Standard

To survive a motion to dismiss, "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007)). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. However, "a formulaic recitation of a cause of action's elements will not do[.]" Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965. Courts "must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and accept all allegations as true." Keys, 684 F.3d at 608. Yet, courts need not accept "legal conclusion[s] couched as [ ] factual allegation[s]." Papasan v. Allain, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 2944 (1986).

Hinging on Rule 8's minimal standards, Twombly and Iqbal require a plaintiff to "plead facts sufficient to show that her claim has substantive plausibility." Johnson v. City of Shelby, 135 S.Ct. 346, 347 (2014). Where plaintiffs state "simply, concisely, and directly events that . . . entitle[ ] them to damages," the rules require "no more to stave off threshold dismissal for want of an adequate statement[.]" Id.; El-Hallani v. Huntington Nat. Bank, 623 F. App'x 730, 739 (6th Cir. 2015) ("Although Twombly and Iqbal have raised the bar for pleading, it is still low.").

II. ANALYSIS

The FLSA requires every covered "employer" to pay its employees "not less than one and one-half times the regular rate" for all hours worked in excess of forty in a given workweek. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). The Sixth Circuit has not (post-Twombly) squarely addressed the standard for pleading a plausible FLSA overtime claim.2 However, the Fourth Circuit recently summarized the majority view:

Hall v. DIRECTV, LLC, 846 F.3d 757, 777 (4th Cir. 2017) (citations and quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 138 S.Ct. 635 (2018); accord Landers v. Quality Commc'ns, Inc., 771 F.3d 638, 644 (9th Cir. 2014); Davis v. Abington Memorial Hospital, 765 F.3d 236 (3d Cir. 2014); Lundy v. Catholic Health System of Long Island Inc., 711 F.3d 106, 114 (2d Cir. 2013); Pruell v. Caritas Christi, 678 F.3d 10, 13-15 (1st Cir. 2012). As a sister court explained: "The emphasis in all these cases is plausibility per Twombly and Iqbal, not the creation of a novel pleading requirement." Anderson v. GCA Servs. Grp. of N. Carolina, Inc., No. 1:15-CV-37-GNS, 2015 WL 5299452, at *4 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 9, 2015). The Court considers Sherwood's allegations in light of these principles.

Plaintiff's claims flow entirely from the premise that Cook Out failed to comply with or meet the requirements for a "fluctuating workweek pay practice, which [ ] Defendants used here for Plaintiff[.]" See DE 55 at ¶ 37. Nonetheless, Sherwood urges that his complaint is sufficient without regard to his fluctuating workweek ("FWW") allegations. See DE 59 at 8-10. Sherwood also contends that, structurally, he had no obligation to plead an FWW violation. Finally, Sherwood contends that he has plausibly alleged FWW noncompliance and, consequently, an FLSA violation. Defendant contests each point. The Court addresses each argument in turn.

The Court must judge the pleading before it. Sherwood stakes his overtime theory on fluctuating workweek noncompliance by Cook Out. He stakes noncompliance on two allegedly unmet (or transgressed) required elements of the FWW model—one related to Appreciation Pay and one related to the understanding between employer and employee. The Court thus must assess plausibility within the specific context of the theory Plaintiff espouses.

FWW Framework

Subject to certain requirements, the FWW structure (as an FLSA compliant pay system) allows employers to pay employees a "[f]ixed salary for fluctuating hours[,]" plus an overtime premium at "one-half" times the standard rate, "in addition to such salary"; this structure is one method of complying with the 1.5x regular rate payment generally required for overtime. 29 C.F.R. §§ 778.114 & 778.107 ("The general overtime pay standard in section 7(a) requires that overtime must be compensated at a rate not less than one and one-half times the . . . regular rate[.]"). Undergirding the FWW method is the idea that flat salary accounts for the `time' aspect of `time-and-a-half' for overtime. See id. ("Payment for overtime hours at one-half such rate in addition to the salary satisfies the overtime pay requirement because such hours have already been compensated at the straight time regular rate.").

Non-FWW Pleading Sufficiency

Sherwood, in arguing he pleaded a viable FLSA claim without regard to the FWW issues, ignores the complaint's clear terms. Plaintiff explicitly claimed that Cook Out "used" an FWW "pay practice[.]" Id. at ¶ 37. Sherwood, though disputing whether it was fixed, concedes that Cook Out paid him a salary. See DE 55 at ¶ 35 (discussing the "salar[y] of Plaintiff"). Further, Plaintiff alleges that Cook Out paid him $8, in addition to his salary, for certain overtime hours. Id. at ¶ 34. Sherwood is not claiming wholly unpaid overtime but underpaid overtime. See, e.g., DE 59 at 15 ("Cook Out was paying a salary, half-time for some overtime hours worked, and then an additional/time-based bonus payment for hours worked beyond 52.5 in a workweek[.]").3 The FWW theory is the only plausible route Plaintiff alleges for entitlement to relief for such underpayments. See DE 59 at 8 (Cook Out "should have paid Managers 1.5 times their regular hourly rate for all hours worked beyond 40 in workweeks as overtime pay, rather than the lower overtime rate that it paid."). Sherwood pleads no valid non-FWW theory to explain his otherwise threadbare allegation that Cook Out, e.g., failed "to pay proper overtime wages[.]" DE 55 at ¶ 39.

The foundation of any FLSA overtime claim is the plaintiff's "regular rate," which is "a rate per hour." 29 U.S.C. § 207; 29 C.F.R. § 778.109. "To calculate overtime pay, the Act requires employers to divide total pay by total hours to determine an employee's regular rate, and to multiply that rate by 150%. `Total pay' takes on different meanings depending on each pay arrangement." Acosta v. Min & Kim, Inc., 919 F.3d 361, 364 (6th Cir. 2019). Sherwood does not allege his (or any manager's) regular rate. Nor does Sherwood plead any facts from which the Court could begin to divine such rate—e.g., approximate salary or total wages. Pruell, 678 F.3d at 15 ("Plaintiffs . . . presumably know how much they were paid as wages[.]").

Instead, Sherwood's allegations regarding pay adequacy largely are in the vein of "those borderline phrases that while not stating an ultimate legal conclusion, [are] nevertheless so threadbare or speculative that [they] fail[ ] to cross the line between the conclusory and the factual." Dejesus v. HF Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 726 F.3d 85, 89 (2d Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). For example, Plaintiff contends he "regularly worked" 40+ "hours per workweek without being paid all overtime wages required" and that he "was not paid 1.5 times his regular rate of pay for each hour over 40[.]" DE 55 at ¶¶ 31-32. These allegations are "little more than a paraphrase of the statute." Pruell, 678 F.3d at 13. Such bald conclusions are entitled to no presumption of truthfulness. Cf. Landers, 771 F.3d at 646 ("[P]laintiffs in these types of cases . . . should be able to allege facts demonstrating there was at least one workweek in which they worked in excess of forty hours and were not paid overtime wages." (emphasis added)). Thus, Sherwood failed to "nudge" any non-FWW theory "from conceivable to plausible[.]" Hall, 846 F.3d at 777; see also Simpson v. Baskin, No. 3:17-CV-01077, 2018 WL 1070897, at *8 (M.D. Tenn. Feb. 26, 2018) (dismissing complaint that alleged "a specific weekly and monthly rate of pay" but failed to "allege the hours that [plaintiff] worked per week or per month for that wage"), report and recommendation adopted, No. 3:17-CV-01077, 2018 WL 1288908 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 13, 2018); York v. Velox Expres, Inc., No. 3:18-CV-481-CRS, 2018 WL 4901213, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 9, 2018) (dismissing minimum wage claim where complaint lacked critical "factual details").4

Plaintiff did not need to plead his pay with "mathematical precision[.]" Dejesus, 726 F.3d at 90. Rather, recognizing that it was Sherwood's "memory and experience that" led him "to claim in federal court that" he was "denied overtime in violation of the FLSA[,]" he simply needed to "draw on those resources in providing" a complaint "with sufficiently developed factual allegations." Id. Plaintiff may5 have done so with regard to his FWW theory, but he otherwise failed to plead a viable claim.

FWW Pleading Obligation

Sherwood further insists that, structurally, he was "not required" to allege an FWW violation to survive dismissal. DE 59 at 10. The Court, in case context, disagrees. The overtime regulations "define[ ]" the Act's requirements. Acosta, 919 F.3d at 364; see also Highlander, 805 F.2d at 647 ("[T]he Act permits [FWW] implementation." (emphasis added)). Further, the Supreme Court "explicitly approved of the fluctuating work week method of calculating the `regular rate.'" Id. (citing Overnight Motor Transp. Co. v. Missel, 62 S.Ct. 1216, 1221 (1942)).6 As the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits put it, "the fluctuating workweek method is merely one way to meet the FLSA's overtime requirements—it is not an exception to those requirements." Garcia v. Yachting Promotions, Inc., 662 F. App'x 795, 797 (11th Cir. 2016); see Dacar v. Saybolt, L.P., 914 F.3d 917, 920 (5th Cir. 2018).7 Sherwood, by explicitly claiming faulty FWW compensation (and pleading no other viable theory), effectively incorporated proof of an FWW violation as an element of his prima facie case. Thus, Sherwood needed to properly plead8 an FWW violation.9 The Court analyzes the substance of Plaintiff's FWW claim under the Rule 12 rubric.

FWW Violation

The FLSA authorizes FWW compensation subject to four requirements:

Hall, 726 F. App'x at 320-21. Sherwood contends he validly pleaded violations of the second and fourth requirements, which he calls "the two prongs of the Fluctuating Work Week (`FWW') test at issue in this case." DE 59 at 2.

As to the fixed salary requirement, Sherwood claims Cook Out paid $8 for each hour exceeding 52.5 in a given workweek. DE 55 at ¶ 34. Plaintiff alleges such so-called "Appreciation Pay" made his salary variable. This claim is plainly at odds with DOL regulations and Sixth Circuit law. Indeed, § 778.114 requires payment for overtime "in addition to [a] salary." The fixed salary requirement excludes consideration of "overtime premiums[.]" Hall, 726 F. App'x at 321. Indeed, failing to pay the type of hours-linked overtime payments that Plaintiff decries is precisely what got the Acosta defendants in hot water. See 919 F.3d at 364 (finding that defendants went "astray" where they paid a salary "that supposedly includes overtime pay but d[id] not vary with actual hours worked").

Plaintiff's allegations conflate additional overtime payments, with salary variation. In other words, Sherwood suggests that FWW compliance requires a static total compensation package. This is legally inaccurate. See Lalli v. Gen. Nutrition Centers, Inc., 814 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2016) ("Section 778.114, by its plain language, requires a fixed salary for hours worked, not a fixed total amount of compensation for the week[.]"). Rather, what the FWW requires is that employees receive "a fixed amount for straighttime labor each week" Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). "Straight-time pay," is for "non-overtime hours." Id. "[T]he term `salary,' of course, cannot be read so broadly as to encompass all forms of compensation[.]" Id. Section 778.114(a) explicitly sanctions "extra compensation, in addition to such salary," figuring same in the overtime compliance calculation. 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a) (emphasis added). The $8 hourly payments are entirely consistent with the FWW requirement for "extra compensation for overtime work." Hall 726 F. App'x at 321; see 29 C.F.R. § 778.114 ("[T]he Act, in requiring that `not less than' the prescribed premium of 50 percent for overtime hours worked be paid, does not prohibit paying more." (emphasis added)).10 The fifty percent additional FWW premium is a floor, not a ceiling.

Thus, by the operative Complaint's own terms, Cook Out paid a salary designed to cover all straight-time hours and beyond. The Appreciation Pay kicked in only when an employee crossed the 52.5-hour threshold in a given week. Thus, that premium, obviously a premium untoggled until a worker moved deep into the overtime realm, would never impact the notion of straight-time or base compensation. The FWW method looks at the salary's fixture as to the straight-time component of pay. See 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a) ("such fixed amount as straight time pay for whatever hours he is called upon to work"). Plainly, in Cook Out's model, the Appreciation Pay is, by its nature and design, in the category of an overtime premium. Unlike shift differentials, holiday pay, or similar bonuses, which by the shifts and calendar of a specific day or week might introduce straight-time variability, the pay premium here would affect only the overall compensation as to a worker's super-OT, 52.5+ hour time. The regulation plainly envisages that fixed salary means compensation "apart from overtime premiums[,]" stated in the plural, the employer may pay. 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a). That element, thus, does not vary salary as understood under § 207 and the FWW regulation. See 29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(5) (excluding from "regular rate" definition "extra compensation provided by a premium rate paid for certain hours worked by the employee in any . . . workweek because such hours are worked in excess . . . of the employee's normal working hours or regular working hours").11 Again, the reg demands a minimum "prescribed premium," but "does not prohibit paying more" as an additional overtime premium. 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(c). Plaintiff, thus, alleges a payment within the authorized parameters.

As to FWW prong 4, Sherwood contends he "harbored no understanding for him to not be paid 1.5 times his regular rate of pay for each hour over 40." DE 55 at ¶ 32. In other words, Plaintiff alleges that he did not understand that Cook Out would illegally underpay him. This circular allegation, in the FWW context, is essentially meaningless. FWW payments, as a compensation model, satisfy the 1.5x overtime requirement. See Garcia, 662 F. App'x at 797. Sherwood's claim that he lacked a clear understanding "regarding Defendants' payment practices" fares no better. DE 55 at ¶ 46. The Sixth Circuit recently addressed the scope of the mutual understanding predicate:

Hall, 726 F. App'x at 323. Sherwood pleaded that Cook Out paid him a salary in "connection with a fluctuating workweek pay practice[.]" See DE 55 at ¶¶ 34, 37; see also DE 59 at 14 (arguing that the additional payments "caused Plaintiff's fixed salary to vary"). Sherwood does not claim (or allege any facts suggesting) that he doubted Cook Out would pay him the base salary regardless of how many hours he worked "whether few or many." 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(a); see Garcia, 662 F. App'x at 797 (The FWW method requires a clear mutual understanding "that the fixed salary is compensation for however many hours the employee may work in a particular week, rather than for a fixed number of hours per week. . . . An employee does not have to understand every contour of how the fluctuating workweek method is used to calculate salary, so long as the employee understands that his base salary is fixed regardless of the hours worked."). That is the precise scenario, a fixed base with variant hours.

What Plaintiff did or did not know is not a fact that Sherwood, the employee, should struggle to plead. Prior to the latest complaint amendment, Plaintiff had the benefit of Cook Out's previous 12(b)(6) motion, which articulated the FWW "clear and mutual understanding" requirement. DE 31-1 at 8. Despite the clear signal, and as to a fact uniquely within Sherwood's knowledge, Plaintiff now claims only that he broadly failed to understand Cook Out's payment practices. This is concerning at the Rule 12 stage. See Bailey v. Cty. of Georgetown, 94 F.3d 152, 156-57 (4th Cir. 1996) (rejecting theory that "employees whose employer has adopted a fluctuating pay plan must understand the manner in which their overtime pay is calculated . . . or that the employer must secure written acknowledgements" of understanding "as contrary to the plain language of the FLSA and section 778.114").

FLSA Sub-Conclusion

Plaintiff's factual allegations need to "do more than create speculation or suspicion of a legally cognizable cause of action; they [need to] show entitlement to relief." League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. Bredesen, 500 F.3d 523, 527 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965) (emphasis in original). Determining pleading sufficiency is "a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950. Plaintiff's failure to flesh out his claims through two prior amendments is concerning. Cf. Dejesus, 726 F.3d at 90 ("[W]e would be less than candid if we did not register our concern about the failure of the plaintiff, through counsel, at least to attempt to amend her complaint to add specifics while the district court kept the door open for her to do so.").12 In this specific context, a 2-month employee questions, wholesale, the payment practices of his former employer. He acknowledges receipt of overtime payments, but offers only conclusory, statute-paraphrasing allegations that such payments were insufficient. The pleaded facts present essentially no grounds "to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct[.]" Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950. Thus, the Court is strongly inclined to dismiss this claim.

Nonetheless, the Court will permit limited discovery on two topics: (A) Cook Out's actual payments13 to Sherwood (and only Sherwood) and (B) Sherwood's knowledge of Cook Out's compensation framework. The Court's ruling here bows to several factors, including: (1) case stage and applicable burden; (2) scarcity of caselaw granting Rule 12 dismissal of FWW-tied overtime claims; and (3) lack of Sixth Circuit precedent addressing FWW claim pleading. Thus, and out of an abundance of caution, the Court gives Plaintiff an opportunity to gather and present some proof supporting Cook Out's non-compliance with the second and fourth FWW prongs. If preliminary discovery reveals a viable claim, Sherwood is entitled to proceed. Alternatively, if proof only confirms the Court's initial impression of this claim, Cook Out will not be unnecessarily burdened by full-blown discovery.

III. STATE LAW CLAIMS

Kentucky's overtime statute roughly tracks § 207(a), with one key exception. See KRS 337.285. The Commonwealth exempts "restaurant" employees from overtime requirements. Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants "operate restaurants[.]" DE 55 at ¶¶ 15, 17, 21, 23. Cook Out seeks dismissal of the state law claim based on this exemption. Plaintiff contends that he "carefully pled his [second] claim to fall under . . . KRS 337.020[.]" DE 59 at 19. Sherwood argues that KRS 337.020 does not exclude restaurant employees and, thus, it provides an independent cause of action for underpaid overtime. DE 59 at 20. Alternatively, Plaintiff suggests that Kentucky's negligence per se codification, KRS 446.070, authorizes a claim for KRS 337.020 violations.

It is true that KRS 337.020 authorizes employee claims against an employer that fails to diligently pay "the full amount of [ ] wages due on each regular pay day." KRS 446.070 does permit suits, sometimes, for violations of Kentucky statutes.14 However, Plaintiff's argument ignores a fundamental defect with these claims. For either theory, Plaintiff needed to plausibly allege unpaid wages that he was "due" under state law. This he failed to do.

Kentucky wages include, in relevant part: "any compensation due to an employee by reason of his or her employment, including salaries . . . [and] overtime pay[.]" KRS 337.010. In the Commonwealth, the statute that renders overtime "due" is KRS 337.285. See Henderson v. Pieratt's, Inc., No. 5:17-CV-377-JMH, 2019 WL 1903398, at *7 (E.D. Ky. Apr. 29, 2019) ("KRS 377.285(1) is enforced through KRS 337.385[.]"). As discussed, Cook Out is exempt from that requirement and, thus, its employees are not entitled to such compensation under state law. See KRS 337.285(2)(b). Put differently, Plaintiff's allegation that Cook Out failed to pay "proper overtime wages . . . for all hours. . . over 40" does not plausibly allege a violation of KRS 337.020. Having failed to adequately plead a statutory breach, Sherwood likewise fails to state a valid KRS 446.070 claim. Consequently, the Court dismisses Plaintiff's second and third causes of action.

While Plaintiff may suggest he simply is trying to collect an FLSA liability via the Kentucky statutory scheme, that is not what the Complaint attempts. Rather, the pleading repeatedly invokes a Kentucky overtime obligation as the catalyst for the claimed wages due. Paragraph 69 provides: "The overtime wage provisions of the KWPCL and its supporting regulations apply to Defendants." Or consider paragraph 71: "Defendants' hours-based bonus payments violated the KWPCL and its fluctuating workweek overtime wage provisions." Undoubtedly, Plaintiff seeks to apply Kentucky overtime law to Counts II and III. This, because of the restaurant exemption, he may not do. The Court will not allow a bootstrapped FLSA claim, which clearly makes no effort to enwrap the class, to survive in the remaining collective action counts. Finally, even if the Complaint actually alleged the theory that Sherwood's response advances, the Commonwealth's precedent would slam the door. See St. Luke Hosp., Inc. v. Straub, 354 S.W.3d 529, 534 (Ky. 2011) ("Violations of federal laws and regulations and the laws of other states do not create a cause of action based on KRS 446.070."); T & M Jewelry, Inc. v. Hicks ex rel. Hicks, 189 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Ky. 2006) ("The Kentucky General Assembly did not intend for KRS 446.070 to embrace the whole of federal laws and the laws of other states and thereby confer a private civil remedy for such a vast array of violations.").

IV. CONCLUSION

For all these reasons and on the stated terms, the Court ORDERS as follows:

At the close of briefing, the Court will reevaluate the full record and, likely, evaluate the filings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). As a prerequisite to Rule 12(d) consideration: "All parties must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion." See also Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Petroleum Specialties, Inc., 69 F.3d 98, 105 (6th Cir. 1995) ("[D]istrict courts are widely acknowledged to possess the power to enter summary judgments sua sponte, so long as the losing party was on notice that she had to come forward with all of her evidence." (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2554 (1986)). This Opinion provides notice of the issues the Court intends to consider.15