REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

MARY PAT THYNGE, Magistrate Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Samuel R. Gebhart ("plaintiff") filed this action against defendant Michael J. Astrue, then Commissioner of Social Security ("defendant").1 Plaintiff seeks judicial review, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 42 U.S.C. 1383(c), of a denial of his application for Social Security Disability and Supplemental Security Income benefits under Title II and Title XVI of the Social Security Act (the "Act"). Presently before the court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff seeks reversal, or in the alternative, remand to a different Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"). Defendant requests the court affirm the decision to deny benefits.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural Background

Plaintiff applied for disability insurance benefits ("DIB")2 on July 25, 2005, alleging he was disabled since September 30, 2004 due to pericardial diffusion, a gunshot wound to his right calf, and nervous breakdowns.3 His application was denied initially on February 16, 2006,4 and on reconsideration on March 2, 2007.5 On April 23, 2007, plaintiff filed a written request for a hearing.6

A video hearing before ALJ Judith A. Showalter was conducted on March 17, 2008.7 Plaintiff, represented by counsel, testified at the hearing.8 Mitchell A. Schmidt, an impartial vocational expert, also appeared at the hearing.9

On July 10, 2008, the ALJ issued a written decision denying plaintiff's application for DIB.10 The ALJ noted plaintiff's insured status expired on March 31, 2007, requiring disability be established on or before that date.11 The ALJ determined plaintiff was not disabled under sections 216(I), 223(d), and 1614(3)(A) of the Social Security Act.12 Specifically, she found plaintiff had severe impairments, including posterior tibial tendon disorder, status post-gunshot wound, and personality disorder, but none, singly or in combination, met or medically equaled the criteria for listed impairments under the Act.13 The ALJ determined plaintiff had the residual functional capacity ("RFC") to perform simple, routine, unskilled, sedentary work at a non-production pace.14 The ALJ also found the RFC required plaintiff to do occasional postural activities, and precluded him from exposure to extreme temperature and humidity, as well as from climbing ropes, ladders, or scaffolds.15 Consequently, the ALJ concluded plaintiff was employable and not disabled.16

Plaintiff then filed a request for review on July 17, 2008,17 and the Appeals Council remanded the matter to the ALJ on June 23, 2010 for further consideration and to obtain additional evidence.18

On August 18, 2011, another video hearing was held before ALJ Judith Showalter.19 Plaintiff again testified at the hearing.20 Christina L. Beatty-Cody, an impartial vocational expert ("VE"), also testified.21

On December 2, 2011, the ALJ again denied plaintiff's application for DIB.22 In that opinion, the ALJ concluded, although plaintiff had the same severe impairments, along with substance addiction disorder and depression, he maintained the previously determined RFC,23 and was not disabled under the Act.24

Plaintiff's subsequent request for review was denied by the Appeals Council on August 10, 2012, as the Council concluded there was no basis for reviewing the ALJ's decision.25 The ALJ's 2011 decision, therefore, constitutes the final decision of the Commissioner.26

Having exhausted all administrative remedies, plaintiff now seeks judicial review of this decision. On January 10, 2013, plaintiff moved for summary judgment.27 On March 25, 2013, defendant cross moved for summary judgment.28

B. Factual Background

Plaintiff was born on March 7, 1963,29 and was forty-four years old as of his last insured date.30 He is considered a "younger person" at all times relevant to his DIB application.31 Plaintiff is a high school graduate with prior vocational experience as a heavy equipment operator and a tree service worker.32 His detailed medical history is contained in the record; this Recommendation will provide a summary of the relevant medical evidence.

1. Medical Evidence

Plaintiff's complaints of pain associated with a number of injuries and conditions occurred prior to the alleged onset date. His treatment records reflect a long-standing history of substance abuse and mental illness.33

a. Back/neck pain

In June 2004, plaintiff sustained cervical and thoracic strain injuries resulting from a motor vehicle accident,34 causing neck and upper extremities' pain and numbness of the hands.35 On August 2, 2004, plaintiff visited Wai Wor Phoon, M.D., for a nerve conduction test, which yielded normal results, with no evidence of neuropathy or radiculopathy.36 Plaintiff briefly sought treatment for his symptoms from Jeremy Rivada, PT, ("Rivada") of DYNAMIC Physical Therapy and Aquatic Rehabilitation Centers.37 On August 6, 2004, Rivada reported decreased range of motion and increased muscle tightness with spasms.38 During that appointment, plaintiff advised he was placed on lighter duty at work and refrained from heavy lifting.39

On September 17, 2006, plaintiff was involved in another motor vehicle accident.40 He began treatment with Frank Falco, M.D., ("Dr. Falco") and Jie Zhu, M.D., at Mid Atlantic Spine for lower back, neck, and leg pain on September 21, 2006.41 On examination, Dr. Falco found normal range of motion ("ROM"), no muscle spasms in the back, and some tenderness along the facets.42 Plaintiff was treated with pain medications for his lower back from September to November 2006.43 At his November 2, 2006 office visit with Dr. Falco, plaintiff rated his lower back pain as 8/10 without pain medication, and 5/10 with medication.44 During that appointment, plaintiff requested more medication, claiming the pharmacy only provided him 80 of the 120 pills he was supposed to receive.45 Because the pharmacy properly filled the prescription, Dr. Falco discharged plaintiff for abusing pain medication.46

On August 12, 2010, plaintiff saw his primary care physician, Seth Ivins, M.D., ("Dr. Ivins") for lower back pain.47 Dr. Ivins reported decreased range of motion in the lumbar spine.48

b. Chest pain

On September 10, 2004, plaintiff was seen at the emergency room of Christiana Care for chest discomfort.49 He reported being a self-employed carpenter, and taking Xanax and Paxil for anxiety due to the June 2004 motor vehicle accident.50 Cardiologist Edward Goldenberg, M.D., ("Dr. Goldenberg") conducted an electrocardiogram ("ECG") and CT scan ("CT"), which showed no evidence of a pericardial effusion or pulmonary emboli.51 Dr. Goldenberg diagnosed "chest pain syndrome, probably pericarditis."52

On October 28, 2004, plaintiff followed up with Dr. Goldenberg for recurrent sharp anterior chest pain.53 Dr. Goldenberg performed another ECG and assessed the chest pain as "probably musculoskeletal in etiology."54

On January 15, 2005, plaintiff again reported to the emergency room at Christiana Hospital complaining of chest pain resulting from a fall.55 The ECG and chest x-ray presented no probative findings.56 Plaintiff was discharged with a diagnosis of "nonspecific chest pain" and prescribed Percocet for pain.57

In June 2005, plaintiff visited Union Hospital in Elkton, Maryland, on two occasions complaining of "sharp and stabbing" chest pain.58 During the June 6, 2005 visit, he claimed the pain started while fishing and drinking alcohol and the symptoms were identical to those experienced during his admission to Christiana Care in 2004.59 Plaintiff related a family history of congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and pericarditis.60 On June 24, 2005, plaintiff returned to the Union Hospital emergency room with another episode of chest pain, and was evaluated by Christopher Baldi, D.O., who noted that "some features of [plaintiff's] pain and his actions . . . suggest drug-seeking behavior."61 During each visit, plaintiff was diagnosed with pericarditis and hypertension.62 He also tested positive for Hepatitis C.63 Plaintiff was advised to discontinue alcohol and tobacco use, and follow up with his primary care provider, Keith Sokoloff, M.D.64

On January 4, 2007, plaintiff visited Dr. Goldenberg for the first time since 2004, for recurrent chest discomfort and shortness of breath associated with "hard work or emotional upset."65 Plaintiff advised taking nitroglycerine for relief.66 He stated his activities were limited and still smoked a half a pack of cigarettes a day.67 Dr. Goldenberg administered an ECG and diagnosed the chest pain as "not clearly ischemic in origin."68

On January 17, 2007, plaintiff underwent a stress test administered by Richard F. Gordon, M.D., which revealed a regional wall motion abnormality and a moderately sized, reversible inferior defect.69 Thereafter, plaintiff underwent a cardiac catherization on January 30, 2007 by James M. Ritter, M.D., (partner to Dr. Goldenberg) which revealed non-obstructive coronary artery disease.70

On January 11, 2008, plaintiff was admitted to Christiana Care after developing chest pain during a domestic dispute.71 Dr. Goldenberg found plaintiff's chest x-ray was normal and his ECG unchanged.72 Two months later, Dr. Goldenberg cleared plaintiff from "a cardiac standpoint" for foot surgery.73

Plaintiff continued to see Dr. Goldenberg for chest pain from April 2009 through December 2009.74 During the April 7, 2009 appointment, plaintiff advised he continued to smoke and had experienced significant emotional distress.75 While his ECG was normal, plaintiff had elevated cholesterol and Dr. Goldberg prescribed Lipitor.76 Nevertheless, when Dr. Goldenberg was asked on November 23, 2009 whether plaintiff was disabled from a "cardiac standpoint," the doctor responded in the negative.77

On November 24, 2009, plaintiff contacted Dr. Goldenberg's office complaining of persistent and intermittent chest pain.78 On December 2, 2009, Dr. Goldenberg administered another stress test, which was negative for ischemia and arrythmias, and revealed an ejection fraction of 69%, normal sized chambers, normal perfusion, normal hemodynamic response, and average functional capacity.79

On December 15, 2009, plaintiff was evaluated by Dr. Goldenberg for continued activity-related tightness in his chest.80 At this time, plaintiff advised he had discontinued alcohol, continued to smoke, and remained under increased emotional stress.81 Dr. Goldenberg's diagnosis was atypical angina, and he ordered another cardiac catherization.82 On December 28, 2009, Michael E. Stillabower, M.D., conducted the catherization, and found non-obstructive coronary disease with no focal stenosis in excess of 30-40%, intramyocardia with mild bridging.83

c. Foot/ankle injury

In 1981, plaintiff sustained a gunshot injury which left multiple bullet fragments in his right leg.84 On January 6, 2005, plaintiff was seen at Christiana Care complaining of pain in both wrists, right ankle and foot.85 X-rays revealed osteoarthritic changes in both wrists and possible joint subluxation in the left wrist.86 An X-ray of the right ankle revealed multiple pellets in the soft tissue compatible with the 1981 gunshot injury, but otherwise showed no significant arthritic changes or deformities.87 The right foot X-ray evidenced osteoarthritic changes and possible hammertoe deformities.88

Plaintiff saw podiatrist James D. Bray ("Dr. Bray") for his foot and ankle pain from January 2005 through February 2006.89 In January 2005, Dr. Bray diagnosed posterior tibial tendon disorder of the right ankle and ordered a sonogram which occurred on February 3, 2006.90 According to the sonogram, there was evidence of chronic thickening and fibrosis along the musculotendinous junction of the posterior tibialis tendon, with the abnormal thickening in the posterior tibialis region possibly representing the "sequela of previous injury to the tendon."91

In May 2006, plaintiff began treatment with podiatrist Jason T. Kline ("Dr. Kline").92 Dr. Kline first treated plaintiff on May 25, 2006 for complaints of foot and ankle pain and ambulation problems due to occasional "collapse" of the right foot.93 Plaintiff also complained his ankle brace for stability caused pain.94 Dr. Kline's examination revealed subtalar ROM elicited mild pain with no evidence of crepitus.95 Weight bearing analysis revealed severe collapse of the subtalar joint and longitudinal arch.96 Dr. Kline diagnosed a 3/4 function grade of plaintiff's posterior tibial tendons and hammertoe deformities.97 He recommended reconstructive surgery for both conditions to stabilize plaintiff's right foot.98 On June 22, 2006, Dr. Kline's examination revealed a severe pes valgus deformity secondary to subtalar joint collapse, muscle weakness secondary to nerve damage related to the gunshot injury, and rigid contracted digits of the right foot.99 Based on these findings, Dr. Kline scheduled subtalar joint fusion surgery which was performed on July 14, 2006.100

On August 10, 2006, Dr. Kline's post-operative evaluation noted plaintiff was "doing well."101 During this appointment, he applied a fiberglass cast with strict non-weight bearing activity for two weeks, and prescribed a CAM walker, pain medication, and thirty days of physical therapy.102

On September 15, 2006, plaintiff began physical therapy with Heather J. Browne, PT, ("Browne") at DYNAMIC Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Center.103 At that time, plaintiff rated his pain in a range of 8/10 to 10/10.104 Browne reported plaintiff's overall rehabilitation potential as fair, and he tolerated therapeutic treatment activities with mild complaints of pain and difficulty.105 On October 6, 2006, plaintiff told Browne he felt "a lot better" since physical therapy began.106 Browne observed plaintiff had increased mobility, and could walk without a boot.107 Plaintiff reported exercising on his own, including using five pound weights at one hundred repetitions a couple of times per day, walking on the treadmill for five miles per day at five miles per hour, and doing fifty pound leg presses.108 Nevertheless, he reported pain after walking for a long time, at night and in the morning, and at extreme ankle ROM.109 Browne advised plaintiff to temper his exercise activities.110

On October 18, 2006, Dr. Kline diagnosed plaintiff's right subtalar fusion as "successful" and "totally healed."111 Despite these findings, Dr. Kline concluded plaintiff was "temporarily disabled until further notice," and scheduled a second surgery for digital reconstruction.112

On November 28, 2006, plaintiff underwent surgical reconstruction of his right foot.113 Dr. Kline prescribed post-operative pain medication until December 12, 2006.114

Shortly after his November 2006 surgery, plaintiff experienced tenderness in his right toes, determined to be caused by a screw that migrated distally.115 As a result, plaintiff was admitted on January 25, 2007 to Glasglow Medical Center to have the appliance surgically removed.116

Plaintiff visited Dr. Kline regularly following his 2007 surgery, and often complained of right foot and ankle pain.117 Dr. Kline continued with pain medication and referred plaintiff to Emmanuel Devotta, M.D., ("Dr. Devotta") of Brandywine Pain Management.118 On March 9, 2007, Dr. Devotta performed a physical and a pain management evaluation.119 He observed plaintiff wore a boot over his lower right extremity, had multiple well-healed surgical scars and significant decreased ROM in the ankle with diffuse allodynia and mild edema.120 Dr. Devotta recommended a lumbar sympathetic block to reduce lower extremity hypersensitivity.121 However, there is no documentation that plaintiff underwent this procedure.122

In a May 2007 letter concerning plaintiff's disability status, Dr. Kline opined that the recovery process was ongoing and discussed plaintiff's difficulty with pain management.123 Dr. Kline felt the pain was due to a "nonunion at one of the surgical sites" and if further surgery was required, "the period of disability may . . . extend at least 3-6 months."124

In August 2007, Dr. Kline completed a lower extremities impairment questionnaire listing the current diagnosis as subtalar joint nonunion, based on a June 2007 CT scan, which revealed incomplete fusion of the right subtalar joint.125 He reported plaintiff suffered sharp and throbbing pain during ambulation and, while able to initially ambulate independently, could not sustain walking or other activities.126 Dr. Kline noted plaintiff used a CAM walker and cane and could not climb stairs without a handrail.127 Dr. Kline concluded plaintiff could sit for eight hours, walk or stand for one hour, frequently lift between 0-20 lbs., occasionally lift 20-50 lbs., and never lift over 50 lbs.128 He also noted swelling of the right leg would require elevation above hip-level for 1-2 hours, twice daily.129 Dr. Kline indicated severe pain frequently interfered with plaintiff's attention and concentration,130 and denied any evidence of malingering.131 He concluded plaintiff could tolerate low stress work, and required unscheduled work breaks every two hours, with absenteeism of more than three times a month because of the impairments.132 Dr. Kline's further work limitations identified avoiding temperature extremes, kneeling, bending, and stooping.133

Plaintiff began treatment with Dr. Ivins in 2007.134 Like Dr. Kline, Dr. Ivins treated the foot and ankle pain.135 At the November 1, 2007 appointment, plaintiff rated his lower leg pain at 9/10.136 On March 3, 2008, plaintiff informed Dr. Ivins that his pain level remained the same.137

On March 26, 2008, plaintiff complained to Dr. Kline of persistent pain in the right ankle and along the outer aspect of his right foot, which turned inward during ambulation.138 Plaintiff advised the CAM walker provided more secure ambulation.139 Dr. Kline's examination found possible nonunion of the subtalar joint, ankle equinus, and tenderness and tightness along the Achilles tendon.140 Based on these findings, Dr. Kline recommended percutaneous tendo-Achilles lengthening to decrease compensatory pronation at the subtalar joint, and to delay the nonunion repair because the subtalar joint was presently not tender on motion.141

On March 31, 2008, plaintiff told Dr. Ivins the pain had not increased since his last visit, for which 30 mg. Roxicodone was prescribed.142 Eleven days later, Dr. Kline re-prescribed the same dosage.143

On April 22, 2008, plaintiff was admitted to Glasglow Medical Center for percutaneous tendo-Achilles lengthening.144 On postoperative evaluation, Dr. Kline noted improvement in ankle ROM, with pain well-controlled.145

In May 2008, Dr. Kline referred plaintiff to DYNAMIC Physical Therapy, where treatment was provided by several different clinicians.146 On June 24, 2008, plaintiff saw Sarah Price, MPT, about severe pain around the Achilles tendon and anterior and medial ankle area and lateral numbness.147 On July 2, 2008, plaintiff informed Christopher Goetz, PT, ("Goetz) that his right ankle pain decreased and ROM increased.148 One week later, however, plaintiff rated the severity of pain at 10/10.149 On July 11, 2008, Goetz reported plaintiff's overall condition was "improving," "with good tolerance to [the] exercise program."150 On July 16, 2008, plaintiff stated he was "improving" with physical therapy, and Rivada noted minimal complaints of pain or difficulty.151 On July 17, 2008, plaintiff told Goetz he felt "pretty good with little pain," and his functional ability had improved more than 50% since starting physical therapy.152 On July 22, 2008, plaintiff reported increased walking was less painful.153 July 25, 2008 was his last physical therapy appointment, when he complained of soreness due to exercise.154

On October 7, 2008, plaintiff underwent another surgical procedure on his right foot at Glasglow Medical Center.155

On October 30, 2008, Dr. Kline reported plaintiff had decreased edema in the right foot with mild residual erythema.156 Moreover, on November 13, 2008, Dr. Kline noted plaintiff still experienced pain in the right foot, but his condition had improved.157 The doctor prescribed additional Roxicodone.158 The following day, plaintiff complained to Dr. Ivins that his level of pain was at 8/10 and needed his prescriptions refilled.159 At both his December 10 and December 30, 2008 appointments with Dr. Kline, plaintiff reported the pain was localized to the outer aspect of his right ankle after periods of ambulation.160 On December 12, 2008, plaintiff's chief complaint to Dr. Ivins was he needed further refills of his medications because of increased right foot and ankle pain due to cold weather.161

X-rays taken June 16, 2009 revealed joint space narrowing and osteophytes consistent with degenerative joint disease.162 Dr. Kline noted possible subtalar nonunion, but determined no surgery was necessary.163

Roughly a year later, Dr. Kline reported in a letter that plaintiff's condition remained consistent with the information contained in his 2007 lower extremities impairment questionnaire.164 Specifically, Dr. Kline concluded plaintiff suffered reduced ROM in his right subtalar and ankle joints, tenderness in the right sinus tarsi and plantar lateral heel, muscle atrophy in the right calf, swelling and sensory loss in the right foot and lower leg, joint instability and crepitus in the right subtalar joint, and an abnormal gait.165 Dr. Kline concluded plaintiff could not stand or walk for more than one hour in an eight hour work day, required elevation of his right leg above hip level for one to hours twice each day, and his condition would result in more than three absences from work per month.166 Lastly, Dr. Kline stated plaintiff's condition was ongoing and had existed since May 25, 2006.167

Dr. Kline did not see plaintiff again until May 4, 2011, when plaintiff complained of a burning pain in his outer heel and along his right foot to the fourth and fifth digits, which had been present for over two weeks; he denied any injury to the affected area.168 Dr. Kline's examination revealed mild residual edema on the lateral aspect of the foot.169 Although Dr. Kline found no tenderness in the subtalar joint on attempted ROM, pinpoint tenderness was evident at the plantar fascial insertion site, and on palpation along the entire fascial band including submetatarsal VI and V.170 Dr. Kline noted no edema, erythema, calor, ecchymosis, or interspace neuroma, and a negative Mulder sign.171 Assessment of recent radiographs of plaintiff's right foot confirmed the subtalar joint screw remained and no evidence of heel spurring.172 Based on these findings, Dr. Kline suspected plantar fasciitis for which he administered injections and recommended continued icing and elevation of the right leg, using his custom orthotics, and performing daily plantar fascia stretching exercises.173 He also recommended plaintiff return within three to four weeks if he remained symptomatic.174 This was plaintiff's last reported appointment with Dr. Kline.175

Plaintiff continued seeing Dr. Ivins regularly until August 2011.176 Dr. Ivins' records indicate that, from February 2009 onward, plaintiff's reported pain levels did not rise above a 5/10 and he never complained of increased pain.177 In May 2011, Dr. Ivins completed a Multiple Impairment Questionnaire listing plaintiff's pain level as a 5/10 or moderate.178 In the questionnaire, Dr. Ivins identified plaintiff's primary symptoms as chronic foot and ankle pain exacerbated by weight bearing and "sensory changes of [the] area," which would likely increase in a competitive work environment, and would frequently interfere with concentration and attention.179 Dr. Ivins described plaintiff's pain as a "constant, deep pain, var[ying] in quality (sharp/dull), of a mechanical nature."180 Dr. Ivins further determined plaintiff suffered burning neuropathic pain which "was not completely relieved with medication without unacceptable side effects."181

In the context of an eight-hour work day, Dr. Ivins determined plaintiff was able to sit for four hours and stand or walk for one hour or less, with absences more than three times a month and unscheduled breaks every ten to fifteen minutes, each for a duration of at least fifteen minutes.182 Although no medical condition prevented continuous sitting, plaintiff should not stand or walk continuously.183 Dr. Ivins reported plaintiff could occasionally lift and carry up to ten pounds, but never more than that amount.184 He also noted no significant limitations in performing repetitive reaching, handling, fingering, or lifting, and no limitations with grasping, turning, or twisting objects, fine finger and hand manipulations, and arm reaching.185 He further concluded plaintiff's narcotic medication caused mild psycho-motor impairment.186

d. Mental impairments

Plaintiff has also undergone evaluations and treatment for substance abuse issues and various mental impairments, including social functioning issues, concentration and memory deficits, depression, and episodes of decompensation.

i. Frederick Kozma Jr., Ph.D.

Plaintiff was referred to Frederick Kozma, Jr., Ph.D., ("Dr. Kozma") for evaluation of his mental status.187 On January 23, 2006, Dr. Kozma conducted a Mini-Mental Status Evaluation ("MMSE") and clinical interview.188 Upon plaintiff's arrival for the appointment, Dr. Kozma noted plaintiff was "disheveled," walked with a cane and his movements were "generally slow and awkward."189

Regarding his medical history, plaintiff related his right leg was amputated at age eighteen due to a hunting accident, he suffered heart failure two years prior, and he was blind in his right eye.190 Neither the record nor his representations to health care providers support these statements.191 Plaintiff reported a number of recent deaths in his family, and depression as evidenced by emotional lability, poor sleep, poor appetite, and low energy.192 Plaintiff further claimed to experience "visual hallucinations" of his dead relatives at night.193

Concerning family history, plaintiff reported a troubled childhood, and was raised by his grandparents from age seven because his mother abandoned him.194 Absent plaintiff's claim of his mother's mental instability, he was otherwise unaware of any other psychological problems in his family.195 Plaintiff related he was married at age eighteen, but the marriage ended seven years later.196 Plaintiff did not report any subsequent marriages, and denied having any children.197

Plaintiff reported that, although he attended special education classes, he received a high school diploma.198 Concerning employment, plaintiff claimed to have worked at a gas station for two years,199 and his last full time job for fifteen years was cleaning up commercial hazardous waste.200 Plaintiff admitted quitting several jobs because of difficulties with co-workers.201 Plaintiff never served in the military.202

Plaintiff claimed he occasionally drank, and never experienced any blackouts or delirium tremens from alcohol use. He denied using other substances.203 He admitted smoking cigarettes "occasionally."204 Regarding his criminal history, plaintiff related he had been arrested once for "petty theft as a child."205

During the evaluation, Dr. Kozma noted plaintiff was cooperative yet "somewhat passive" because he "offered little information spontaneously."206 Dr. Kozma further observed plaintiff comprehended test questions and materials without difficulty.207 He found plaintiff's speech coherent and relevant, with a good vocabulary and a "variably organized flow" of information.208 Dr. Kozma found plaintiff's insight and judgment was fair.209

Plaintiff became tearful during the evaluation.210 Plaintiff advised that he cried frequently and often thought about death, but denied he was suicidal.211 He also complained of poor appetite, low energy, trouble sleeping, and hallucinations.212

Plaintiff claimed he often struggled with short-term memory,213 as evidenced by occasionally forgetting his telephone number or taking his medications, and getting lost when traveling home from familiar locations.214 Nevertheless, Dr. Kozma found his "general fund of information" was adequate.215

Plaintiff's MMSE score was a 20/30, which is classified as moderate cognitive impairment.216 The MMSE results revealed he was partially-oriented.217 Although he could recall the correct month, day of the week, and season, plaintiff could not remember the date, year, and his location.218

The evaluation results showed plaintiff's ability to register and recall information was good. He repeated three out of three objects immediately, recalled three words after a brief delay, correctly named common objects, repeated phrases, wrote sentences, read and followed directions, and followed three-step-commands, but was unable to correctly copy a diagram of interlocking pentagons.219

Based on his evaluation, Dr. Kozma diagnosed Major Depressive Disorder, manifested by depressed mood, diminished interest and pleasure, low energy, sleep disturbance, poor appetite, thoughts of death, visual hallucinations, and diminished ability to think or concentrate.220 Dr. Kozma also noted plaintiff's financial management was poor.221

On February 5, 2006, Dr. Kozma completed a Psychological Functional Capacities Evaluation Form in connection with his evaluation of plaintiff for the Delaware Disability Determination Service ("DDS").222 The form required evaluating the degree of impairment from none to severe.223 Dr. Kozma rated plaintiff's ability to relate to other people as moderate, restriction of his daily activities as severe, deterioration of his personal habits as mild, and constriction of interests as severe.224 Using the same scale, Dr. Kozma rated plaintiff's degree of impairment within the competitive labor-market setting as none for understanding simple, primarily oral, instructions; was moderately severely impaired for carrying out instructions under ordinary supervision; and was severely limited for sustaining work performance and attendance, coping with work pressures, and performing routine, repetitive tasks under ordinary supervision.225 Dr. Kozma's diagnosis was Major Depressive Disorder, without any chronic brain syndrome or psychotic disorder.226 He rated plaintiff's Global Assessment of Function ("GAF") score at 35.227

ii. D. Fugate, Ph.D.

On February 16, 2006, D. Fugate, Ph.D., ("Dr. Fugate") conducted a psychiatric review in connection with plaintiff's disability determination,228 and found he suffered from depression.229 Dr. Fugate concluded plaintiff had mild functional limitation, which caused some restriction of daily living activities and some difficulty in social functioning, concentration, persistence, or pace, and would not experience decompensation of an extended duration.230

Based on his findings, Dr. Fugate concluded plaintiff's mental impairment was not severe, and he was mentally capable to perform routine work.231 Regarding Dr. Kozma's findings, Dr. Fugate pointed out that plaintiff may have "present[ed] himself in a manner that a lay person could be expected to act if he wanted the [examiner] to think that he was psychiatrically impaired,"232 and noted several of his statements to Dr. Kozma were not credible because they conflicted with the medical record.233 Therefore, Dr. Fugate recommended Dr. Kozma's evaluation be accorded little weight.234

iii. Christiana Care

On June 30, 2006, plaintiff presented to the Christiana Care emergency room complaining of chest pain and suicidal thoughts.235 He related contemplating suicide after learning of his wife's infidelity,236 and feared hurting himself or others because of his purported long history of poorly modulated anger impulsivity and behavioral dyscontrol.237

The mental status examination described plaintiff as cooperative and polite, with speech of normal rate and volume.238 He was moderately tremulous with no ataxia.239 His thought processes were logical and his associations intact.240 Plaintiff described his mood as depressed, which the examination confirmed.241 He expressed suicidal and homicidal ideation, and his thought content was characterized by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness.242 The examination revealed no evidence of hallucinations or delusions,243 and found plaintiff was alert, oriented, and his memory intact.244 His intellectual functioning was within the average range, and his abstract reasoning was "concrete."245 The examination reported plaintiff's attention span was impaired, and his judgment poor due to impulsivity and substance abuse.246

In relating his history, plaintiff denied treatment for depression and admitted to self-medicating with alcohol,247 by drinking between six and twenty-four cans of beer daily.248 Plaintiff, however, later claimed to consume only two or three beers per day.249 Plaintiff admitted to episodic cocaine abuse,250 which was confirmed through lab tests positive for cocaine and benzodiazepines.251 However, it was difficult for the examiners to determine whether plaintiff was also abusing prescribed medications.252

Plaintiff was admitted to the Psychiatric Unit for individual, group, and adjunctive therapy.253 Although he gradually reported less emotional dyscontrol and diminished suicidal ideation, he continued to express concern about his impulsivity and possible future violent or suicidal behavior.254 The hospital discharge summary states there was obvious improvement within the first week after admission,255 as evidenced by his "significant progress" and good participation in group therapy.256 He was more energetic and optimistic, and his level of depression diminished, with no evidence of suicidal ideation.257 Plaintiff was discharged on July, 7, 2006.258 In terms of follow-up, plaintiff advised he would continue treatment at the Open Door Counseling Program, and with alcoholics anonymous.259

Plaintiff was treated by Michael N. Marcus, M.D., of Christiana Care's Department of Psychiatry on two occasions in October and November 2006,260 who diagnosed recurrent, severe major depression of a psychotic nature, PTSD, alcohol dependence, anger, irritability, and explosiveness. Treatment was via medication.261

iv. Glen D. Greenberg, Ph.D., ABPP

On September 19, 2006, plaintiff saw Glen D. Greenberg, Ph.D., ABPP, ("Dr. Greenberg") of The Neuroscience Institute of Delaware, who noted depressed mood, clear and fluent speech, and organized, logical thoughts.262 His mental status exam revealed orientation as to date, ability to memorize two of three words after a distracter, significantly impaired serial sevens, and difficulty with subtraction.263 Plaintiff scored a 35 on the Beck Depression Inventory II, which is in the severe range.264 On a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ("PTSD") screening measure, plaintiff related witnessing the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York City, with other moderate to severe symptoms associated with the event.265 Dr. Greenberg diagnosed adjustment reaction with depression, PTSD, alcohol and polysubstance abuse, and rule out ("R/O") major depression and antisocial personality disorder.266 Dr. Greenberg concluded plaintiff remained at risk for suicide and recommended individual counseling, couples therapy, and a possible referral to the University of Pennsylvania for severe PTSD treatment.267

v. Maurice Prout, Ph.D.

Maurice Prout, Ph.D., ("Dr. Prout") completed a Social Security Administration Psychiatric Review Technique form on February 23, 2007, identifying plaintiff's personality and substance addiction disorders as "not severe."268 He found mild limitation of activities of daily living, and in maintaining social functioning, concentration, persistence, and pace.269 Dr. Prout estimated plaintiff would experience between one and two episodes of decompensation, each of extended duration.270 It is unclear whether Dr. Prout's evaluation was the result of direct observation or review of the record.

vi. Brian Simon, Psy. D.

Brian Simon, Psy.D., ("Dr. Simon") examined plaintiff on February 5, 2007 for his disability determination.271 Dr. Simon's behavioral observations were as follows: a strong smell of alcohol; fair attention and concentration; speech with normal rate, volume, and articulation; poor memory; errors in performing serial calculations; limited abstraction ability; constricted affect; and no evidence of significant pain and limited ambulation despite a boot on his foot.272 After conducting a clinical interview, Dr. Simon's diagnostic impression was malingering, alcohol abuse, antisocial personality disorder, and a GAF score of 45, and he recommended outpatient psychiatric and substance abuse treatment.273

On the psychological functional capacities evaluation form, Dr. Simon noted moderate impairment in restriction of daily activities and constriction of interests, mild to moderate impairment to relate to people, and moderately severe impairment in the deterioration of personal habits.274 In the competitive labor-market, Dr. Simon reported mild impairment in understanding simple, primarily oral instructions, and moderate impairment in carrying out instructions, sustaining work performance, attendance in a normal work-setting, coping with pressures of ordinary work, and performing routine, repetitive tasks under ordinary supervision.275 Dr. Simon further concluded plaintiff was incapable of handling his finances.276

vii. Seth Ivins, M.D.

As previously discussed, plaintiff began treatment with Dr. Ivins as his primary care physician in April 2007.277 While treatment notes indicate the majority of visits concerned foot and ankle concerns, the doctor occasionally prescribed medication for mental impairments.278

On a Psychiatric/Psychological Impairment Questionnaire dated May 6, 2011, Dr. Ivins diagnosed plaintiff's condition as bipolar disorder I with psychotic features,279 with a current GAF score of 60.280 Dr. Ivins noted the primary symptoms included "mood lability with difficulty functioning in normal social situations and periods of psychosis, both drug and non-drug induced."281

Dr. Ivins' evaluation of plaintiff's restrictions in a competitive work environment found moderate limitation to remember locations, work procedures and one or two step instructions,282 and marked limitation to understand and remember detailed instructions.283 He noted mild limitation in completing simple one or two step instructions, avoiding hazards, traveling to unfamiliar places or using public transportation; moderate limitation in setting realistic goals, independent planning, sustaining an ordinary routine without supervision, performing within a schedule, maintaining regular and punctual attendance; and marked limitation in carrying out detailed instructions, maintaining attention/concentration for extended periods, and working with or in proximity to others.284 Dr. Ivins reported unpredictable episodes of decompensation, accompanied by hostile, aggressive, and inappropriate behavior.285

While Dr. Ivins indicated plaintiff was taking Seroquel XR, Cymbalta, and Xanax, he recorded no side effects.286 He found no evidence of malingering or reduced intellectual functioning,287 and estimated plaintiff's impairments would cause absences from work more than three times a month.288 Dr. Ivins ultimately determined plaintiff could perform low stress work, but cautioned even low level stressors were likely to exacerbate his condition during episodes of decompensation or hypomania.289

C. The Administrative Law Hearing

1. Testimony of Plaintiff

Plaintiff testified he has been treating with Dr. Goldberg for approximately three years, with office visits every six to eight months and if a problem arises.290 His present medications include blood thinners and for treatment of hypertension and elevated cholesterol.291 He related undergoing two catherization procedures.292

Plaintiff claimed to experience chest pain either daily or every other day, which is primarily triggered by stress and overexertion from household activities, but also occurs occasionally at rest.293 His chest pain lasts from fifteen to twenty seconds and is relieved with nitroglycerin.294

Plaintiff testified his episodes of chest pain are accompanied by shortness of breath, which lasts for twenty minutes.295 Exertion also triggers shortness of breath, which he experiences while showering, cleaning, bending over, and sitting up.296

Plaintiff claimed he essentially does no daily living activities.297 He denied doing any household chores, and his girlfriend cooks and does his laundry.298 Plaintiff testified his driving is limited to doctor's appointments.299

Regarding problems with his right calf, ankle, and foot, he claims to sit in a recliner with his leg wrapped in an ice-pack and elevated at waist-level for most of the day to minimize pain and swelling.300 He walks for about ten to fifteen minutes every few hours when his leg becomes numb.301 Plaintiff used a cane at the hearing, which he claims to need for walking and stability.302

Plaintiff testified he sleeps between four and five hours each night,303 but awakens frequently because of his medications.304 As a result, he feels tired and "run down" during the day.305 Plaintiff claimed difficulty with concentration and memory.306

Regarding medication side effects, plaintiff testified nitroglycerin causes severe headaches, which last about fifteen minutes,307 and narcotic medications cause nausea for an hour after ingestion.308

Plaintiff admitted his doctor strongly recommended he quit smoking,309 which he did six to eight weeks prior to the hearing.310

2. Testimony of Vocational Expert

Christina Beatty-Cody, a vocational expert, also testified at the administrative hearing.311 The ALJ referenced the prior vocational expert's testimony concerning plaintiff's past relevant work, which included employment as a heavy equipment operator, classified medium and skilled, and a tree cutter helper, rated as heavy and unskilled, with the skills from this prior work not transferable.312 The hypothetical person the ALJ presented was a individual age 41 years, with a 12th grade education, who is able to read, write and perform simple math, including addition and subtraction, is sedentary, but could stand and walk for about two hours in an eight hour work day.

Based on the limitations in Dr. Kline's Lower Extremities Impairment Questionnaire, Beatty-Cody responded to the ALJ's hypothetical that plaintiff's pain, fatigue, and other symptoms were severe enough to interfere with concentration, and would reduce his productivity by 15 to 20 percent or more.313 She further noted plaintiff could not tolerate low stress jobs,314 and his symptoms would cause more than three absences per month, which are work preclusive.315

In response to plaintiff's counsel's question of how his client's use of a cane and the need to elevate his right leg twice a day for one to two hours would affect working, Beatty-Cody responded if such elevation occurred at work, and not during a break, it would be work preclusive.316

D. The ALJ's Decision

Based on the evidence and testimony, the ALJ determined in her December 2, 2011 opinion,317 that plaintiff was not disabled, and not entitled to DIB.318 The ALJ's findings are summarized as follows:

III. JURISDICTION

A district court's jurisdiction to review an ALJ's decision regarding disability benefits is controlled by 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The Commissioner's decision becomes final when the Appeals Counsel affirms an ALJ opinion, denies review of an ALJ decision, or when a claimant fails to pursue available administrative remedies.330 In the instant matter, the Commissioner's decision became final when the Appeals Counsel affirmed the ALJ's denial of benefits. Thus, this court has jurisdiction to review the ALJ's decision.

IV. PARTIES' CONTENTIONS

A. Plaintiff's Contentions

Plaintiff urges remand because the ALJ: (1) failed to follow the treating physician's rule; (2) failed to properly evaluate his credibility; and (3) erred by finding he could perform other work.331

First, plaintiff contends the ALJ failed to accord proper weight to the medical opinions of treating physicians, Drs. Kline and Ivins. The ALJ refused to give controlling weight to the treating physicians' opinions to the extent they conflicted with plaintiff's RFC, reasoning they are "not well supported by medical signs and laboratory findings and are inconsistent with detailed, contemporaneous treatment records."332 Plaintiff alleges the ALJ failed to cite: (1) the specific medical records on which she relied as the basis for finding the opinions inconsistent; (2) any other substantial evidence in contradiction of the opinions; and (3) evidence from the record to support her RFC determination.333 Plaintiff cites 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2), which provides the Commissioner will give controlling weight to a treating source's opinion if it is "well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with other substantial evidence in . . . the case record."334 Plaintiff maintains the opinions of Drs. Kline and Ivins are well-supported by clinical and diagnostic findings, and therefore, deserve controlling weight.335 He further contends even if controlling weight was not required, the ALJ failed to indicate what weight was afforded and to address necessary factors under 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)-(6).336

Second, plaintiff asserts the ALJ improperly assessed his credibility.337 Under the two-step credibility process, the ALJ found his statements concerning intensity, persistence, and the limiting effects of his symptoms as "not credible to the extent they are inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment."338 Plaintiff relies on SSR 96-7p, which requires an ALJ to determine credibility "based on a consideration of the entire case record."339 Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by evaluating the consistency of his statements against her own RFC, rather than against the record evidence.340 In support, he references a recent Seventh Circuit decision, Bjornson v. Astrue, which found that an ALJ's application of her determination of a claimant's ability to work in determining credibility "gets things backwards."341

Lastly, plaintiff asserts the ALJ erred in finding he could perform other work.342 Plaintiff contends the ALJ improperly relied on the VE testimony from the March 2008 hearing, which is outside of the record before this court and inconsistent with the Appeals Council's order of remand for the ALJ to obtain additional VE testimony.343 Plaintiff claims the ALJ's hypothetical at the first hearing did not accurately describe his recognized mental limitations.344

B. Defendant's Contentions

Defendant maintains the ALJ's decision was based on substantial evidence in the record, and, accordingly, should be affirmed because the ALJ: (1) properly weighed the medical opinions of Drs. Kline and Ivins; (2) appropriately assessed plaintiff's credibility; and (3) reasonably relied upon VE testimony from the first hearing in concluding he could perform other work in the national economy.

Defendant contends substantial evidence supports the ALJ's finding that Drs. Kline and Ivins's opinions warranted less weight.345 Regarding Dr. Kline's 2010 letter affirming his earlier opinion, defendant argues the document cannot be afforded controlling weight because it was drafted by plaintiff's counsel and presented to Dr. Kline only for his signature; plaintiff's counsel is not an "acceptable medical source" under the regulations; and the opinion is not based on any recent medical records because the letter was signed in June 2010, and Dr. Kline's last contact with plaintiff was June 2009.346 Defendant further maintains Dr. Kline's opinions are of little probative value, and accuses him of merely documenting limitations for litigation purposes and adopting an "advocacy role" in plaintiff's application for benefits.347

Defendant also asserts the ALJ cited adequate evidence to explain her determination that Drs. Kline and Ivins' opinions warranted less weight, because their opinions contradict each other; are inconsistent with their respective progress notes; and constitute "mere checkbox forms."348 Defendant relies on Mason v. Shalala, wherein the Third Circuit recognized checkbox forms as weak evidence.349

Defendant argues the ALJ adequately assessed and explained her conclusions regarding plaintiff's credibility,350 as evidenced by his inconsistent statements throughout the record, including his drug and alcohol usage and low earnings.351

Lastly, defendant asserts the ALJ properly determined plaintiff could perform other work that exists in the national economy, arguing she reasonably relied upon VE testimony from the first hearing as evidence of employability.352 Accordingly, the record does not support all limitations suggested by Dr. Kline; therefore, the ALJ properly did not rely on the VE testimony from the 2008 hearing.353 Defendant additionally maintains the ALJ adequately accommodated plaintiff's moderate restrictions in concentration and social functioning, because she limited him to unskilled non-production pace jobs.354 Defendant relies on 20 C.F.R. § 404, subpt. P, app. 2 § 202.00(g), which recognizes the primary work functions for unskilled work relates "to working with things," rather than people.355

V. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Summary Judgment

In determining the appropriateness of summary judgment, the court must "review the record as a whole, `draw[ing] all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party[,]' but [refraining from] weighing the evidence or making credibility determinations."356 If there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment is appropriate.357

This standard does not change merely because there are cross-motions for summary judgment.358 Cross motions for summary judgement

"The filing of cross-motions for summary judgment does not require the court to grant summary judgment for either party."360

B. ALJ's Findings

This court's review is limited to determining whether the final decision of the Commissioner is supported by substantial evidence.

The United States Supreme Court has embraced a similar standard for determining summary judgment pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 56:

Overall, this test is deferential, and a court must give deference to agency inferences, if supported by substantial evidence, even where acting de novo, the court might have reached a different result.

The evidence, taken as a whole, must be sufficient to support a conclusion by a reasonable person. The ALJ cannot ignore or fail to resolve conflicts created by countervailing evidence. Evidence is not substantial if it is overwhelmed by other evidence, such as that provided by treating physicians, or is merely conclusory.363

When countervailing evidence consists primarily of the claimant's subjective complaints of disabling pain, the ALJ "must consider the subjective pain and specify his reasons for rejecting these claims and support his conclusion with medical evidence in the record."364

VI. DISCUSSION

A. Disability Determination

Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(l)(D), "provides for the payment of insurance benefits to persons who have contributed to the program and who suffer from a physical or mental disability."365 In order to qualify for DIB, a claimant must establish he was disabled prior to the date he was last insured.366 A claimant is disabled "only if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy."367

In determining whether a person is disabled, the Commissioner is required to perform a five-step sequential analysis.368 If a finding of disability or non-disability can be made at any point in the sequential process, the review ends.369 At step one, the Commissioner determines whether the claimant is engaged in any substantial gainful activity. If the claimant is so engaged, a finding of non-disabled is required.370 If the claimant is not so engaged, step two requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant is suffering from a severe impairment or a combination of impairments that is severe. If the claimant is not suffering from either, a finding of non-disabled is required.371

If the claimant's impairments are severe, the Commissioner, at step three, compares the claimant's impairments to a list of impairments (the "listings") that are presumed severe enough to preclude any gainful work.372 When a claimant's impairment or its equivalent matches an impairment in the listing, the claimant is presumed disabled.373 If a claimant's impairment, either singularly or in combination, fails to meet or medically equal any listing, the analysis continues to steps four and five.374 At step four, the Commissioner determines whether the claimant retains the RFC to perform his past relevant work.375 A claimant's RFC is what "an individual is still able to do despite the limitations caused by [his] impairment(s)."376 "The claimant bears the burden of demonstrating an inability to return to [his] past relevant work."377

lf the claimant is unable to return to his past relevant work, step five requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant's impairments preclude him from adjusting to any other available work.378 At this last step, the burden rests with the Commissioner to show the claimant is capable of performing other available work existing in significant national numbers and consistent with the claimant's medical impairments, age, education, past work experience and RFC before denying disability benefits.379 In making this determination, the ALJ must analyze the cumulative effect of all the claimant's impairments, and often seeks the assistance of a vocational expert.380

B. Medical Opinions of Drs. Kline & Ivins

Plaintiff contends the ALJ improperly weighed the medical opinions of treating physicians, Drs. Kline and Ivins.381 An ALJ "evaluate[s] every medical opinion [she] receives."382 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2) provides generally for more weight to be afforded to treating sources because they often are able to provide "a detailed longitudinal picture" of the claimant's medical impairments, not available from "objective findings alone" or individual medical reports; and if their opinions are "well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the record," they are given controlling weight.383

An ALJ may reject a treating physician's opinion "only on the basis of contradictory medical evidence."384 In those instances, "[e]ven where there is contradictory medical evidence, . . . and an ALJ decides not to give a treating physician's opinion controlling weight, the ALJ must still carefully evaluate how much weight to give the treating physician's opinion."385 An ALJ's decision not to give a treating physician's opinion controlling weight "must not automatically become a decision to give a treating physician's opinion no weight whatsoever."386

If the ALJ does not give the treating source's opinion controlling weight, the "[t]reating source medical opinions are still entitled to deference"387 and must be weighed using the following factors:388 length of treatment relationship and the frequency of examination;389 nature and extent of the treatment relationship;390 support with the relevant medical evidence;391 consistency with the record as a whole;392 specialization;393 and other factors which tend to support or contradict the opinion.394

The Third Circuit has stated that "[a]lthough we do not expect the ALJ to make reference to every relevant treatment note in a case where the claimant . . . has voluminous medical records, we do expect the ALJ, as the factfinder, to consider and evaluate the medical evidence in the record consistent with his responsibilities under the regulations and case law."395

In Burnett v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., the appellate court found the ALJ erred by failing "to consider and explain his reasons for discounting all of the pertinent evidence before him in making his residual functional capacity determination."396 Although the ALJ may determine credibility, she must identify the rejected evidence and explain her reasons for discounting it.397 As the Third Circuit noted, "[i]n the absence of such an indication, the reviewing court cannot tell if significant probative evidence was not credited or simply ignored."398

Here, the ALJ refused to accord Drs. Kline and Ivins' medical opinions controlling weight "to the extent that they are inconsistent with the residual functional capacity as determined."399 The ALJ's justifications are the opinions "are not well supported by medical signs and laboratory findings" and are "inconsistent with detailed, contemporaneous treatment records."400

While the ALJ was not bound by the physicians' opinions based solely on their status as treating sources, her findings must be based on substantial evidence in the record, and her reasoning should be sufficiently explained so this court does not have to guess regarding the evidence on which she relied.401 Although she summarized parts of the medical record after deeming both treating sources' opinions "uncontrolling," the ALJ failed to apply the required factors under § 404.1527(c)(2)-(6), and explain the weight given to either opinion.402

Defendant contends the ALJ was not obligated to adopt either physicians' opinion because plaintiff's counsel drafted Dr. Kline's 2010 letter for his review and signature, and the opinions were checkbox forms prepared for the purpose of litigation.403 Defendant further notes gaps in treatment, internal inconsistencies within the opinions, and contradictions between the opinions and the record.404 These comments are merely attorney argument as to why Drs. Kline and Ivins' opinions were not afforded controlling weight in absence of appropriate reasoning by the ALJ. As this court has recognized:

404.1527(c)(2)-(6) to explain why Drs. Kline and Ivins' opinions were not given controlling weight, and to provide the bases for the weight assigned to each treating sources' opinions.

B. Plaintiff's Credibility

Plaintiff argues the ALJ erred in evaluating the credibility of his subjective complaints.406 In evaluating symptoms, the ALJ must "consider all symptoms, including pain, and the extent to which [they] can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective medical evidence and other evidence."407

The regulations describe a two-step process for evaluating symptoms.408 First, the ALJ must consider whether a "medically determinable impairment" exists that "could reasonably be expected to produce" the alleged symptoms.409 Second, the ALJ must evaluate the intensity and persistence of symptoms to determine the effect on capacity to work.410 Under this evaluation, a variety of factors are considered, such as: (1) "objective medical evidence,"411 (2) "daily activities,"412 (3) "location, duration, frequency and intensity" of symptoms,413 (4) "precipitating and aggravating factors,"414 (5) medication prescribed for symptoms, including its effectiveness and side effects,415 (6) treatment,416 and (7) other measures used to relieve symptoms.417 In determining capacity to perform basic work, the ALJ evaluates the claimant's statements about intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of symptoms in relation to the record as a whole.418 To assess the credibility of a claimant's statements, the ALJ "must consider the entire case record and give specific reasons for the weight given to the individual's statements."419 Social Security Ruling 96-7p clarifies the ALJ's obligations under the regulations:

Here, while the ALJ conceded plaintiff's "medically determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms," she found his statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his symptoms "not credible to the extent they are inconsistent with the above [RFC] assessment."421 Plaintiff contends the ALJ failed to consider the factors outlined in § 404.1529 and incorrectly evaluated the credibility of his statements against the ALJ's own RFC determination, rather than against the record as a whole.422

Plaintiff relies on Bjornson v. Astrue,423 where the Seventh Circuit criticized the same language used by the ALJ in basing credibility on RFC as "boilerplate language" and putting "the cart before the horse."424 Yet, the Seventh Circuit has since recognized "[i]f the ALJ has otherwise explained his [or her] conclusion adequately, the inclusion of this language can be harmless."425 While "[i]t would have been preferable for the ALJ to explicitly go through the SSR 96-7p analysis,"426 she nevertheless articulated reasons to support her negative credibility determination, including instances of malingering, substance abuse, reports of mild-to-moderate pain, inconsistency as to frequency of pain, conflicting progress notes, and gaps in treatment.427 The Third Circuit has held, "where . . . the ALJ has articulated reasons supporting a credibility determination, that determination will be entitled to `great deference.'"428 Thus, given this deferential standard, "the Court cannot say there is not substantial evidence to support the ALJ's [credibility] determination."429

C. VE Testimony

Plaintiff's final argument is the ALJ erred in relying on VE testimony from the March 2008 hearing, the transcript of which is outside the record before this court.430 Additionally, plaintiff maintains the 2008 hypothetical is deficient because it does not consider his moderate mental limitations recognized in the 2011 decision.431 Defendant counters the ALJ was not obligated to rely on VE testimony from the 2011 hearing, and a work capacity limited to unskilled jobs without a production pace requirement sufficiently accommodates plaintiff's moderate mental limitations.432

Section 405(g) requires "the Commissioner of Social Security . . . file a certified copy of the transcript of the record including the evidence upon which the findings and decision complained of are based."433 Here, the ALJ explicitly based her conclusion that plaintiff is "capable of making a successful adjustment to other work that exists in significant number in that national economy" on VE testimony from the March 2008 hearing.434 No copy of the transcript of that hearing was provided to or filed with the court.435 As a result, the court cannot determine whether the ALJ's decision as to plaintiff's RFC is supported by substantial evidence.436 The ALJ must provide the basis for her conclusion on evidence found in the record.437 Therefore, remand is appropriate.438

D. Assignment to a Different ALJ

In a single closing remark, plaintiff suggests if remanded, the court should order the Commissioner to assign this matter to a different ALJ.439 There is no evidence that plaintiff raised any claim of bias either at the administrative level or before this court.

The Third Circuit in Ginsburg v. Richardson, found "[I]f the appellant felt that [he] was being deprived of a fair hearing, the proper procedure would have been for [him] to request the examiner to withdraw from the case. Thus, appellant's failure to request withdrawal of the examiner during the hearing or in [his] request for review before the Appeals Council constitutes a waiver of [his] right to object to the conduct of the examiner."440

Based on the absence of any evidence that plaintiff requested withdrawal of the ALJ during the hearing or before the Appeals Council, he waived his right to object at this stage of the proceedings.

VII. ORDER AND RECOMMENDED DISPOSITION

For the reasons contained herein, IT IS RECOMMENDED that:

1. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment (D.I. 11) be GRANTED in part with the matter remanded for further consideration consistent with this Report and could perform, given his RFC. In order to affirm the ALJ's decision . . . the Court would have to speculate . . . [which] the Court cannot do. . . . Under these circumstances, remand is appropriate. . . ."). Recommendation.

2. Defendant's cross motion for summary judgment (D.I. 19) be DENIED.

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) and (B), FED. R. CIV. P. 72 (b)(1), and D. DEL. LR 72.1, any objections to the Report and Recommendation shall be filed within fourteen (14) days limited to ten (10) pages after being served with the same. Any response shall be limited to ten (10) pages.

The parties are directed to the Court's Standing Order in Non-Pro Se Matters for Objections Filed under FED. R. CIV. P. 72 dated October 9, 2013, a copy of which is found on the Court's website (www.ded.uscourts.gov.)